Unit 21 Body Language
一.课文背景知识
语言的沟通,并非全靠“言语”在进行。能够以“非言语”即所谓的Body Language和其他为手段来表达各种信息,这已是众人熟知的事情。根据某项研究显示,70%的沟通可说是以“非言语”为媒介来传达。因此,脸部表情(facial expressions)、手势(gesture)、姿态(posture)等等,无不隐含着重要的意义。这些Body Language与言语、文化具有无法割舍的关系。或许是难得其间三味吧?很多英语学习者往往由于作法不当以致于人“东施效颦”的不良印象,所以不可不慎。对于演说中Body Language的“东施效颦”究竟意指什么呢?心存疑惑的人想来也是不在少数吧。此举且举其一为例。在用英语说: "I don't know"的时候,有人便做出稍为摊开双手并且耸耸肩膀的Body Language。不过这项Body Language系属相当西洋式的姿势,如果由东方人来做的话,经常带给对方颇不对劲的感觉。这就有如清末初洋服刚刚传入中国不久时,当穿起洋服招摇过市的话总要惹人侧目的情形一般。基本上,对于与自己不搭调的Body Language还是少用为宜。如果刻意摆首弄姿,往往引起反效果。重要的是,不要勉强。倘若扭捏地模仿“洋人的姿态”,不仅徒然予人卑屈的印象,而且容易招致所谓的“中国人也和洋人作同样的Body Language吗?”的奇妙误解。说话之际最好根据自己本身的经验,采取自然形成的“Body Language”为宜。不过有一点要特别注意,即有关“视线”方面,大部分的中国人都有看着“天空”说话的毛病,容易给予人不诚恳的印象,所以要留心尽量目视观众才好。
二、疑难详解
1. We can learn a lot about what a perso nis thinking by watching his or her body language. 我们能够通过一个人的身体的动作了解他的许多所四所想。
[问]本句中的by watching his or her body language 是什么意思,有何用法?
[答]本句中的by watching his or her body language是动名词watching作介词by的宾语。
下面我简单谈一谈动名词的用法,动名词是非谓语动词的一种,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
例如:Seeing is believing. (主语)眼见为实。
It is no use sending him over. (主语)派他去没用。
注意:(1)在It is no use (或good,need)... 或It's useless (或worth-while)... 等结构中,常用动名词作真正主语。
(2)在There is no v. -ing ... 结构中,常用动名词作主语。例如:
There is no joking about the matter. 这事开不得玩笑。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。(表语)
He has finished doing his work. 他已经干完了他的工作。(宾语)
注意:动名词只能作前置定语表示被修饰的词的目的或用途。
例如:a sleeping car (a car for selleping )卧车
下面我在谈一谈动名词的复合结构,其结构形式为“形容词性物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词”在句中可用做主语、宾语或表语:
例如:Your going there will help a lot. [主语]你去那儿将大有用处。
Do you mind my opening the door?[宾语]我打开门行吗?
注意:(1)如果不是在句首,这种结构在口语中可用“代词宾格(或名词普通格)+动名词”。
Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?他而后他妹妹有希望得奖吗?
(2)如果名词是表示无生命事物时,不用名词所有格,只能用“名词的普通格+动名词”
Can you hear the noise of the machine renning? 你能听到机器运转的声音吗?
2. Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. 就像口语,体态在不同的文化之间有差异。
[问]请问from culture to culture是什么意思?
[答]本句中的字面意思为“从一种文化到另一种文化”。介词短语“from...to...”是从……到……“的意思,注意:此句型中不需要冠词。
例如:from time to time 时时;from generation to generation 世世代代
[相关短语]from before 从……以前;from behind 从……后面;from ...on 从……(时间)以后(以来),从……时起
3. Making eye contact -looking directly into someone's eyes ---is in some countries a way to show that one is interested .眼神交流——直视某人,在某些国家是一种某人感兴趣的方式。
[问]请问look into 是什么意思?
[答]look into a matter(a machine )调查某事(检查机器)
[相关短语]look after 照料;look back (与on,to连用)回想,记起;停滞不前
From this time on , he never looked back.
从此以后他便不断进步了。
look down on 轻视,看不起;look forward to 盼望;期待
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。
look out 注意;look up 在书中查到
When yo do not understand a word, you can look it up in this dictionary.
当你不懂一个 单词时,可以查这本词典。
4. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money. 在日本,看见另外一个人在作这种手势的人,他会以为这种手势指的是钱。
[问]请帮助分析一下这个句子的结构。
[答]好的,本句是一个复合句,其主语为someone, 它由一个定语从句who sees another person making the gesture修饰,而这个从句中又有动词短语to see sb. doing sth. 的结构,其意为“看见某人做某事”,同时,本句还含有一个宾语从句,其意为“看见某人做某事”,同时,本句还含有一个宾语从句it means money。
5. In Bulgaria, parts of Greece, and Iran, however, the gestures have the opposite meaning. 在保加利亚和部分希腊、伊朗地区,可是,这些手势却有相反的意思。
[问]能讲一讲however的用法吗?
[答]however可以作(1)adv.无论如何;不论到什么程度
例如:He can answer the question however hard it is.
不管问题有多难他都能回答。
However did you get here? 你是怎么到这里来的?
(2)不过;然而
例如:He hasn't arrived. He may, however, come later.
他还未到,不过,他可能过一会儿来。
I'd like to go with you, however, my hands are full. 我很想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。
(3)不管用什么方法;无论什么方式
例如:However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.
不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。
名题精选: We'll have to finish the job, ___.(90年高考题)
A. long it takes however
B. it takes however long
C. long however it takes
D. however long it takes
答案:D。 本题考查however引导的让步状语从句的用法。however表示“不管到什么程度”, 用来引导让步状语从句,本身应放在从句首,其后紧跟它所修饰的形容词或副词。因此,正常的顺序为D项。也可转换成“no natter how long it takes”。
6. There are also differences in how often we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to ,and how we act when we meet or part.在这方面也存在着差异,我们平常怎样相互接触,当我们谈话时,我们离别人站得有多近以及当我们遇见和离开时,我们怎样做动作。
[问]请给我们分析一下这个句子的结构。
[答]这是一个复合句,其主句为There are also differences,后面是how引导的并列的三个宾语从句作介词in的宾语,其中第二个宾语从句 how close we stand to someone we are talking to中又有一个定语从句we are talking to修饰someone,而最后一个宾语从句how we act when we meet or part中还含有时间状语从句when we meet or part。
7. In some countries, for example France and Russia, a visiting friend is greeted with a kiss on the cheek. 在一些国家,比如法国和俄罗斯,来访的朋友通常哟啊被吻脸颊以示欢迎。
[问] with a kiss on the cheek在这里是什么意思?
[答]with在这里是prep表示“用”的意思,例如:I pity the orphans with all my heart. 我完全同情这些孤儿。
He opened the door with his key. 他用钥匙开了门。而在a visiting friend中,visiting是一个现在分词作定语,其意为“来访的”。在这里我们要注意with和in的区别, in也可以表示“用”的意思,但一般表示“用文字材料”,例如:write articles in Chinese 用汉语写文章;write in ink (pencil)用钢笔写(无冠词)。
8. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. 微笑能够帮助我们通过困难处境和在陌生的环境中找到朋友。
[问]help us get through 是什么意思?
[答]help us get through 是help后跟的不带to的动词不定式,动词help后的不定式既可以带to也可以不带to。而本句中的get through是“通过,度过,打通”的意思。get through 还有“接通(电话),让人了解”的意思。例如:Get it through to him that he must rest. 要让他了解他该休息了。另外,在这里我们归纳一下与get相关的短语:
get sth. done (使)让人做好;做(该做的事)
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得把盘子洗了,然后就来。
get across 被理解;使人了解
Did your speech get across to the crowd?你的演说听众理解吗?
get down to 认真地静下心(工作)
to get down to work 静下心来工作。
get together 相聚,聚会 When can we get together?我们什么时候聚会?
9. A smile can open doors and tear down walls, and it can be used to express almost any emotion. 微笑能打开心扉,消除隔阂,而且,它能被用来表达几乎任何情感。
[问]tear down是什么意思?
[答]tear down在这里是“v. 扯下,拆卸”的意思。例如:They are tearing down these old houses to build a new office block. 他们正拆除这些旧房子以便建一座新办公室。tear down walls 在本句中是一个暗喻,意指“消除隔阂”。而be used to do在这里是“被用于”的意思。注意其与be used to doing (习惯于做……),used to do (过去常常做……)的区别。
10. We use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help, and to start a conversation. 我们能够用微笑来道歉,问候求助和开始谈话。
[问]ask for 是什么意思?
[答]ask for (=enquire after, inquire after)要求,请求;ask for it 自讨苦吃;ask for trouble 自找麻烦
例如:She asked for time to think all this over. 她要求给她时间把这一切好好想想。
Did anyone ask for me?有人找我吗?
If you park on those yellow lines ,you are really asking for it. 而且,如果我们感到意志消沉或孤独,就没有什么比看到一个好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
[问]feeling down or lonely 是什么意思, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face 又是什么结构?
[答]feeling down or lonely 是感到意志消沉或孤独的意思,在这里down是形容词“沮丧的;意志消沉的”的意思。nothing better than 在这里是加强语气,其意为“没有什么比……更好”。
三、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展
[概述]
本单元的语法重点是动词的-ing形式做主语和宾语,其语法现象我们已经在课文疑难详解中有介绍,而其功能交际项目为“Making offers and requests, 下面我们就作举例说明:
(1)提供帮助(offers )
Can (Could, shall) I help you? 我来帮助你好吗?或:你要买什么?
Would you like me to help you with your lessons? 我来帮助你做功课好吗?
Is there anything (else) I can do for you? 有什么(别)的事我能帮你做吗?
Do you want me to help you? 你想要我帮你吗?
What can I do for you. 我能为你做些什么呢?
Let me do it (carry it ) (for you). 让我来(替你)做(搬)吧。
Would you like some tea? 你想来些茶吗?
Thanks. That would be nice (fine). 谢谢,那太好了。
That's kind of you. 你真好。
Thank you for you help.感谢你的帮助。
Yes, please. 好的,请(干)吧
Here take this (my) bag. 给,请帮忙拿这个(我的)包好吗?
No, thanks (thank you). 不必了,谢谢。
No, thanks (thank you). I can manage it myself. 你真好。我自己能应付。
[尽管无须你帮忙,但]还是要谢谢你。
That's very kind of you, but Ican manage it myself. 你真好。但我自己能应付。
Want a hand (to carry it) ?要帮忙(拿)吗?
Just what I needed! 我正需要呢!
That's be a big help. Thats a lot. 那真是帮了大忙了。多谢。
(2)请求(Requests)
Can (Will, Could, Would) you do it for me? 你能帮我做这件事吗?
Will (Can, Could, Would) you please give me a hand? 请你帮个忙好吗?
May I have you attention? 请注意啦!
Please give me that pen.请给我那只笔。
Please wait (here). 请(在此)等候。
Please wait (a moment). 请等(一下)。
Please wait (for) you turn.请等着轮到你吧。
Please stand in line. 请站队。
Please line up. 请排起队来。
Please hurry.请快点儿。
Make sure that the important papers are all right.
务请保证那些重要的文件的安全。
Make sure of the time and place.把时间、地点弄清楚。
Don't rush (hurry).别急。
No noise, Please. 请勿喧哗。
No smoking, please.请勿吸烟。
[经典解析]
例:1.-I must apologize for __ ahead of time.
-That's all right. (1994年高考题)
A. letting you not know B. not lettint you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
简析:答案B。非谓语动词的否定式都是在最前边加否定词,只能选B。
例:2. How about the two of us __ a walk down the garden?
(1993年高考题)
A.to take B. take C. taking D.to be taking.
简析:答案C。the two of us 做动名词短语的逻辑主语。
例:3.-What do you think of the book?
-Oh, excellent. It's worth___ a second time.
(1989年高考题)
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D.being read
简析:答案C。“be worth doing "结构中,worth后要用动名词。
例4. I don't regret ___ even if might have upset her.
(1988年高考题)
A. to tell her what I thought B. to have told her that I thought
C. telling what I thought D. telling her what I thought
简析:答案D。regret后加动名词,排除A、B。tell需加双宾语才能把事情表述完整,排除C。
四、生词详解
1. confuse[kEn5fju:z]vt.搞乱, 使糊涂
We tried to confuse the enemy.我们试图迷惑敌人。
I was confused by all the noise.一片嘈杂声把我弄得昏头昏脑。
[记忆技巧]源自拉丁语con-一起+fundere倒,灌=confuseconfuse v. +vion 变n. =confusion混乱、迷乱;confuse v. +ed 变adj. =confused困惑的,烦恼的
2. avoid[E5vCid]n. 目的;计划;意图//vt.避免, 消除;决意,打算
To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colours.
为避免混淆,两队分穿不同颜色的衣服。
Are you trying to avoid me?你是不是想躲开我?
[记忆技巧]源自a-=ex-出去+void空=avoid
3. contact[5kCntAkt]n.接触, 联系vt.接触, 联系
例:Friendly contacts between different peoples facilitate the cultural and economic interchange.各国人民的友好接触促进文化和经济交流。She comes into contact with many people.她和许多人有联系。
She contacted me as soon as she arrived.她一到就和我联系了。
[常用词组]be in contact with和...接触, 有联系[脱离接触, 失去联系]/be out of contact with和...接触, 有联系[脱离接触, 失去联系]/
have contact with接触到, 和...有联系/lose contact with和...失去联系, 离开/make contact with和...接触[联系]
4. disagree[7disE5^ri:]vi.不一致, 不适宜
I disagree with you about this.对于这件事我跟你意见不同。
[记忆技巧]dis(不)+agree(同意)=disagree disagree + able =adj. 不愉快的,不为人喜的,厌恶的。
5. ahead[E5hed]adj.&adv.在前,