(General Information) 第一部分：概述 虚拟语气 条件句的类型 虚拟语气的类型 例题
其他条件句
虚拟语气类型 宾语从句 状语从句
名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句， 表语从句） 定语从句
特殊类型 （感叹句）
省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）
Examples
The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.
I would rather that you did nothing for the time being. I wish that I were a student again.
I wished that I had followed his suggestion.
名词性从句中的虚拟 主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that) 同位语从句(The +n. that ) 表语从句(n. +be that)
省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）(1)
虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词(系动词）或情态动词。
Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting. =Should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.
省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）(2)
Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting. =Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.
If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions. =Had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions. 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)
Section Two: 第二部分 详解(Detailed Points)
&
总结(Summary)
虚拟语气的动词标志
\"insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge,
recommend, command, order\"等动词表\"建议、愿望\"时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should +V
wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。{
虚拟语气的名词标志
1 ―necessity‖或―suggestion‖等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
2 名词word 表―命令‖时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气 (should)+V。
3 wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。
虚拟语气的形容词标志
It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用 should + V 表示虚拟。
虚拟的介词标志
But for相当于if it had not been for。 But for her help, I would have lost my way.
Without, in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。 Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth? In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.
Under…condition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。 Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.
错综时间的虚拟 条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不―配套‖，即错综时间
的虚拟。
If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldn‘t be regretful now. If they hadn‘t found us then, we would still be missing on the sea. If I hadn‘t made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldn‘t be in college now.
虚拟和事实 （前虚拟后事实）标志: but Eg. I would have gone to the party with you, but I was too busy. = If I hadn‘t been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.
（前事实后虚拟）标志: otherwise Eg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you.
More Information
was (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示―原来想做而未做‖后面通常but…（陈述语气）。
Eg. I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.
had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would+V。 Eg. I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money.
Tag Questions 反意疑问句 Detailed Points 助动词 ？ 情态动词？Have to
反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有have to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。 You have to study hard, don't you? I don‘t have to get up early, do I?
They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didn‘t they? She didn‘t have to do it herself, did she?
助动词 ？ 情态动词？Need
反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need，need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。 They needn't make such a loud noise, need they?
He needs the money for his son‘s education, doesn‘t he?
助动词 ？ 情态动词？Had better
反意疑问句的陈述部分为had better时，附加问用助动词had。 You had better go at once, hadn't you?
We‘d better call off our appointment, hadn‘t we?
助动词 ? 情态动词？Would rather
反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词would。 You'd rather not do it, would you?
She would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldn‘t she? 助动词 ？ 情态动词？Used to
反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to时，附加问句用助动词did。 You used to stay up late every evening watching TV, didn‘t you?
助动词 ？ 情态动词？Ought to
反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词should. She ought to go by plane, shouldn't she?
We ought not to laugh at others‘ mistakes, should we? 助动词 ？ 情态动词？Must
反意疑问句的陈述部分有must，附加问句分三种情况： ⑴must do—mustn't ⑵must be—随人称用系动词一般现在时 ⑶must have done—didn't
①We must book the ticket in advance, mustn‗t we? （必须） ②She must be in the office, isn‘t she? （肯定）对现在事情的肯定猜测。 ③He must have done his homework, didn‗t he? （肯定）对过去事情的肯定猜测。 助动词 ？ 情态动词？Wish
反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。 I wish to shake hands with you, may I?
人称和数 （1）
陈述部分主语是\"I\"时，附加问句的人称分二种情况： ⑴I hope that…, don't you? I can't believe it, can you? ⑵I will be 14 tomorrow, aren't I? I am interested in it, aren't I?
人称和数 （2）
陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。 陈述部分主语是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。 陈述部分主语是不定代词 one时，附加问句用one指代。 人称和数 （3）
Nothing is amazing there,is it?
Something will have to be done about the price,won't it? Nobody is leaving tomorrow,are they?
Everyone hopes to get promoted,don't they?
Someone left their umbrella in the bus, didn't they? One can't be too careful, can one?
祈使句后面的附加问句 （1）
祈使句后面的附加问句，分三种情况；
⑴表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用won't you 。 Have a cup of coffee, won't you?
⑵表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用will you。 Do it at once, will you?
⑶否定祈使句用will you 。 Don't close the door, will you? 祈使句后面的附加问句 （2）
Let's 和let us后面的附加问句，分两种情况； ⑴let's包括对方在内，用shall we 或shan't we。 ⑵let us不包括对方在内，用will you 或won't you。
Let 后接非us之外的人称如me、him、her、them等时，附加问句用will you。 祈使句后面的附加问句 （3） let's go to the movies, shall we? let us go to the movies, will you ? let him go, will you?
let me attend the farewell party, will you? There+be句型的反意疑问句
There+be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be there/be not there，由主语人称时态和数决定。
There won't be any trouble, will there?
There's not much news in today's paper, is there?
There has been much confusion since his arrival, hasn‘t there?
This/that/It is/was the third time that句型
This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。 This is the third time this week he has been late, isn‘t it?
It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall, wasn‘t it?
主从复合句 （1）
I think (suppose…)宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；
⑴前肯定句，后用否定句。
I think that he is serious, isn‘t he ?
⑵前有否定句，后面附加问句用肯定(I don't think)。 I don‘t suppose that she is serious, is she?
上述主从复合句主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。 They think Mary will pass the examination, don‘t they? 主从复合句 （2）
I hope+宾语从句结构，附加问句用don't you。 I hope that they study hard, don‘t you?
感叹句后的附加问句
感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决定用什么指代。指物时，根据单复数决定，用it /they指代。
What an interesting story, isn't it? What a funny man, isn't he? How silly they are, aren't they?
Inversion (倒装）
带否定意义的副词置于句首时(1)
带否定意义的词置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。 Rarely does he go to the movies.
Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her honesty.
Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb.
Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power. 含有否定词的介词短语在句首
含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子主谓倒装。
这类介词短语包括： in no case, at no time, in no way, by no means, on no account, in no sense, under no circumstances, 等等。意思为 ―决不，在任何情况下都不。 ‖ ―Only+状语‖置于句首时的倒装(1)
―Only+状语‖置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。
1) Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently. 2) Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift. 3) Only then did I know that I was wrong. not only位于句首时的倒装
句首是not only且连接分句结构时，引起局部（部分）倒装。
Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives. Not only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully.
neither，nor表示―也不‖时的倒装 (1)
句首是neither，nor表示―也不‖时，主谓语需要倒装。
I couldn‘t solve the problem, neither /nor could my brother. = I couldn‘t solve the problem. My brother couldn‘t, either. I didn‘t go to school, nor did Mary. = I didn‘t go to school. Mary didn‘t, either. so表示―也是，同样‖时的倒装
句首是so表示―也是，同样‖时，主谓语需要倒装。 Copper is a good conductor; so is silver. John failed in the exam; so did Mark.
He takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates. I have been to the Temple of Heaven, so has she. 平衡倒装
There+be或其它不及物动词come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。
There stands an old house that is being pulled down. There existed a hostile relationship between the two families. There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person. Such/so…that句型中的倒装
Such/so…that句型中such+名词或so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。 So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment.
So excited was I that I didn‘t know what to say. 比较状语从句中的倒装
than引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors.
表频率的状语至于句首倒装
表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。
Many a time has he given us sound advice.
Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents.
More than once have we heard him make such promises. As,though让步状语从句中倒装
在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，付， 动词）
Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong. Intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest. Much as I admire him, I don‘t think he is perfect. Try as she did, she failed again. 虚拟语气中的倒装
虚拟语气中省略“if”或“whether”时的倒装。
Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the former.
Had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday. Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity. 副词至于句首
Here、there、in、out、up、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。 Here comes the bus.
Down jumped the little boy from the bridge.
Here it ( 指 the bus) comes. There they went.
Subject & Verb Agreement
主谓一致
集体名词做主语
集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种
①有些集体名词如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做复
数看。
The police have caught the murderer.
集体名词做主语
②有些集体名词（表示总称）如machinery、stationery, merchandise （商品） 、foliage（树和植物叶子的总称）等看作单数。 New machinery is being installed in the factory.
集体名词做主语
③有些集体名词如army, audience、class、club, committee、company, crowd, family、group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, public 、poultry等根据意思决定，有时做单数看待，有时做复数看待。
The committee meet every Monday. He is on the committee that controls public spending.
单复数同形的名词作主语
单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据意义决定谓语的形式。 This means of transportation is the most convenient one. There are various means of transportation being developed. 成双成对的东西的名词
表示成双成对的东西的名词，若被a pair of修饰，要求单数谓语；否则，用复数谓语形式。
A pair of gloves is a nice present. My shoes need repairing. My trousers want mending. 表示时间、重量 、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词做主语
表示时间、重量 、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词以及概念上属于整体的一个单元的名词虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。 Ten years is only a moment in history. Two copies is enough. Three hours is not a long time to wait. 表数量名词做主语
number、variety、proportion、majority、population、percent 、 total等词有时做单数，有时作复数看待，从意思上决定。（分数、百分数、部分） 20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea. 20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program. 不可数名词
不可数名词前加表示数量的复数名词，后面跟复数谓语。 There are two cups of coffee.
Here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer to / make reference to. 书名、电影名或格言等 专有名词做主语
如果主语是一本书的名字、电影的名字或一个格言等专有名词，谓语动词用单数。 ―Gone with the Wind‖ is an interesting novel. ―The Scent of a Woman‖ is an awarded film. No Pains, No Gains is a widely quoted proverb. 学科名词做主语
表示学科名称的名词如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, electronics, 做主语，虽然形式上以 结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。 In my opinion, physics is a difficult subject. Politics is an interesting topic for many men. 表示疾病的名词做主语
表疾病名称的名词如diabetes, tuberculosis, measles等做主语，虽然形式上以 结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。
Diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich. （富贵病） Tuberculosis is no longer threatening people‘s life.
就近/毗邻一致原则(1)
There 或here引起的句子中主语不止一个时，谓语就近一致。
就近/毗邻一致原则(2)
由or、either…or 或neither…nor、not only、…but also、not,…but…等连接的两个主语谓语就近一致。
谓语动词多用单数的情况（1）
Many a /More than one所修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词多用单数。 Many a brave soldier has died in that battle.
More than one question has been raised in the lecture. 谓语动词多用单数的情况（2）
Either/neither做主语通常作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。 Either of the methods is effective. Neither of the roads leads to the town.
谓语动词多用单数的情况（3）
each、some、any、no、every等构成的复合代词，都作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。
There is somebody on the phone for you. Nobody was working when I came in. Everything is all right. Each is given a copy of the book.
谓语动词多用单数的情况（4）
主语中包括―and‖时，若表示一个单一概念，谓语动词应做单数。加：(and 连接两个单数名词前面如有each、every， many a， no等) The poet and writer has come. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Every man and woman is eager to find a life-long companion. 谓语动词多用单数的情况（5）
主语是单数，后面尽管有with、together、with 、along with 、besides 、as well as 等引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。
The teacher, together with some of her students , was cleaning the classroom. We as well as he agree with you.
one of+名词/代词做主语
\"one of+宾语\"后的定语从句中谓语动词的形式有两种情况： ⑴ (only) one of +宾语 that…+复数
⑵ the(only)one of +宾语 that…+单数
He is only one of the students in our class who have passed the CET-4. He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET-6. 谓语动词多用单数的情况（6）
None在代表不可数名词时总是单数.
I am afraid that we can‘t have coffee; there is none left. None of +名词短语做主语谓语动词总是用单数。 None of us is interested in the suggestion. None of the students has passed the exam. 谓语动词多用复数的情况（1）
由both…and连接的两个部分总是作复数看待。 Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job. Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job. 谓语动词多用复数的情况（2）
the +adj（或过去分词）表一类人需作复数看待。 The old need our care. The wounded are being taken good care of. The young are our country‘s hope.
The injured were sent to the hospital immediately.
谓语动词多用复数的情况（3）
ch、sh、-ese等结尾的表示国籍的词，也作复数看待。 The British are very fond of their sense of humor. The French are well-known for their romance. The Chinese are famous for their hospitality. The rest of +名词/代词做主语
The rest of +名词/代词做主语时， 谓语动词有三种情况： 1）The rest of +可数名词复数做主语，谓语动词用复数。 2）The rest of +可数名词单数做主语，谓语动词用单数。 3）The rest of +不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。 what引导的主语从句
由what引导的主语从句，一般用单数谓语。若从句谓语或从句后表语为复数，则用复数谓语形式。
What he has told me is not true. What ideas he has are his wife‘s. 动名词短语，不定式短语& 名词从句作主语
动名词短语，不定式短语和名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 Collecting foreign coins is my favorite hobby. To die for the people is a glorious death.
When they will come hasn‘t been made public.
Emphatic Structure
强调 词汇强调
用强调性形容词表示强调。(very、utter) This is the very book I am looking for.
You are the very person whom I want to make friends with. This is the utter place where the accident took place.
词汇强调
用强调性副词表示强调。(absolutely、only、just…) What you have said is absolutely true. I am only too happy to do that. I have had just enough. 词汇强调
用反身代词表示强调。(self) I myself did it. I did it myself. 词汇强调
比较级结构中通常在形、副词比较级前加副词even、much等表示强调。 This problem is even more complicated than the previous one. The train runs much faster than the bus. 词汇强调
最高级前用by far等表示强调。
She is by far the most ambitious student I have ever met.
This is by far the most urgent problem that the government should solve. 词汇强调
在疑问词（wh-词）后加上on earth、in the world等一些特殊词语，加强疑问语气表示强调。
What on earth do you want?
Where in the world can I find such a valuable painting?
词汇强调
在否定句中用at all、in the least等加强否定语气表示强调。 He was not at all satisfied with his job. She is not in the least ignorant/foolish.
词汇强调
在人称代词所有格后加own表示强调。 The small boy went to the seaside on his own. They wanted a house of their own.
She gave her own lunch to the poor old man.
词汇强调
So 表强调―的确，确实‖。
He has succeeded in doing the experiment. So he has.
She passed the difficult test of English. So she did.
The small boy can recite more than 300 ancient poems. So he can. 语法强调
用助动词(do、does、did)强调动词谓语。 I do believe that you can succeed. He does know how to do that.
They did go there and arrest the murderer.
句型强调(1)
句型what…is/was…结构可用来强调句子的表物的主语或宾语。 What I need is your support. What matters is quality.
What was really important was that it brought about many benefits.
(2)强调句型
***It is /was+…+that/who可强调主语，宾语，状语等。 Last year she visited Singapore with her parents. It was she that/who visited Singapore with … It was Singapore that she visited with … It was with her parents that she visited S… It was last year that she visited S… with ...
另：***It is not until+a time +that ...
It was not until then that he had realized the importance of hard work. It was not until she told me that I had known my mistake.
强调句型的疑问形式
It was purely by accident that I came across the book. Was it purely by accident that you came across the book? It is his teacher that he usually turns to for help.
Who is it that he usually turns to for help?
(3)其它句型
***It is /has been+表一段时间的词 +since…（从句中用一般过去时） It has been a year since we last saw each other.
It is a decade since we carried out the policy of market economy.
***It/This/That is/was +序数词+time that sb. has/had done sth. This is the third time within one month that he has gone to the cinema. That was the fourth time that he had made changes to the original design. 修辞强调
通过句子倒装表示强调。
请参考倒装一课。
From under the bush comes a strange sound. Down jumped the man from the cliff. In the letter I found a photo.
Gerund
动名词 非谓语动词
英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的 v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。 三大非谓语动词： 动名词， 分词和不定式。
动名词的语法功能
作主语 Seeing is believing. Listening to music is one of my hobbies. Studying abroad has many advantages. Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.
习惯用法
A. It is no use / good/harm+Ving. It is no use quarreling with her. It‘s no use crying over the spilt milk.
B. There is no+Ving. There is no denying (the
fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today. There is no joking about this matter. 这事开不得玩笑。 作表语
作表语 My favorite pastime is collecting stamps. Her hobby is swimming and cycling. One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual. My job is teaching. One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language. 作动词宾语
作动词宾语 She enjoys listening to rock music.
We appreciate your offering to help. We must avoid making such mistakes again. People who like travelling have their reasons.
跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase
常见的能跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase:
admit, appreciate, avoid, confess to, consider, delay, deny, endure(忍耐), enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy(想象), finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, risk, can't help, feel like, give up, keep out, object to (反对), oppose, put off(推迟).
注意：动名词作宾语后面带有补语，一般不用形式宾语it。但当宾补是一些带有―有用、明智、值得‖等含义的adj时，通常要用it作形宾，而将作宾语的g.放到补语后面。
作介词宾语
Never put off doing what should be done today till tomorrow. Have you got used to working on the night shift? (上夜班) Children are fond of reading fairy tales.
Phrases: get/be used/accustomed to, be fond of, look forward to, long for, dream of, approve/disapprove of, insist on, persist in, accuse sb. of, charge sb. with, be keen on, be absorbed in, concentrate on, put off, prevent…from... 习惯用法
1) There is no point in doing sth. 做某事没有意义。
There isn't much point (in) repairing that old car again. 2) There is no gain in doing sth. 做某事没有好处。
There is no gain in being cruel/rude to people. 省掉介词
注：某些习惯用法中常省掉介词 He is busy (in) preparing a report.
They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations. We had great difficulty (in) finding his house. More Phrases
have a good time doing, have a hard time doing, have trouble doing, have difficulty doing,
have fun doing, be busy doing, spend time doing…
I am having great trouble catching up with my fellow students in English. 动名词的逻辑主语
如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。 两种形式：
1)人称代词所有格+动名词
He insisted on my going with him to the party. 2)名词所有格+动名词
She dislikes her husband‘s coming back home late. More Information（1）
a. 人称代词所有格+动名词 Compare: Tom insisted on going with them. Tom insisted on my going with them.
b. 名词所有格+动名词 Compare: He hates working late. He hates his wife's working late. More Information（2）
若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。 She regrets____idle when young.
a. to have been b. her being c. her having d. having been Key: d
动名词和不定式作宾语的差异
1) 有些动词可带动名词， 也可带to do作宾语，差异不大。一般说来，作宾语的动名词更重一般情况，不定式则强调具体情况。 I like reading novels but I don't like to read this novel. I like swimming ------ I like to (go to) swim. 动名词和不定式作宾语的差异
2）而有些动词带g.和带to do时意义差别较大。 More Comparison try to do
need to do(需要做某事) I need you to help me. want to do(想做)
used to do (过去常做) try doing
need doing (被动)需要 My coat needs mending. want doing = need doing
be used to doing （习惯于）
动名词的时态
完成式: 表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生, 使用having done He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country. His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly. The picture reminded us of having been taken to the zoo. 动名词的语态
被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者 He did it without being asked.
They insisted on being given the task. The boy was criticized for being late.
Being taken advantage of is not a good thing.
Key to the Exercises
练习答案
1）选择正确的职业对一个人来说非常关键。 Choosing a right career is vital to a person. 2）戒烟十分必要因为吸烟有害健康。
Giving up smoking / getting rid of smoking is very necessary because smoking is harmful to health.
3）培养良好的生活习惯对于一个孩子的成长至关重要。
Developing / cultivating good living habits is critical for a child‘s development / growth. 4）守时是一个好的品德。
Being punctual is a good quality / virtue.
5）热爱祖国是每个公民的义务/责任。
Loving the motherland is every citizen‘s duty / responsibility. 6）住在乡村比住在城市更好。
Living in the country / countryside is better than / preferable to living in the city.
7）住在城市比住在农村更方便。
Living in the city is more convenient than living in the country. 8）拥有私车也会带来/导致一些问题。
Owning a private car will also bring about / lead to some problems.
9）婚后和父母同住会有许多不便。
Living with parents after getting married may give rise to / result in / lead to / bring about
many inconveniences.
10）学好英语不是一件容易的事。 Learning English well is no easy job.
11) 我们可以从参加社会活动中受益。
We can benefit greatly from taking part in social activities. 12）代沟通常是因不能彼此理解而造成的。
Generally speaking, generation gaps are resulted from not being able to understand each other.
Participles
分词
分词(过分和现分)兼有v.和adj.的特征，可带宾(现分)或状语构成分词短语 When visiting Beijing, he went to the Great Wall. It is an interesting story.
现分与过分的区别
A. 语态不同。现分表示主动的意思，过分多由及物v.变来，常表被动的意义。 surprising （令人惊讶的--主动) surprised （感到吃惊的--被动）
More Examples an exciting story the exploiting classes （剥削阶级）
a moving film（感人的） a tiring journey
excited spectators
the exploited classes（被剥削阶级）
a moved audience（被感动的） a tired football player
有些过分由不及物动词变来，只表示一个动作已完成；无被动意义.
fallen leaves, the exploded bomb, a retired miner, escaped prisoners, the risen sun.
B. 时间关系不同。现分表示的动作正在进行，而过分表示的往往已完成。 the changing world----the changed world boiling water----boiled water
developing countries----developed countries
分词的语法功能：作表语 1) 作表语
The situation is discouraging. She felt discouraged at the words.
现分作表语有主动的含义，它表示主语的性质或特征; 过分作表语有被动的含义，它表示主语所处状态或具有的情感
作定语
2) 作定语
I'm reading a very attracting book. He likes to drink cold boiled water.
一般，分词作前置定语泛指一般情况 Eg. An excited child is not easy to control.
分词作后置定语时，是特指某一特定情况下的特点，具有特殊含义。 Eg. The child excited by the gift was brought under control.
There's a broken window in their classroom.
The window broken yesterday will have to be paid for.
She said she would never get married, because she didn't want to spend her life surrounded by screaming children. The child screaming there is his son. 作宾语的补足语
3)分词作宾语的补足语只用于下列结构：
(1) 当v.为表示感觉或心理状态时，这些v.包括
see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell, find, think, observe, listen to, catch, leave, start, set Examples
a. I saw a girl standing by the goldfish pond. b. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light. c. I found him drinking my mineral water. d. Everyone thought the battle lost.
e. Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?
(2) 当v.为make, get, have, keep等表示―致使、使得‖含义时： a. I have my hair cut every ten days. b. He got his bad tooth pulled out.
c. She's going to have her clothes altered.
(3) 在have+宾+p.p.结构中，have 有三种不同含义。 a. We had the problem solved. (意为―致使‖有意的行为)
b. He had his arms broken in an accident. (意为―遭受‖，表示无意行为) c. I have no money left. (have有)
(4) 当v.为like, want, wish, order等表示希望要求命令等意义时 a. He wanted his eggs fried.
b. He won't like such questions discussed at the meeting. c. The boss ordered all the errors corrected.
与不定式作宾补的区别
注：有些动词如see, feel, notice, watch即可跟现分也可跟不定式作宾补，区别在于：现在分词着重说明动作正在发生，不定式说明动作的全过程。 I saw the boys climbing the wall. (在爬) I saw the boys climb the wall. (爬了)
作状语 4) 作状语：
(1) 作时间或原因状语，常位于句前
a. Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there. b. Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.
(2) 表示让步或条件
a. Heating water, you can change it into steam.
b. Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence. 省略
在上述两种情况下，分词所做的状语可以相当于一个状语从句。此时可在分词前加一个引导词如when, if, though, unless, before, after等 ，这就构成了省略。 Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.
= When he arrived at the station, he…… = When arriving at the station, he…… More Examples
Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder. = After/Because they were inspired by …… = After/Because inspired by ……
Heating water, you can change it into steam. = If you heat water, you can …… = If heating water, you can……
Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence. = Though they were beaten by ……
(3) 表方式、结果及伴随状况。(不能用相当的状从替代) a. Laughing and talking, the students went out from the cinema. b. He came running back to tell us the news. c. She stood there waiting for the bus.
d. The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen. 匪徒向山里逃窜，警察在后面追捕着。 分词独立结构
分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名 / 代词，n. / pron. +分词的结构就是独立（主格）结构。 A new technique ____, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. (90.1 CET-4) Answer: having been worked out. 分词独立结构的功能
1）它在句中作状语，表示谓语动作的时间，原因伴随情况，方式方法条件等 a. The question being settled, we signed the contract. b. It being sunny, we went out for a walk.
c. The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.
d. Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
(分词)独立结构的构成
（1）名 / 代 + 分词：
a. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.
b. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him. c. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.
（2）省去 being或分词 后，由 n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。 He entered the room, his nose （being）red with cold. The meal （being）over, he went to his office again.
He stood in doorway, a hat （held） in his hand.
Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.
（3）with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词 being.
She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
分词的否定结构
否定：not + 分词
a. Not knowing what to do, she went to the professor for help. b. I left at noon, not staying for lunch.
分词的时态
(1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。 a. Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him.
b. Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.
c. He came up to me, saying ―Glad to see you again‖.
(2) 现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。 a. Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest. b. Not having done it right, I tried again.
c. Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.
分词的语态
(3) 现在分词的被动语态：being done. 表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时
间或原因。
a. Who is the patient being operated on?
b. You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.
c. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.
Assignments
____ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty___ spoken Chinese. A. Living, to understand B. To live,
understanding C. Having lived, to understand D. Having lived, understanding
Don‘t feel so lucky as to escape ___ because you have a very fast sports car. A. to fine B. be fined C. being
fined D. fining Assignments
___ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing
When he turned to the corner, he found himself ___ by a man in black. A. tail B. tails C. tailing D. tailed Assignments
The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support. A. held B. holding C. being holding D. was holding
―How did the group improve its discussion?‖ ―They all took part, each member___ the responsibility of leading one meeting.‖ A. has B. has had C. having D. to have
Assignments
They have earned a lot of money these years & they are even considering ___ a car. A. to buy B. as buying C. of buying D. buying
The decision ___, the next problem was how to make a good plan. A. having been made B. having made C. having been making D. been made Assignments
The old are not used ___ in such a cold climate. A. to live B. to living C. of living D. having lived
If ____ successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city. A. carrying out B. carry out C. carried out D. to carry out Key to the Exercises
练习答案
Assignment
____ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty___ spoken Chinese. A. Living, to understand B. To live,
understanding C. Having lived, to understand D. Having lived, understanding
Don‘t feel so lucky as to escape ___ because you have a very fast sports car. A. to fine B. be fined C. being fined D. fining Assignment
___ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing
When he turned to the corner, he found himself ___ by a man in black. A. tail B. tails C. tailing D. tailed Assignment
The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support. A. held B. holding C. being holding D. was holding
―How did the group improve its discussion?‖ ―They all took part, each member___
the responsibility of leading one meeting.‖ A. has B. has had C. having D. to have Assignment
They have earned a lot of money these years & they are even considering ___ a car. A. to buy B. as buying C. of buying D. buying
The decision ___, the next problem was how to make a good plan. A. having been made B. having made C. having been making D. been made
Assignment
The old are not used ___ in such a cold climate. A. to live B. to living C. of living D. having lived
If ____ successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city. A. carrying out B. carry out C. carried out D. to carry out
infinitive
不定式 不定式
在句中可作除谓语以外的一切成份：主、表、宾、定、状、（主、宾）补语。
不定式作主语
To say something is one thing, to do it is another.
It is not fair to blame them for the accident. （it 形式主语）
不定式作表语
My suggestion is to carry out the plan immediately. The question is how to organize the work. （不定式的特殊结构，见后）
不定式作宾语
He offered to go with us. I don't know where to get the books. （不定式的特殊结构，见后）
常跟 to do(不定式) 作宾语的 v:
afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim（声称）,dare, decide, decline（谢绝）,desire, determine, fail, intend, learn, long, mean, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, undertake（承担）, volunteer.
不定式的特殊结构
构成：疑问代词、副词及 whether / if + to do
常跟疑问代词、副词及 whether / if + to do作宾语的 v.有
ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, inquire, forget, know, learn, remember, show（演示）,tell, think, understand, wonder. Examples
I still don‘t know whom to turn to for help. They are trying to find out how to solve the problem. Show me where to put the books. They haven‘t decided yet (as to) whether to accept our offer of help.
如果不定式作宾语又跟有补语，通常要用―it‖作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。
eg. 他们发现提前做好一切准备是不可能的。
They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance. I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings. 作宾 / 主语补足语
Mr. Smith wants his son to become a lawyer.
The suspected man was seen to enter the building.
跟不带―to‖的不定式作宾补的 v:
see, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice 等感官 v 及 let, make, have, keep.
The teacher makes us write a composition every week.. （被动语态中要加上―to‖） 不定式的复合谓语结构
复合谓语结构:（两个或多个部分构成复合谓语，如:He can do it）
(1) be said (reported, known, believed, announced, claimed, stated,…) + to do =>It is said ... that …
Beijing is known to have rich cultural heritage. (It is known that Beijing has ...)
(2) seem（happen, appear, prove, tend）+ to do I happened to be out when she called.
(3) be likely（certain, sure, willing, anxious, ready, bound, eager, reluctant) +to do They are likely to succeed.
She is always ready to help others. 不定式作定语
通常为后置修饰语:（post-modifier） He used to have a lot of meetings to attend. There is nothing to worry about.
不定式作状语:目的状语
He hurried through his work so as to（in order to）catch the train. They will go to the station to meet the guests.
To survive the severe competition in the future society, one must have all-round abilities.
不定式作状语:结果状语
She was so angry as to be unable to speak.
I hurried to Prof. Wang's house only to find he was out.（常表示令人不快的结果） 不定式作状语:原因状语 We are overjoyed to see you. I am happy to be here.
I feel honored to give a speech here. 作插入语
插入语（独立成份）
To be fair, he has worked hard these days. We don't like his idea, to tell you the truth.
He is not good at English, to say nothing of French. (let alone French)
逻辑主语(1) :
用 of +n./ pron 来表示逻辑主语:当―be + adj. + 逻辑主语 + to do‖结构中的 adj. 是absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, silly, thoughtful, considerate, wise, wrong, typical, naughty, selfish, generous等表示人的品行的词 Examples
1. It is thoughtful of you to come to see me.
2. I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation. 3. It is selfish of Tom not to lend his book to Mary.
4. It is generous of you to help me with my work. 逻辑主语(2) :
用 for + n./ pron 表示逻辑主语:
1. It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 2. I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
3. He gave me the phone number in order for me to contact him when we are in need of help.（他给了我他的电话号码,以便我们需要帮助时与他联系.）
独立结构
独立结构：（不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同）该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。
The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later.
(这个计划是让争执的双方先在基本原则上达成协议，细节以后再磋商。)
Another Example
He proposed a picnic, he himself to pay the railway tickets, and John to provide the food. 不带―to‖的不定式
使用不带―to‖的不定式的几种句型 (1) 口语中，以why开头的简单问句
Why do it that way? 为什么用这种方法来做这事呢？
Why not go out for a walk? 为什么不出去散散步呢？
(2) 在had better, would rather... (than)..., would ... rather than, would sooner ... (than), can not but..., can't help but..., may (might) as well... (不妨...)等习惯用法中 Examples
Since she is angry, we had better let her alone.
Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger. (He would rather die of hunger than beg in the street...)
I couldn't help but wait for the next bus to come.
(3) 在do nothing/anything/everything but (except) 结构中 Last night I did nothing but watch TV. John will do anything but work on a farm.
但谓语动词不是do时，but / except所跟的不定式仍须带―to‖ The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.
I have no choice/alternative/option but to give in to her power.
不定式的特殊用法
一些固定结构中不定式的用法
too ... to 表否定含义,而enough ... to ... 表肯定 a. It was too cold for us to go shopping. (= It was so cold that we couldn't...)
b. It was cold enough to freeze our fingers.
但enough to 之前如有否定词，不定式也表否定含义 The water isn't warm enough for us to go swimming. (=The water isn't warm enough so we can't...)
(all too), only too等与不定式连用表示肯定意义
He‗s only too pleased to help us. 非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。 I shall be only too pleased to come. too ready to 结构表肯定意义
He's too ready to promise. 他太易于许诺。 He's too ready to criticize others. 不定式的语态
主动语态 the last person to leave
被动语态 the person to be relied on
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，用被动语态 He is believed to be elected monitor. The house to be built is our dining room.
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.
不定式的时态 一般式 to write to be written 完成
to have written
to have been written 进行 to be writing
完成进行 to have been writing
如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后(或与之同时发生或将要发生)，用一般时
He is determined to work harder next term. I'm sorry to hear the news.
She is supposed to leave for New York next week.
如不定式（动态动词）表示的动作与谓语动作发生在同一时间，用进行时 I'm glad to be working with you. They seem to be having a meeting. 不定式动作先于谓语动作,用完成式
The enemy was reported to have surrendered two days before. He is said to have translated many articles into English. Assignment
He moved into the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden ___. A. where to play B. to play with C. to play D. in which to play
The problem of storing the sun‘s heat is supposed ___ by scientists all over the world. A. to be studied B. to have been studied C. being studied D. having been studied Assignment
He was supposed ___ for 5 years when the police found his dead body there.
A. to have died B. to be dead C. to have been dead D. having died
John regretted ___ the TV set last month. The price has now gone up.
A. not buying B. not buy C. not to buy D. buying not Assignment
In the course of a day students do far more than just ___ classes. A. to attend B. attend C. attending D. attended
Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed ___ blown off the mountain. A. to have been B. that it was C. to be D. that it had been Assignment
The lab ___ next year will be more advanced than the old one. A. built B. being built C. to be built D. to be building
There is nothing that depresses me more than ___ up with a hangover on a wet Monday. A. wake B. waking C. to wake D. woke Assignment
He went on to say that it was as important to respect others as ___ by others. A. being respected B. to respect C. to be respected D. respected
Tom can‘t but ___ his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in doing his
project. A. to ask B. ask C. asking D. asked Modal Verbs
情态动词
情态动词
表示说话的语气或情态。情态动词本身有词义，但不完全， 不能单独作谓语， 必须和动词一起构成谓语。 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 大多数情态动词有过去式。
主要情态动词 Can May Will Must Shall Need Dare Had better Would sooner Would as soon Could Might Would Have to Should Ought to Used to Would rather might as well
情态动词问题解析: may be & maybe
May be （可能是）--- maybe （或许）（副词） The news may be true. Maybe the news is true.
She may be waiting for you at home. Maybe she is waiting for you at home. May not & can not
may not 译为―可能不‖、―也许不会‖而非―不可以‖。―不可以‖为must not或can‗t（不许，不可以）。 ---May I smoke here?
---No, you mustn‘t. /you can‘t /you can not. The news may not be true.
You mustn‘t move any of the papers on the desk. Can & be able to
Be able to 可以表示更多的时态。
We will be able to finish the work tomorrow. He was not able to realize his greatest ambition. Are you able to design a new computer program?
She has not been able to work out the complex problem. ought to的否定式
ought to的否定式是ought not to，疑问句只把ought提前。 You ought to be responsible for yourself.
We ought not to look down on disabled people.
Ought we to count on him for the settlement of the debate? Must Must do Must be
Must have done
Must 的反意疑问句
I must get up at six, ___？
She must be in the classroom now, _____?
They must have had great trouble trying to get there, ____? 用 must 提问时的回答 肯定回答：must
否定回答：needn‘t或don‘t /doesn‘t have to Must I come as early as 6 tomorrow morning? Yes, you must.
No, you needn‘t. / No, you don‘t have to. Mustn‘t & Needn‘t Must he arrive very early?
No, he doesn‘t have to / No, he needn‘t.
Must & have to
Must: 主观上认为―必须‖ 作某事。
Have to: 受客观情况迫使而―不得不‖ 作某事
You must work harder now if you want to find a satisfactory job after graduation.
Children in remote areas have to quit school simply because their parents cannot afford their education.
I must help him. {obligation, responsibility} I have to help him. {unwillingness) Must & have to的否定
否定must 表示―禁止，不允许，一定不要‖
否定don‘t have to 表示―不必,不一定非得,不一定要‖ We mustn‘t put off the trip no matter what happens.
We don‘t have to put off the trip, although it rains. Must & have to时态的区别
Must只用于现在 , 而have to则可用于不同时态。用had to表示过去 , 用will have to表示将来。
We had to resort to force in that case.
We will have to reconsider the whole thing if this plan fails. One must have faith in life. have to
have to的疑问句和否定句都要用助动词do/does，过去式则用did。 Do we have to wait for him to start dinner?
Does he have to show you the tickets to enter the cinema? Did I have to do the other task as well? You don‘t have to come in person.
She doesn‘t have to bring her dictionary.
We didn‘t have to make preparations for the quiz. Need & dare
Need & dare 既能作实义动词，又能作情态动词。
Need & dare在肯定句中，通常为实义动词，后面的不定式要带to，单数第三人称加s，有时态变化。
Need & dare作情态动词时，多用于否定句和疑问句。 Examples
She needs to work even harder if she wants to succeed in her study. He dares to speak the truth. Do you need to take a break? They didn‘t dare to disobey. Need he leave so soon?
You needn‘t have done all the heavy work. She dare not go home late at night. How dare you say I am unfair? might as well
might as well译为―不妨‖表示规劝。
You might as well wait to see what I can do for you. You might as well leave now.
We might as well try a second time to see what‘s wrong with the equipment. be to 可视为情态动词 be to的三种意义
①系表结构
My duty is instruct students on what is wrong and what is right. ②将来时的特殊表达法
I was to go back home when the phone called.
③―应当‖―规定是‖可视为情态动词 –be supposed to You are to obey the school rules and regulations. Would rather
表意愿：I would rather/sooner not go there on my own. 表选择：She would rather die than surrender to the enemy. （句型Would rather do sth. than do sth. else）
表虚拟：would rather sb. did /didn‘t do sth.
I would rather you didn‘t do anything for the time being. Used to & would
情态动词used to表―过去常常做‖。往往含有―不再如此‖之意。
Would只能表示动作，不能表示状态。而used to都可以。 . He would ask the teacher some strange questions. He used to ask the teacher ……
He used to be much better off than he is now. He would be much …… (wrong) More Information
Would侧重叙述过去, 而used to 强调过去和现在的对比。 Sometimes she would give me some pleasant surprises.
My mother used to be hot-tempered, but now she is very mild.
情态动词的完成式
needn‗t have done
表示过去本不必做的事情
You needn‘t have done all the calculation by yourself. We have computers to do that sort of work.
She needn‘t have risen so early. There was no hurry.
They needn‘t have brought so much food with them. We had enough for all the guests. Must have done
对过去事情的肯定猜测
He must have worked very hard, for he did a good job in the last exam.
They must have had a quarrel. They hadn‘t talked with each other for nearly a week. There must have been a blackout. The whole street was in darkness. can‗t/couldn‘t have done 对过去事情的否定猜测
(must have done的否定形式）
It can‘t have been her. She has gone to Shanghai.
You can‘t have seen me in the meeting last week. I was on a business trip then. He can‘t have worked hard. I have seen him playing with his neighbors very often. could & may/might have done 表示对过去事情的可能性的推测
You may / might have been injured in the car accident. You may have been hurt by the wild animal. You may have read the book.
You might have been more careful.
Will have done 表示将来完成时
By the end of this week, the building will have been completed.
By May or June, we will have already known whether China succeeds in bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games.
By next month, we will have learned the first 5 chapters. Would/could have done 表示对过去虚拟
You could/would have done much better if you had followed the teacher‘s instructions. The earth could have been a better place if we had all known the importance of protecting the environment.
You couldn‘t have been so miserable had you listened to my advice.
She wouldn‘t have failed the English exam if she had done enough revision exercises.
should (ought to) have done 过去本该做某事
shouldn‘t (ought not to) have done 过去本不该做某事
You shouldn‘t have behaved so impolitely in front of all the guests. We shouldn‘t have relied too much on him. He shouldn‘t have cheated on the exam.
She shouldn‘t have agreed to marry such an irresponsible man.
Tense
时态 四级常考的重点时态
英语共有16种时态，在CET-4语法测试中，时态是一个常测项目，也是一个必测项目。
测试重点有：现在完成时，现在进行时，现在完成进行时，将来完成时，过去完成时，过去进行时，一般将来时。 利用时间状语的信息提示
时态与时间状语之间存在一定的呼应关系。时间状语可以决定时态。时间状语常出现在句首或句尾，有时也出现在谓语动词前后。
标志完成时态的时间状语
Ever since, since, since then, by then, by now, by the end of, by the time, when, before, for, so far, up till now, for, in the past few days, in the past / last few years 标志进行时态的时间状语
Now, right now, at the moment, yesterday afternoon, last Sunday, just now, this time tomorrow
标志将来时态的时间状语
Tomorrow, tomorrow morning, soon, next, in two days, in the year 2050, in 10 years‘ time, some day in the future, Examples
Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they ____ better health.
A. could have enjoyed B. have been enjoying C. had enjoyed D. are enjoying
Since then, I ____ the mail.
A. am expecting B. have been expecting C. expected D. was expecting
Examples
You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it ____ undrinkable by now.
A. became B. had become C. has become D.become
When he hurried to the airport, he found, to his great disappointment, his ticket and passport ___ at home.
A. were left B. had left C. to have been left D. had been left Examples
By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I ___ for Shanghai. A. am leaving B. shall have left C. will leave D. have already left
It is reported that by the end of next month the bridge ____. A. will be built B. has been built C. will have been built D. will have built 特定结构和句型中的时态(1)
This(That/It) is the first (second…) +名词 +定语从句 This(That/It) is the only (last) +名词 +定语从句
This(That/It) is the +形容词最高级+名词 +定语从句
Examples
This is one of the rarest questions that ___ at such a meeting.
A. has ever been raised B. is raised D. have ever been raised C. are raised
There was a knock at the door, it was the second time someone ___ me that evening. A. had interrupted B. would have interrupted C. to have interrupted D. to be interrupted
特定结构和句型中的时态(2)
It is /has been + 时间段 since +从句（一般过去时） It will be +时间段 before +从句（现在时） It was +时间段 before +从句（一般过去时）
It is likely /unlikely that +从句（一般将来时） Examples
It ___ 2 weeks since she fell down the stairs, but you can still see the bruises. A. was B. is C. will be D. were
Last night a man escaped from prison. It was a long time ____ the guards discovered what had happened.
A. since B. when C. before D. that 特定结构和句型中的时态(3)
―祈使句+and‖结构中 , and 引导的并列分句谓语动词用一般将来时。
Hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than句型中主句常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Examples
___ when she started complaining. A. Not until he arrived B. Hardly had he arrived C. No sooner had he arrived D. Scarcely did he arrive
Turn on the radio or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy and balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. often see C. have often seen D. will often see 副词的位置
在时态测试中，根据某些副词在句中的特殊位置这一特点，也有助于判断选项的正误。 频率副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually , rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或 be动词与实义动词之间。在省略结构中，这些副词必须放在
助动词、情态动词或be 动词之前。 Examples
We ___ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A. just have had B. have just had C. just had had
D. had just had
San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ____. A. is rarely B. rarely is C. hardly is D. is scarcely 时态一致
从句谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词时态限制，主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时， 从句时态根据需要选择；主句谓语动词是过去时，从句通常也用过去时。这是四级语法测试重点。如：主句谓语动词是过去时，则 1）主从句动作同时发生，从句did 或was/were doing. 2） 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句had done.
3）从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句would do. Examples
After searching for half an hour, she realized that her glasses ___ on the table all the time. A. had been lying B. had been lain C. have been lying D. were lain
Exception （例外）
如果从句中所表示的是一个客观事实或科学真理，从句谓语动词不受时态原则限制，
只能（永远）用一般现在时，通常根据常识就可以确定答案。
Our teacher has a strict rule. She said yesterday that all the students ___ to class on time.
A. came B. might come C. must come D. must have come Real Examples
历年四级考题实例（15次CET-4中）
历年四级例题88.6
46. By the end of April Peter ___ here for 3 months.
A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed
61. Never before that night ___ the extent of my own power.
A. had I felt B. I felt C. did I feel D. I had felt 历年四级例题90.1
53. We ____ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 历年四级例题91.6
43. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ____ . A. finish what I did
B. would have finish what I was doing C. finished what I did
D. finished what I was doing
历年四级例题92.6
62. Bob‘s leg got hurt ___ the mountain. A. while he is climbing up
B. while he climbed up C. while we climbed up D. while we were climbing up
67. Pick me up at 8 o‘clock. I ___ my bath by then.
A. will have had B. will be having C. can have had D. may have 历年四级例题92.12
41. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people ___ .
A. have objected B. objected C. must object D. will object
54. Ever since Picasso paintings went on exhibit, there ___ large crowds at the museum every day.
A. is B. has been C. have been D. are going 历年四级例题93.6
45. By the end of this month, we surely ___ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A. have found B. will be finding C. will have found D. are finding 历年四级例题95.6
47. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. will often see C. often see D. have often seen
48. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television ___ the newspaper completely.
A. replaced B. replace C. have replaced D. will replace 历年四级例题96.1
21. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ___ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed
39. It is reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ___ by about 10%.
A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 历年四级例题96.6
24. Sir. Denis, who is 78, had made it known that much of his collection ___ to the nation.
A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left
25. Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ___ necessary to land all the
planes for refueling. (96.6)
A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been
历年四级例题97.1
21. Until then, his family ___ from him for six months. A. didn‘t hear B. hasn‘t been hearing C. hasn‘t heard D. hadn‘t heard
22. The conference ___ a full week by the time it ends. A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted
40. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___ today and are being modified by the
work of scientists of our time. A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenging 历年四级例题97.6
45. It seems oil ___ from this pipe for some time. We‘ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking
50. Once environmental damage ___, it takes many years for the system to recover.
A. had done B. is to do C. does D. is done
历年四级例题98.6
41. The last half of the 19th century ___ the steady improvement in the means of travel.
A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed
53. If she doesn‘t tell him the truth now, he‘ll simply keep on asking her until she ____. A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do 历年四级例题99.1
47. My train arrives in New York at 8 o‘clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there ___ by then.
A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left
历年四级例题2000.1
41. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ___ too long.
A. has been reading B. is reading C. had read D. read 历年四级例题2000.6
41. ---―May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at 5 o‘clock tonight?‖
---‖I am sorry. Mr. Williams ___ to a conference long before then.‖ A. had gone B. has gone C. would have gone D. will have gone
Assignment
1) I haven‘t seen Mary these past few days. I am afraid she ___ herself for some time. A. hasn‘t been feeling B. isn‘t feeling C. hadn‘t been feeling D. wasn‘t feeling
2) This is the first opportunity I ___ of seeing how electricity is produced.
A. am having B. will have C. had D. have had Assignment
3) Hand in your papers when you ___ the test.
A. have finished B. are finishing C. will finish D. will have finished
4) We ___ our supper when Tom came to visit us.
A. have just had B. just have had C. had just had D. had had just Assignment
5) He has been looking everywhere for you, and he ____.
A. is still B. has still been C. still is D. still has been
6) I will certainly work all next week except when it ____.
A. will be raining B. will rain C. would rain D. is raining Assignment
7) I suppose that when I come back in 10 years‘ time all these houses ___ down.
A. will have pulled B. will be pulling C. will have been pulled D. will be pulled
8) We ___ to start our own business, but we never had enough money.
A. have hoped B. had hoped C. would hope D. should hope Assignment
9) I bought a new bike last week, but I ___ my old bike yet, so at the moment I have 2 bikes.
A. did not sell B. had not sold C. do not sell D. have not sold
10) After he ___ for 2 hours, Mr. Smith had a drink of water.
A. lectured B. was lecturing C. has
lectured D. had been lecturing Adj. & Adv.
形容词和副词 修饰词的词序
―限定词+形容词+名词‖词组中限定词+形容词的排列顺序。
限定词 + 一般描述性形容词 + 表示大小、形状的形容词 + 表示年龄、新旧的形容词 + 表示颜色的形容词 + 表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词 + 表示物质材料的形容词 + 表示用途、类别的形容词或名词 Examples
When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ___ dress. A. a cotton, blue expensive B. a blue, expensive cotton C. an expensive blue, cotton D. a cotton, expensive blue
用连字号构成的形容词中的名词一般不用复数形式。 A three-day journey =a three days‘ journey A two-hour meeting =a two hours‘ meeting
Daily, weekly, yearly, monthly等一些以ly结尾的词即可以是形容词也可是副词。 A daily newspaper
Go to visit a place weekly Yearly production (annual) Change yearly
At a monthly interval
Go to see a doctor/ a dentist monthly
fast、long、well、enough等一些形容词本身也可以做副词用，不能再加ly。 The train is fast. The train runs fast. There is enough water.
He is old enough to go to school.
late, lately; hard, hardly
有些形容词加ly后意义不同，发生变化(late, lately; hard, hardly等)。 Sorry I am late.
I haven‘t seen him lately.
It is hard to predict what will happen in the future.
If you work hard, chances are that you will achieve success in your career. It is hardly too much to say that we benefit from doing some part-time jobs. 表语形容词
有些形容词只能做表语。（如表健康的ill、well和以前缀a开头的形容词alone, awake,
aware, astir, ashore, asleep, alike, alive） Are you aware that you are heading for danger? My mother was still awake when I came back. I am liable to fall asleep during boring lectures. 过去分词用much修饰
过去分词充当的形容词用much修饰/与very+adj的区别。 He was much respected. The story was very funny. I was much excited. It is very interesting.
too…to的两种含义
too ... to 表否定含义
a. It was too cold for us to go shopping. (= It was so cold that we couldn't...) (all/ only) too…to 表示肯定意义
He‗s only too pleased to help us. 非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。 I shall be only too happy to go with you there. 特殊形容词
有些形容词（表示形状）只有原级，不能用比较级和最高级形式(round、square)。 还有一些形容词本身就表示―最好，完美，独一无二，最理想的‖等最高级意义，只有原级，不能用比较级和最高级形式(perfect, ideal, excellent, unique, favorite)。 特殊形容词
少数的外来词本身就有比较的含义，不能再加er或more…than，一般用介词to引出比较对象。
Superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior
This is much superior in quality to the previous one. She is senior to me in rank/in age.
Prior to the meeting, I attended a lecture. No More/less Vs. Not More/less She is no more intelligent than he is.
她不比他聪明多少。（两人都不太聪明）（两者都否定） She is not more intelligent than he is.
她不如他更聪明。（他比她更聪明）（肯定后者，否定前者） much too 和too much的区别 ——Much too +adj./adv.
——Too much+noun. 或用做代词 The coat is much too expensive.
It caused too much pain. I have already had too much.
同(原）级比较句型
⑴as+adj(adv)原级+as ⑵as+adj(原级)+a (an)+n +as
⑶no+比较级+than ⑷the same…as
(5)not as (so)+原级+as
as+adj(adv)原级+as
This room is as big as that one. He is as timid as a rabbit.
The cap in his head is as indispensable to him as his nose on his face. The athlete runs as fast as a horse. The train travels as fast as a plane.
no+比较级+than
He is no more intelligent than I am.
Implied meaning: we two are not very clever. We two are both quite stupid. (cf. He is not more intelligent than I am.)
Implied meaning: I was more intelligent than he is.
He is less intelligent than I am. I am quite intelligent but he is not. This film is no more interesting than the one we saw last week. (cf. This film is not more interesting than the one we saw last week.) 比较级的句型 (1)比较级+than
(2)使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(senior to等) (3)the+比较级，the+比较级（越…越…）
使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(senior to等)
Superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, previous, preferable等形容词本身已含有―比什麽更‖的意义，不需要比较级more…than.
Human beings are superior to other animals in that they can make and use tools for various purposes.
Fake goods are inferior to genuine commodities in both quality and durability. the+比较级，the+比较级
（越…越…）
Absolute secrecy is essential. Consequently, the fewer who are aware of the plan, the better.
The more, the better.
The more quickly, the better.
The more he learned, the more eagerly he wanted to learn.
Chances are that the more you practice, the more you perfect. (the more practice you make, the more skillful you are.)
最高级的表示法 ⑴the+最高级+in(of)
⑵比较级+than+any other/all the other ⑶Nothing(no+noun.)+is +so+形（副）原级+as (4)Nothing(no +noun.)+is +形比较级+than
再没有比…更… (5)as+adj+as +S.+can be
(6)all the +形副比较级+从句
the+最高级+in(of/among)
By far, she is the most ambitious girl among all the students I have ever taught. To me, physics is the most difficult subject in all the courses offered in the college. As far as many people are concerned (as far as occupations are concerned), teaching is the most noble profession of all. 比较级+than+any other/all the other
She is more intelligent than all the other students in her class. He is more mischievous than any other boy in the neighborhood.
The man is more knowledgeable than all the other men in his company.
Nothing+is +形比较级+than
再没有比…更…
Nothing is more enjoyable than going out for a walk after a big supper. Nothing is more valuable than good health.
Nothing gives the old man more happiness than raising birds.
Nothing benefits college students more than constantly taking part in social practice to adapt themselves to the society (to gain some social experience). 倍数表达法
⑴倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象（甲是乙的多少倍） ⑵倍数+比较级+than+被比对象（甲比乙….多少倍） ⑶倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/those of
倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象
Their new house is twice as large as their previous one.
The electrical bicycle runs twice as fast/quickly as common bikes.
倍数+比较级+than+被比对象
The factory produces three times more cars than the other one. The passage is twice longer than the one we discussed last week. 倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/those of
The size of the apartment is three times that of the house they used to live in/inhabit. The number of students who failed in the final exam this term is twice that of the students last term.
The rooms in this hotel are six times those of the small inn. enough的用法
I have had enough water. I have had enough. It is enough.
He is old enough to go to school.
Do you have enough money to buy the book?
So, such
So +adj. + a +noun. Such +a+adj. +noun.
Eg. It is so interesting a story.
It is such an interesting story. 不可数名词只能用such修饰。 Such fine weather So fine weather (X)
so、too和enough的区别
The book is so interesting that I read it twice. It is too hard for me to understand. He is too old to be a qualified soldier. The textbook is too easy for our use. Am I qualified enough to do the job? Are there enough books available? Important Points
四级主要考点 副词的位置
频率副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually , rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或 be动词与实义动词之间。在省略结构中，这些副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或
be 动词之前。 Examples
We ___ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A. just have had B. have just had C. just had had D. had just had
San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ____. A. is rarely B. rarely is C. hardly is D. is scarcely 程度副词的位置
程度副词的位置通常放在所修饰的词前面， 如very, much, almost, hardly, nearly, awfully, fairly, rather等。但enough必须放在所修饰词的后面。 How I wish John recognized the fact that he ___ in the wrong.
A. is always nearly B. always is nearly C. is nearly always D. nearly is always
频率副词的位置
频率副词如always, usually, never, ever, just, shortly, seldom, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, rarely, occasionally常放在助动词、情态动词、或be动词后或实义动词之前，但在省略结构中，必须置于助动词、情态动词或be动词之前。
San Francisco is usually cool in summer, but Los Angeles ____. (91.6)
A. is rarely B. hardly is C. rarely is D. is scarcely 评注性副词的位置
对全句进行修饰的评注性副词如actually，fortunately, surely, certainly, briefly通常放
在句首，并用逗号隔开。
Not ____, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture. (93.6)
A. obviously B. particularly C. surprisingly D. normally 同根形容词
When ___ scientists first suggested the possibility that one person could speak directly to another over a long distance, few people took them seriously.
A. imaginable B. imaginative C. imaginary D. imagination
The car is quite ___ of petrol.
A. economic B. economical C. economics D. economy 同根形容词
No one imagined that the apparently ___ businessman was really criminal.
A. respectful B. respectable C. respective D. respecting
This is a well ___ plan.
A. considered B. considerate C. considerable D. considering
易混淆的同根形容词 Considerable
Historic（历史上重要的） Confident Favorable Industrial Comparative Incredible
Continual （连续不断的） Economic
Considerate Historical Confidential Favorite Industrious
Comparable（可比的） Incredulous （不轻信的） Continuous （持续的） Economical
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