FEATURE THEME I主题专栏 瑞典的生态建筑和城市规划 ECO LOG I CAL ARC H lTECTU RE AN D U RBAN l S M I N SWEDEN 派尔・米盖尔 塞勒斯德洛姆l Pehr Mikael S ̄llstrOm 翻译:赵丹l Translated by Zhao Dan 校审:邱志勇l Proofed by Qiu Zhiyong 摘要由于气候以及环境的变化 全世界对生态建筑和城市化越来越重视。瑞典20世纪6O年代已经研究可持续生态发展模式及相关政策 7O年 代建立环境保护体系.逐渐发展可用的生态建设模式。目前 国际上已经普遍承认这个模式的关键在于,同时考虑社会需求、生态容量和经济 落实手段.才能实现完美的生态建设 本文从技术性的角度介绍瑞典近年新的建筑设计理念以及标准和法制, 以期为中国的环境保护规划与土 地规划结合体系的操作提供参考 关键词生态手段法制环保技术被动房节能 Abstract Due to the cIimate and the envi ronmentaI change.the whole wo rid pays more attention to the ecologicaI architecture and u rbanization Since the 1960s.Sweden has researched the sustainable ecoloqicaI development modeI and the related policies.In the 1970s jt established the environmentaI protection system and gradually developed the available ecological construction mode1.So far,this modeI has already been recognized internationally because it considers the social needs,the ecological capacity and the economic implementment measuresso as to achieve the perfect ecological construction.FrOm the technical perspective.the article introduces the recent new conceptions of the Sweden architectu re design as weII as the standards and the laws,providing the reference for the operation of envi ronmentaI protection planning and land planning system in China Keywords Ecology,Measures,Laws,Environmental technology,Passive house,Energy saving I.Ecological Architecture Ecological architecture and urbanism is not only about the quality of buildings and cities as such Even more important is the structural the relationship between the architecture of cities and the whole ecological environment. i、生态建筑 生态建筑和城市规划并不仅仅指建筑和城市的 品质 更重要的是与建筑及城市结构对整个生态环 境的影响。 However mjsunderstandjngs of the relationship between the built environment and the ecological system are paramount.Ecologists generally tend to under—estimate the capac— ity of the built—environment to uphold its own eco—system through ingenious technolo— gies.Architects and planners,being more accustomed to visual qualitative analysis than scientific,on the other hand tend to misunderstand the nature and consequences of envi— ronmental requirements.It is partly a matter of that the qualities required by an ecological architecture are not only qualities that can be perceived by the human senses such as the architects trained eye,but more abstract qualities that can only be verified through meas— 对于建筑和环境之间关系的误解常常产生重 要影响。生态学者通常容易低估建筑环境具有通过 精妙的技术来支持自身生态系统的能力。建筑lJi{i{[1 规划师一方面更习惯于以主观的定性分析代替科学 分析.另一方面他们容易误解环境要求的’眭质和影 响。在一定程度上.生态建筑要求的品质不仅包括 人的感官(如建筑师训练有素的眼睛)所能感觉到 的部分.更多的是通过建筑特定物理性能(如温度 urement of specific physical properties of the building such as insulation and humidity. To organize the development of our cities into a beautiful ecological civilisation we must consider the spatial relationship between architecture and urban development as well as 和湿度)的测量来验证的抽象部分。 为了有组织地将我们的城市发展为一个美丽的 生态城市.我们必须考虑建筑和城市发展之间的空 the capacity of the ecological system to integrate such changes—and in what way the designed artefacts can supply ecological services in themselves. This means that architects have to familiarize themselves with building physics,and even bio—physics along with the established education on construction and technical details. But this doesn’t mean that architects should forget about aesthetics.On the contrary,the 间关系、生态系统整合这些变化的承载力.而且以 设计的人造物本身便能够提供生态服务的方式。 这意味着建筑师除了掌握通过专业教育获得的 建筑和技术细节的知识.还必须通晓建筑物理学 甚至生物物理学。但是.这并不表示建筑师就应该 忘记美学。相反.新的对生态负责的建筑师一定在 new ecologically responsible architect must design with respect for people。s needs,not 16 城市建筑201 3.08 I URBANISM AND ARCHITECTURE Aug 201 3 only of basic functions and health,but also of environments that reflect their ide— als,are dignified can inspire their daily life and support their social life.There is an inalienable relationship between the ethical and the aesthetic aspects of architecture. Many architects believe they can be fused into one.The point with ecology is that the ethical dimension must be expanded to the future generation s right to our common earth and its resources.Conventional architectural ethics are only concerned with the living users. Another difference is that the criteria for the ethically good is no longer only depend— 设计时尊重人的需求.不仅是功能和健康方面的需求, 还包括环境方面的需求.后者反映了他们的理想是高尚 的.能够激发他们的日常生活.支持他们的社会生活。 建筑的伦理学方面和美学方面之间存在着不可分割的关 系,很多建筑师认为它们可以被融为一体。以生态学的 观点.伦理维度应被扩展到子孙后代对我们共有的地球 及其资源享用的权利.而传统的建筑伦理只关注现在的 使用者。 ent on the concrete facts about the building,the qualities that can be assessed with the bodily functions of a trained architect.To evaluate the ethical performance we rely on abstract measurable properties of the build environment,that are difficult to verify with the plain human senses.This is a new structural condition for architectural ethics and professionalism. 另一个区别在于.伦理上关于好标准不再只依赖建 筑的具体情况以及由训练有素的建筑师通过整体功能评 估的品质。要想评价其伦理表现.就得有赖于建筑环境抽 象的、可度量的性能.这是凭借人的感官难以验证的。这 对建筑的伦理学和职业化而言是新的结构性的条件。 1.Energy The most popular building technological invention in Sweden in the latest years is the 1能源 最近几年.一种被称作 被动房 (passive house) 的建筑技术创新在瑞典非常盛行。被动房的供暖从太阳 so called”passive house”.Passive houses need no other energy for heating than that which is emitted from the sun electrical equipment and the people living in the house. This means that the cost for insulation increases and the demands on the quality of the production rises.There must be no leakage of air.But with this building technique the cost for heating installations on the whole goes down.The only installation need— 辐射 电气设备和居住其中的人身上获取能量.不需要 其他能源。这意味着保温隔热成本的增加、对生产质量 要求的提升.因为房屋不能漏风.但是这一建筑技术使 得供暖装置成本整体下降.只需在通风系统中安装热交 ed is a heat—exchange pump on the ventilation.This is a major advantage as cost for 换泵即可。在某些情况下,供暖和通风装置的成本几乎 heating and ventilation installations in some cases amount to nearly 30%of building costs. 占建筑成本8930%,因而这是一个重大的优势。 瑞典西部哥德堡(Gothenbu rg)附近89Lind ̄M:l:宅 区《图1)就是采用这种技术的示范住区。根据最近通过 The model housing where this technique was introduced is the Lind,s residential area near Gothenburg in western Sweden.Such a family house reduces the total need for 的推荐性国家标准.这种家庭住宅的总能源需求最多减 少到每年45 kwh/mz.包括照明和设备用电以及居民产 生的热量。与目前每年120 kwh/m 的标准相比.这是 一energy to ma×imum 45 kWh/(sqm,year)including electricity for lighting,equipment and the heat produced by the inhabitants,according to the recently adopted volun— tary national standard.This is a major reduction of energy needs from the present requirements of 120 kWh/(sqm,year),and even more compared to the standard of houses built before the oil crisis of the 1970s,which generally consumes above 240 个重大的减少.与20世 ̄_g70年代石油危机之前建成的 房屋标准(能耗通常高于每年240 kwh/m2)相比.减少 的更多。 瑞典位于寒冷的北半球.这也是该国特别强调能源 kWh/(sqm,year). Sweden is a country in the cold northern hemisphere,which may explain why the en— ergy aspects of sustainability are emphasized.But the truth is that the cooling of of— fices and workplaces in the warmer parts of the world uses as much energy as heating 方面可持续发展的原因。但事实上.温暖地区的办公室 和工作场所制冷所消耗的能源也并不少。而且即使在瑞 典.用于制 令的成本也在攀升。生态建筑中的能源问题 today.Even in Sweden the cost for cooling is going up.The energy issues in ecologi— cal building are paramount al lover the world. Sweden and China has collaborated on energy issues since many years.For instance 成为全世界最重要的问题。 典和中国在能源问题上已经合作了多年。例如. 隆德大学(Lund University)曾任土木建筑学院教授博 the fOrmer professor of building construction Bo Adamson at Lund university made research in China in the early 1990s.In his report he suggested a standard for pas— 丹森(Bo Adamson)早在2O世纪9O年代初就在中国进 行研究。他在报告中为南京地区提出了一个被动供暖的 标准,基于室内气温在18 c~28’C之间变化是可容忍的 假设之上。根据他的研究 通过提高屋顶的隔热保温能 力——在夏季将热量隔在室外.在冬季将热量保持在室 sive heating in the Nanjing area based on the assumptions that variations of indoor climate between 18 and 28 degrees would be tolerable.According to his research this can be achieved by increasing the insulating capacity of the roof——keeping heat out—。 side during the summer and inside during the winter. The issue of energy is also about whether the kind of energy which is used is harmful to the climate and produces CO2-gas.Sweden is world leader in the development of 内——即可实现。 能源问题还包括我们使用的能源种类是否对气候产 生有害影响.是否产生CO,。瑞典是世界上率先开发地 heat—pumps to use the solar energy stored in the ground.Combined with hydro—or wind—power electricity,this technique can entirely remove the need for oil,coal and bio—gas or any other CO2 producing fuels,for heating houses.This technology is very useful in houses with an older technical standard that are too expensive to insulate and convert to passive standard. To find the right balance between investment in insulation and technical equipment 源热泵的国家。结合水力或风力发电,该技术可以完全 实现无需石油、煤炭、沼气或其他任伺产生CO 的燃料 为住宅供暖。对于依照原有技术标准建造 保温隔热以 及转换至被动标准的成本过高的住宅而言,这个技术非 常实用。 寻求隔热和技术设备的投资的恰当平衡有赖于建 17 FEATURE THEME!主题专栏 requires architectural design and planning.Swedish architect Christer Malmstr6m has been practicing for the last two decades refining his skills to create energy smart build— 筑设计和规划。瑞典建筑师克里斯特・马姆斯特罗姆 (Ch rister MaImstr6m)在过去的二十年里一直致力 ings that also involves(inVoIVe?)architectural design,space and constructions.This has resulted in a number of public and private buildings around the country that stands above the main stream production in Sweden Many of them the outcome of archi— tectural competitions and one of them rewarded with the highest distinction among Swedish architects,the Kasper Salin Prize in 2004.This Prize has been given to buildings 于完善他在创造智慧型节能建筑方面的技巧,这其中 包含了建筑的设计 空间和建造。结果.瑞典出现了 一大批超出主流产品的公共和私人建筑。它们中的很 多是建筑竞赛的成果,其中一个项目于2004年获得 了瑞典建筑师最高荣誉卡斯帕萨林奖(Ka sPe r Salin Prize)。该奖项自1962年以来授予具有较高建筑标准 or groups of buildings of high architectural standard since 1962 to promote architecture in Sweden. The example of ChristerMalmstr6m show us that ecological architecture require a close collaboration between architects and building physicists.It is difficult to achieve 的建筑或建筑群.目的是促进瑞典建筑的发展。 克里斯特・马姆斯特罗姆的例子表明,生态建筑 要求建筑师和建筑物理学家之间进行密切的合作。这 在瑞典很难实现.一是因为工程学和建筑学业已形成 的专业分化,同时也因为在瑞典.建设过程的组织形 式是由承包商茌建筑师的设计方案确定之后才雇用工 程师。为此 哥德堡的查尔姆斯理工大学(ChaIme rs University of Technology)开设了建筑工程师(archi— in Sweden because of the specialized cultures that the engineering and architecture professions have turned into.But also because of the way the Swedish building process is organized,where contractors hire engineers after the architect s plans have already been projected.An attempt to resolve this lack of communication has been made with the creation of a new kind of architect—engineers at Chalmers university of technology in Gothenburg.The new education program began only in 2007 and the first students with this new combination of skills already graduated in the summer 2012. 2.Responsible use of materials tect—engineers)这一新专业,试图解决这种沟通的不 足。教学课程于2007年开始,第一批学生已在2012年 夏天毕业。 To speak of ecological building we also need to include aspects of re’‘use of construc—。 tions and materials and also using materials that minimizes the harm on the eco—system. The earliest strategy to reduce the cost of re—use of buildings was the structuralist aD— proach of the 1960s.The Royal Building Board in charge of about 50%of building ac— tivities in Sweden at the time realized that the cost for transformations and changes of existing buildings was very high The concept of separating the structure from the func— 2负责任地使用材料 说到生态建筑.也包括构造和材料的再利用.以及 使用能够最大限度减少对生态系统产生危害的材料。 最早减少建筑再利用成本的策略是20世纪6O年 代的结构主义方法。当时掌管着瑞典约50%建设活动 的皇家建筑委员会意识到.改造现有建筑的成本非常 高。于是.将结构与功能分离以便使较短生命周期的 tion and to facilitate exchange of the technical installations with the shorter life—span was introduced,The architects at the Royal Building Board tried to develop a flexible and open building system together with the architects called A4.At the time the aim was to reduce the cost for upgrading office buildings to the latest technical standards and constant changes of the functional requirements. Today we can also understand this as a way to achieve a more sustainable building. One of the most recent exponents of this aspect of sustainable building is the head— 技术设备易于更换的概念被引入。皇家建筑委员会的 建筑师试图与A4建筑事务所一起制定灵活、开放的建 筑系统.当时的目标在于降低因办公楼升级到最新技 术标准和不断变化的功能要求所需的成本。 今天,我们也可以将其理解为实现更可持续建筑 的一种方式。可持续建筑最近的范例之一是位于斯德 哥尔摩郊外索尔纳(SoIna)的瑞典邮政总部.该项目 在2004年的卡斯帕萨林奖(Kasper Salin Award)中被 提名㈨。这座建筑可以被重新组装.其通用的空间有利 quarters for the Swedish Post in Solna outside Stockholm,nominated for the Kasper Sa— lin Award in 2004.The building can be reassembled,and it has a generalized space that facilitates frequent changes of functional requirements1.To minjmize the impact on the green area where it is located a large portion of the building has also been dug into the ground Architectural practice in Sweden has come to a point where the concept of sustainabili— 于满足不断变化的功能需求 为了尽量减少对其所处的 绿化区域的影响 建筑有很大一部分没入地下。 瑞典的建筑实践已经发展到对于可持续的概念很 少会有争议的程度。如今,瑞典大部分的重要承包商 ty is questioned by few.Most of the major contractors in Sweden today have programs to promote their environmental image on the market.Several design tools,in some cases supported by the law,in some cases by the market,have been developed to facilitate the implementation of ecological sustainability A standard for environmental 都在计划提高他们在市场上的环保形象。一些设计工 具——有的由法律支持.有的由市场支持——被开发 出来.以促进生态可持续性的实现。住房、建设和规 classification of buildings has recently been launched by the Board of Housing,Building 划委员会(Bove rket}最近推出了建筑的环境分类标 准。在民间 有一个被称作 天鹅 (Swan)的类似环 境影响指标.经常被用来作为建筑的环保标准。这与 and Planning(Boverket).In the private sector a parallel environmental impact indicator called the”Swan”is often used to benchmark the buildings environmental standard. This standard is relative to the best achievement of the competitors on the market. 市场上竞争者们的卓越成就是相关的.虽然他们这么 做并不会给自己的工作带来任何好处。此外还有一些 按照《环境保护准则》(Code of Environmental Pro— tection】规定的建筑材料的分类工具 有利于建筑师 负责地选择材料。 到目前为止.瑞典采用的最直接的方法是伍珀塔 What everybody does doesn t give any points.There are also tools for classification of building materials,as stipulated by the Code of Environmental protection,that facilitate responsible choices of materials by the architects. The most straight forward method that have been tried so far in Sweden is the Factor 10 Wuppertal Method.This method has been tried in a pr。ject for a House of Design in 城市建筑2013.08 1 URBANISM AND ARCHITECTURE Aug 2013 i曲折岭(Lind,s)住宅区 The ResidentiaI Area at LindSs 2海勒福什博物馆 Museum of Design at H ̄illefors the small mining town of H ̄llefors situated in the forested mountain areas of mid Swe一 den.The method is based on the assumption that if the living standard in developed countries like Sweden will be adopted by all peoples of the world,we must reduce the 尔1O分法(Factor i0 Wuppertal Method)位于瑞典 .中部山区的海勒福什(H ̄llefors)设计之家(House of Design)项目中尝试了这种方法(图2)。这种方法基 impact of our jife style and to a great extent of our buildings on the environment by a factor 10. Or as this is often put:If all people on earth would have the same living standard as the people‘s in the developed countries we would need the resources of 10 Globes. 于这样的假设——如果像瑞典这样的发达国家的生活标 准被全世界的人们所接受.那么我们应通过10分法减 少我们生活方式以及很大程度上对环境的影响。 或者.正如人们经常说的那样. 如果地球上所有 The Museum of Design at H ̄llefors only achieved factor 1.8If this is taken as a bench一 .人的生活水平都达到发达国家人们的水平,那么我们将 需要1O个地球的资源 ” mark of the Swedish standard performance in terms of ecological footprint it would mean that we stilf have to be 5-6 times better than we are now to achieve a globally 海勒福什博物馆的设计只得到了1.8分 如果把它 responsible lifestyle. The main point with alI these tools and standard measurements is that it helps to facili一 tate practical action through increasing the awareness of sustainable consequences of 作为瑞典在生态足迹方面的标准表现.那么就意味着我 们需要付出5—6倍于现在的努力.以实现 全球负责的 生活方式。 diferent choices. 所有这些工具和标准的要点是有助于通过提高对 不同选择之下的可持续性结果的认识来促进实际行动。 II.Ecological Urbanism Sustainability is not only about building technology and design methods.The building patterns and the strategies adopted for urban development are also?important al一 though more di仟icult to grasp for the general public. Sweden has a long tradition of socially sustainable city planning(the so called neiqh一 二 生态城市规划 可持续发展不仅涉及建筑技术和设计方法.城市发 展所采用的建设模式和策略也同样重要.尽管后者对于 民众来说更难把握。 bourhood planning).Today we have realized that a sustainable city requires a more comprehensive strategy including both social,ecological and economic factors.The 瑞典在全社会的可持续城市规划方面(也称为社区 规划)有着悠久的历史。如今.我们已经认识到.可持 building pattern promoted today is a dense and flexible structure.rather than the spe一 cialized functionaI zoning of the previous period. 续发展的城市需要含括社会、生态和经济等因素的综合 性策略。我们倡导的建设模式是紧;奏而灵活的结构.而 In terms of ecology the city of Wxj0 in central Sweden has achieved very good results over the Iast 30 years.Thanks to a fore—sighted energy policy,which has been dis一 不是过去所采用的专门的功能分区的方法(图3)。 茌生态方面, 高典中部的韦克舍(Va×i6)市在过 cussed and adopted by alI the agents of development in the city,V ̄xj6 now is world leader in the use of C0,neutral energy.Their development is an example of participa一 tory planning based on gradual improvements rather than once and for all changes. This is a typical feature of the swedish strategy for how to achieve such outstanding results! 去3O年中取得了非常好的成果 得益于该市所有开发商 采用的前瞻性的能源政策.韦克舍目前已成为世界上领 先使用CO,中性能源的城市 该城市的发展是在逐步改 善基础上的参与式规划代替一次性改造的范例.也是为 达到这一卓越成果所采用的瑞典战略的典型特征。 0ther key elements of the Swedish strategy are investments in collective transport 瑞典战略的其他关键要素包括投资公共交通以及 and preservation of natural habitats within the city.In V ̄xj0 the strategy has included the recreation of water surfaces within the city that can accomodate the heavy alluviaI rains in the summer. 保护城市内的自然栖息地。任韦克舍.该策略还包括城 市内水系的重建.以承载夏季暴雨带来的水量(图4)。 2O世纪50年代 瑞典的城市规划师就向丹麦学 Swedish planners Iearnt already in the 1950s from the Danish to use the so called ”finger—plan”building pattern where corridors of nature reach into the core of the city and enables wildlife to co—exist with the city.This is a resource both for climate and 习.推行被称作”指状规划”的建设模式,自然廊道深 入城市核心.野生动植物与城市共生。这是气候和休闲 的资源.也是在技术领域逐渐成为地球表面主导性的 FEATURE THEME l主题专栏 recreation,but also safeguards biodiversity at a time when the techno—sphere is close to becoming the dominant biotope on the surface of the Earth.Every now and then there are repots of wolves passing through central Stockholm!Hares and Deers are a corn— mon sights in quite central areas. 1.Land use A key strategy is to focus on the use of land.Sweden,like many western countries,face the challenge of so called‘‘urban sprawl”,where parcel houses are spread over virgin 生态位时对于生物多样性的保护。不时地还会有“狼 从斯德哥尔摩的中部穿过 的报道。在如此中心的地 区 野兔和鹿也是相当常见。 1土地使用 一项关键的策略在于关注土地的使用。和许多 西方国家一样.瑞典也面临“城市蔓延”的挑战.一 片片的房屋蔓延到远离城市中心地价便宜的未开发地 区。这导致人们出行的往返距离加长 并很难以经济 的方式为社区提供基本的社会和技术服务。大型购物 中心选址在郊区的道路交叉口.人们只有驾车才能到 达。建筑造型不佳的工业仓库沿着高速公路占据着这 些未开发用地.这加速了城市蔓延区域的进一步扩大 而在任意开发的区域之间留下的土地却无人l'q ̄A9趋 势。自2O世纪5O年代.瑞典的人均建设用地面积已经 增长了4倍,而且这一趋势仍在继续。 为了阻止这种”城市蔓延”,瑞典采取的策略之 一land far from urban centres where the land is cheap.This results in long travel distances for commuters and difficulties to supply fundamental social and technical services in an economic way.Shopping malls are located at road intersections in the countryside where only people with cars can reach them.Industrial barns in poor architectural shape fil lthe virgin lands along the highways.This increases the tendency that the city is spreading over even larger areas and leaves impediments of unused land that nobody cares for in between the arbitrary developments.Since the 1950s the use of land per capita for building has 4-doubled in Sweden,and the trend continues. One strategy being tried in Sweden to stop this”urban sprawl”is to build dense resi— dential areas on attractive fOrmer brown—fields in the harbour areas with apartments 是在宜人的原海港区棕地建设高标准 密集的住 of high standard.Especially the developments in Stockholm(Hammarby Lake Town) and Maim6(Western Harbour)has been given some international attention.But the Northern River Bank development in Gothenburg also deserve attention now.These ex— amples combine all these strategies into a comprehensive urban development method, where the structural level of planning is the key success factor.But several other cities in Sweden have adopted similar strategies in one way or the other since the early 1990s that was a time when an earlier housing policy and the considerable housing subsidies 宅公寓。尤其是斯德哥尔摩啥马尔湖镇(Hamma rby Lake Town)和马尔默西港(Western Harbour)的开 发已经引起了国际关注.而哥德堡北部河岸(No rth— ern River Bank)的开发也值得关注。这些案例将所有 战略整合为一个综合的城市开发方式,其规划的结构 层次是成功的关键因素。但是自2O世纪9O年代早期 当较早的住房政策和可观的住房补贴被废除.以及海 that supported it were abolished and harbour as wel las old industrial areas were aban— doned.Now the primary driver for housing development is the purchasing power on the market. The Western Harbour development in Maim6 is still ongoing and takes place in several 港和旧工业区被废弃时.瑞典的其他一些城市以各种 方式采用了类似的策略。现在.住房开发的主要推动 力是市场的购买力。 马尔默西港的开发仍在进行(图5)。在计 ̄*JB9几 个步骤中.作为第一步的环境成效于2001年完成.已 经通过了评估并作为制定后续步骤的基础。马尔默面 临的挑战是促进大量非常小的开发商能够采用生态建 设原则,其中有一些是强制性的如绿化率和能源的自 我供给 有一些是非强制性的,比如材料的使用 西港区的景观建筑格外引人注目.其建设基于如 下生态原则:每栋建筑必须补偿占有的绿地的损失. steps where the environmental performance of the first step finished in 2001 have been evaluated and used as a base for programming the following steps.The challenge for Malm6 has been to inspire a large number of quite small developers to use the ecologi— cal principles of building.Some have been obligatory,such as the green ratio and self supply of energy.Others have been voluntary,such as the use of materials. In the Western Harbour area the landscape architecture has been given extra attention. This is based on the ecological principle that each building must compensate for the loss of green areas,the maintenance of bio—diversity and the requirement that water 维护生物的多样性.要求水的局部渗透.不污染附近 水系。该项目还包括建立密集的城市建筑结构,吸引 那些要定居郊区而引发城市蔓延的人们。为了融合这 两个规划目标.最激进的景观建筑师也利用所谓的城 市绿化技术,让绿色植物爬攀建筑之上(图6)。 瑞典生态城市规划的另一个关键策略是将建筑与 较大的城市基础设施相结合.与能源供应、交通、废 should be locally infiltrated not to pollute nearby water systems.The project has also included the creation of a dense urban building structure that is attractive for those who would otherwise settle in parcel houses in the countryside and cause spraw1.To combine the two planning objectives the most radical landscape architects has begun tO let the green climb onto the buildings with so called urban greening techniques. Another key strategy of eco urbanism in Sweden is the integration of buildings with the larger infrastructure of the city.The connection to energy supply,transport,waste management and sewage cleaning systems.Those system—aspects have been the basis for the development at the Hammarby Lake Town district in Stockholm.It is described as a”re—circulation city”.Here al lthe resource circuits of the district have been analysed and optimized in collective solutions for energy,waste and sewage treatment.The pro— cessing of the water and energy systems is open to the public to look at in a building centrally located in the district.The idea is that people living in the area wil lunderstand 弃物管理和污水 争化系统相连接。这些系统一直是斯 德哥尔摩哈马比湖镇发展的基础。在这个被称为 再 循环的城市 里,所有资源的循环都进行了分析和优 化.制定了能源、废弃物和污水处理方面的整体解决 方案。位于地区中心的一座建筑面向公众开放,供其 了解水和能源系统的处理.其初衷在于让居住在该地 区的人们能够了解这些系统如何工作.并提高他们参 how the system works and be more engaged in its maintenance and improvement.The system ncludes experiment with severaI new technological inventions such as fueI cells. 与系统维护和改善的积极性(图7)。该系统包括一些 新技术发明的实验(图8).如燃料电池。 城市建筑2013 08 I URBANISM AND ARCHITECTURE Aug 2013 3位于斯德哥尔摩南部郊区班德哈根 Bandhagen in the Southern Suburbs of Stockholm 4韦克舍用于处理春汛的水渠 V ̄xj6,Canal Taking Care of Spring Flood 5马尔默西港.该地区以实验性以及将绿化和运河与 密集城市结构整合为特点 Western Harbour in Maim6 The Area is Characterized by an Experimental Character and the Integration of Greene ̄and Canals with a Dense Urban Fabric The fascination in new technology makes it easy to forget that the sustainable standard of existing buildings at any moment in time is a greater challenge to improve city than the new areas.But the existing buildings and built up areas must be treated in a much 崇尚新技术使人们很容易忘记现有建筑的可持 续标准在任伺时候相较于新建筑而言在改善城市方面 都更加具有挑战性.但是.现有建筑和建成区域必须 more respectful way.The people living in those buildings cannot be moved at wilI as it can destroy their economic situation.They also have their identity in the area and a right to their history.1ndividuaI buildings may also represent significant economic and culturaI value.In a sustainable urban development practice those culturaI values should be identified at an early stage of the planning process.In that way they can be used as 得到更慎重的对待 居住在这些建筑中的人们不能被 任意迁走因为会破坏他们的经济状况他们在该地 区有自己的身份以及对待历史的权利 个别建筑可能 还代表了重要的经济和文化价值。在城市可持续发展 的实践中.这些文化价值应该在规划过程中尽早被确 a resource in the new development.In Sweden 50%of the totaI investments in building goes into conversion of existing buildings.Soon the situation wilI be similar in China! Like most developed countries Sweden has a Iarqe industriaI heritaqe that has been abandoned,partly as a consequence of the globalisation of production,and partly because of the inadequacy of these buildinqs to Iive up to modern production require一 ments.Many of these buildings are built of bricks in the neo—gothic style that was be一 lieved to represent the highest social standard for workplaces in the late 19th century. These buildings are designed for day—lighting and naturaI air—conditioning.They are quite easy to transform into new functions.The same is true of industrial buildings from the functionalist period.To re—use the existing buildings gives the new development a 立+这样就可以在新的开发中被作为一种资源利用。 在瑞典.建设总投资的50%用于改造现有建筑 中国很 快也会面临类似情况 和大部分发达国家一样.瑞典有大量被弃置的工 业遗产.一部分是生产的全球化的结果.一部分是因 为已不适应现代化生产要求 这些建筑中的很多是用 砖建造的新哥特式风格.被认为代表了19世纪后期工 作场所的最高标准,它们被设计为自然采光和自然通 风.并且很容易改变功能。功能主义时期建造的工业 建筑也同样如此 对现有建筑进行再利用能够为新的 sense of continuity and can even bring diqnity and attraction to places. In J ̄rla Lake Town the strateqy of development was based on reuse of some of the existing factory buildinqs of the late AIfred NobeIindustries.This example shows how a small scale development can take advantage existinq industrial buildings to create an 开发提供某种延续性.甚至给这些场所带来尊严和吸 引力。 亚拉水镇(J ̄rla Lake Town)的开发战略正是基于 对阿法拉伐(AIra Lava1]后期产业保留下来的一些厂 attractive residential area. 2.Sustainable planning methods It is today being debated in Sweden whether the challenge of building sustainable cities requires an intermediary planning instrument.From the examples presented in this arti一 cle it is obvious that sustainable urban development cannot be dealt with only as single 房的再利用 这个案例显示了小规模的开发如伺充分 利用现有工业建筑并创造具有吸引力的住宅区 2可持续的规划方法 瑞典如今正在讨论建设可持续发展的城市是否需 要一个中介的规划工具 从本文提出的案例我们可以 building projects.Several aspects of sustainability are related to the urban IeveI and the structuraI context of the individuaIimprovements and extensions of the city. 明显看出.可持续的城市发展不能只作为单一的建设 项目被处理 可持续发展的若干方面与个体改善的城 The Swedish Association of Architects has opened for a discussion about the methods for structural planning in a ManuaI for Sustainable Urban Development The Manual point at the high degree of fragmentation of the city plan that the present system has 市层次与结构背景 城市的扩张有关 瑞典建筑师协会(Swedish Association of Archi— tects)在《可持续城市发展手册》(ManuaI for Sus— resulted in,and the problems this causes for any attempt at reforming the structure as a whole. The Swedish planning system is based on municipal territoriaI strategies that are used tainable Urban Development)12]中展开了关于结构规 划方法的讨论 其中指出了现有系统导致的高度割裂 的城市规划以及由此产生的整体结构转型的问题~ as guidelines for the development.When a reaI project arises a so called”Detail Plan” with reciprocal legally binding regulations for the municipality and the landowner is 策略瑞典的规划体系基于各城市作为发展导则的土地 当一个真实的项目出现时.市政府和土地所有 FEATURE THEME主题专栏 made.The strategic guidelines are updated every 1O years.In the meantime geo— graphic or sectoral specifications can be made.All the plans are being assessed by the 者就会制定舆有法律约束力的互惠政策(即所谓“详细 规划”) ,战略方针每10年更新一次。同时.各地区或 部门也可制定相关规范。所有的规划由国家进行评估. 但各个城市拥有采取任何符合法律的规划的主权。法律 规定的不仅是质量方面.而且要求采取的程序应遵循一 state but the municipality has the sovereign right to adopt a plan as long as it follows the law.What is required by the law is not only qualitative aspects,but also that the procedure of adoption should follow certain democratic principles that involves not only stake—holders,but also citizens that are being influenced by the plan.The point here is that the changes of the physical environment in a municipality are often con— troversia1.If people are allowed to participate in the adoption of new plans they tend 定的民主原则.其涉及到的不仅是利益相关者.也包括 规划影响到的居民。这里需要指出的是.城市物质环境 的变化经常会引起争议。因此.如果人们被允许参加新 规划的采纳 他们趋向于少一些挑剔 也不会使用他们 tO be less critical and not use their civil rights to appeal to the government to stop plans frOm being adopted.The participatory model facilitates the process and actu— ally make it more efficient although some developers find them unnecessary,costly and time—consuming.But most developers agree that they also make sense frOm a 的公民权利来呼吁政府停止采纳规划。尽管一些开发商 觉得这种民众参与的模式耗时又费力.没有必要.但它 确实有利于整个过程并使之更有效率。而大多数开发商 认为,从营销的角度考虑 这种模式还是有意义的,作 marketing point of view as the procedure stipulated by the law actually give them an arena to market their ideas. 为法律规定的程序,这确实给他们提供了推销他们想法 的平台。 The Master Plan in Sweden we often refer to this as the structuralJeve}of the urban development is dealt with in a more infOrmal procedure that vary fr0m one munici— pality to another.In the case of Hammarby Lake Town the Master Plan has been made in the form of a non legally binding geographic specification of the comprehensive territorial strategy of Stockholm City.In the case of Western Harbour in Maim6 the 在I高典,我们通常把总体规划视作城市发展的结构 层次.各个城市以各不相同的非正式的程序加以对待。 比如,哈马尔湖镇的总体规划是根据斯德哥尔摩市综合 土地策略制定的不具有法律约束力的地区性规范 而马 Master Plan has been dealt with as a program for detailed planning including several DetaiI Plans. Why is the structural level of planning disregarded in Sweden and only being dealt 尔默西港区的总体规21J ̄lJ包括若干具有法律效力的详细 规划。 为什么规划的结构层次在瑞典受到忽视并仅仅以非 with on such an;nforma J level?One obvious reason is the need for flexible adaptation to new market conditions and technical inventions.The general opinion on the older planning system was that it tended to stop development rather than help good ideas to be realized.The planning system was based on an assumption of steady growth and took for granted that there would always be developers ready to carry out the 正式的形式存在呢7一个显而易见的原因就是瑞典需要 灵活地适应新的市场条件和技术发明。基本的观点是旧 的规划体系往往阻碍了城市发展,而没有去促进好想法 的实现。规划体系基于稳定增长的假设,并认为随时会 有开发商准备去执行规 ̄1J ̄9目标。而事实上,开发商通 objectives of the plan In reality developers often need to be encouraged and even attracted by the municipality.The conditions for their investment is a key issue for the attractivity of the municipality in the eye of the investor. Therefore the policy makers have tried to minimize the number of planning instru— ments to those that are necessary frOm the market point of view.With the Detail Plan the developer gets her guarantee fr0m the municipality that she can build to a speci— fied purpose and extent.The weakness of the system is that integration of different 常需要政府的鼓励甚至吸引,在他们的眼中 政府给予 的投资条件是吸引他们的关键因素。 因此,政策制定者试图将规划工具的数量尽量降 低到从市场的角度所必需的数量 通过详细规划 开发 商获得了来自政府的担保.可以在规定的目的之下和范 围内进行建设。该体系的缺点在于.不同项目的整合只 能通过没有约束力的菲正式程序处理。这就造成了所 projects can only be handled through informal procedures with no binding obligations. 有开发商都在等待他人进行第一个和成本最高的投资 This results in the phenomenon that all the developers are waiting for someone else tO do the first and most costly investment.Usually the municipality has to do the initial 的现象 通常,政府必须进行初始投资才能让项目得以 继续。啥马尔湖镇以及西部海港区使用的设计工具包括 investment to get things going.The urban design tools used in Hammarby Lake Town as wel las in Western Harbour has been a combination of the municipal land owner— ship and a series of workshops where the developers agree among themselves and with the municipality to follow certain common rules in the district.This kind of con— sensus—methodology is a typical feature of the Swedish culture that is favourable for 城市土地所有权和一系列的研讨会的结合 在这一过 程中.开发商彼此之间达成协议并与政府达成共识,在 地区内遵循某些共同的规则。这种建立共识的方法学是 瑞典文化的典型特征 有利于城市发展的协调。但是. 它要求城市规划者具备一项特别的能力.而不是仅仅作 the coordination of urban development.But it requires a diferent kind of competency 为一个设计者。我们将拥有这种能力的人称为”项目主 管 .他们充满热情 能够鼓励人心并协调工作.而不 是只会决定、指示和处罚。 3部门协调 瑞典的地理条件意味着该国大部分居民与自然有 着非常紧密的关系.所以瑞典的当务之急是创建一个环 保和生态的和谐社会,因而他们有B寸对城市主义及其结 from the municipal architect than just being a planner.This competency can be de— scribed as。’project leader”.It’s a person who can enthuse,encourage and coordinate, rather than decide,direct and punish 3.Sectoral COOrdination The geographic condition of Sweden means that most of the people living in the country have a strong relationship to nature.This is imperative to understanding the Swedish ambition to create an environmentally and ecologically harmonious society 构方面表示反对。1972年,瑞典举办了第一届全球环 境保护国际会议.从那时起它一直是联合国各项可持续 and a sometimes rather hostile attitude towards urbanism and its structuraI aspects. 城市建筑201 3.08 i URBANISM AND ARCHITECTURE Aug 201 3 £ 6米克维克渡设计的学生宿舍区庭院花园 Courtyard Garden in Student Residential Area by Mikael Wikeborg 7位于斯德哥尔摩哈马尔湖城的一号玻璃房 lhe Glasshouse No1 at Hammarby Sj6stad,Stockholm 8总结啥马比湖镇城市可持续发展系统方法的图表 Scheme that Summarizes the Hammarby Lake Town System Approach to Sustainable Urban Development Sweden hosted the first international conference on the protection of the global envi一 ronment in 1972 and has been a strong supporter of the UN programs for sustainabledevelopment since then.Today in the World Urban Forumthe Agenda 21 and the ,发展提案的强大支持者。如今.它也是世界城市论坛 、(World U rban Forum)《21世纪议程》(Aqenda 21)和《京都议定书》(Kyoto P rotoco1)后的全球气 候谈判的成员 与此同时环保的实践.global climate negotiations after the Kyoto protoco1. In the meantime Sweden has adopted several laws and developed a practice which gwes strong emphasis to environmental protection.This has resulted in a comprehen一 .I 典通过了几项法律并开展了高度重视 由此形成了以国家指示和政府责任为 sive system of management of the environmental resources of the country based on a combination of state directives and municipal responsibilitiesThere are 290 municipal 。基础的全面的环境资源管理体系。在900万人居住的 45万km 的土地上(O 005 km /人) 有290个政府管 administrative units for a population of 9 million people living on O45 million square .理部门 从3个人口超过50) ̄At9大城市,到人口不到 kilometers of land(0.005 sq.km/inhabitant).The three largest municipalities have pop一 ulations above 500.000 and the smallest less than 5000They are all managed by the .5 00O的最小的城市 都在同一个法律体系的管理之下。 在斯德哥尔摩这一城市化程度最高的地区 生活着180 万人口、 same legal system.In the most urbanized region around the Stockholm City lives 18 .million people. 当《瑞典规划和建筑规范》(Swed sh Code of When the latest major revision of the Swedish Code of Planning and Building was passed by the parliament in 1987,the principle of democratic participation in the plan一 nlng procedure was introduced.The reform was implemented on all levels of planning. Planning and Building)最近一次重大修订任1987年被 议会通过时,民主参与规划过程的原则正式引入 这一 This has resulted in a slightly raised level of public awareness about the matters of ur一 ban development.It has proven to be a tool that facilitates the introduction of physi一 cal change in the urban development.But to be successful the commune must bring 改革在各级规划中得以实施 提高了公众对城市发展 有关事项的关注也证明它是有利于促进城市发展的工 .具 但要想获得成功 社区必须提出真正的问题供人们 讨论forth the real questions to be discussed by the people and they must also be prepared to take the consequences of the dialogue.This is not always the caseTogether with .同时他们也必须;佳备承担对话的结果。但事实并 非总是如此。随着这版新规范的通过更大的重点放在 .,了规划和建设对资源保护的重要性上。在1995年对《规 划和建筑规范》(Code of Planning and Building)进行 小规模的修订后 之前由法律规定公共技术标准的原则 改为不那么明确的”功能要求 原则。this new code came also a stronger emphasis on the importance of that planning and building should safeguard resources.In a later smaller revision of the Code of Planning and Building in 1995 the earlier principle of public technical standards being defined by the law,was replaced by the more vague principle of”functional requirement The .真正的技术解决 方案成为建设过程中各方之间tgta, 商结果,马尔默和斯 德哥尔摩就是这么做的 但结果却不同。actual technical solution of the result became the outcome of negotiations among the involved parties in the building processThis is what Matm6 and Stockholm has done一 .现在 建筑环 境质量在很大程度上取决于”过程中各机构的内在驱动 力”的表现 业主 建筑师和建设者以及政治家 金融 with varying results The quailty of the built environment is now to a very great extent dependent on what could be labelled the”inner drivers of the agents of the process“ :the proprietor,the architect and the builder.But the external drivers:the politicians, 家和最终用户(消费者)在其中都发挥着重要的作用 在住房、建设和规划委员会最近的提案中 制定了非强 the financiers and the end—users(consumers)has significant roles to play.In the Jatest initiative by the Board of Housing,Building and Planning they have worked out a vol_ untary classification of environmental standard. But the built environment is regulated through several different codesIn the year .制性的环保标准分类。 但是建筑环境是通过几个不同的规范进行管理 的 2000年.那些与环保有关的规范整合成新的《环 境规范》(Code of Environment) 其中制定7类似 2000 those which were more specifically concerned with environmental protection FEATURE THEME I主题专栏 were gathered in a new Code of Environment.In this Code a procedure parallel to the planning and building procedure was established including instruments 规划和建设的流程,包括诸如 环境结果分析 (Analysis of EnvironmentaI Consequences)和“环境质量规范”(Envi— ronmental Quality Norms)等工具 以及生产者有责任选择最 such as the Analysis of Environmental Consequences,Environmental Quality Norms and the principle of producer responsibility to select the environmentally most favourable solution.Among other things the Code also stipulates that alI materials used should have a declaration of their environmental properties to help the architects and builders to select the best alternative.This has incited a 有利于环境的方案的原则。此外.该《规范》还规定.所有使 用的材料应该标明其环保性能.以帮助建筑IJi/i ̄1]建筑商进行最 佳选择。这在建设实践中引发了根本性的变化。如今.瑞典主 要承建商至少在诸如BREEAM和LEED的国际环境分类标准的帮 助下,都有了保障他们环保标准的体系,并不断努力去提升这 些标准。 fundamental change in the building practice.All the major contractors in Swe— den today have systems to safeguard their environmental standards and they constantly work to improve their standards.Not the least with the help of such internationaI environmentaI classification standards as BREEAM and LEED. But the establishment of this parallef system of controI of the built environment has caused quite a bit of confusion.Parallel authorities compete for the initiative on the IocalleveI as well as on the national Ieve1.Leadership in urban develop— ment is weak and fragmented.The Swedish Government has stated that they intend to revise the two Codes that now rule urban development on paralleI tracks so that the procedures will be coordinated in a better way to facilitate 但是.这种控制建筑环境的类似体系的建立还是引起了一 些混乱。地方政府和国家政府竞相出台提案.导致城市发展的 领导力弱化且分散。瑞典政府已经表示,他们计划修改现在并 行的两个城市发展管理规范,以便这些程序以更好的方式彼此 协作.促进可持续发展。2012年初 瑞典政府对规划方法进行 了重大修改。 这些并行体系之f]la ̄,3竞争是最根本的冲突,阻碍了目前瑞 典的可持续发展规划。此外.还存在类似的部门之间的 中突. 主要问题包括遗产保护 道路管理和铁路管理。 目前,地方和国家政府正在采取的措施都是为了找到更好 sustainable development.A major revision of planning methods was launched by the Swedish government in early 2012. The competition created by those parallel systems is the most fundamental conflict and hindrance to sustainable planning in Sweden today.But there also 的合作方式。在 美好城市“(the good city)项目中.负责住 房、道路和铁路的政府机构与乌普萨拉(UPpsaIa)、诺尔雪 平(Norrk6ping)和延雪平(J6nk6ping)3个中型城市进行合 exists severaI other similar sectoraI conflicts.Some major examples are heritage conservation,road administration and railway administration. However initiatives are now being taken both on the IocaI and the nationalleveI tO find better ways of collaboration.The government bodies responsible for 作。该项目旨在探索一种方法,一方面将基础设施计划与城市 发展相结合.另一方面实现城市可持续发展。项目重点集中于 交通枢纽的更新,并指出基础设施系统以何种方式融入城市, housing,roads and railways are collaborating with three middle sized communes 其常见的议题包括便捷的交通系统、具有吸引力的公共交通系 (Uppsala,Norrk6ping and J6nk6ping)in the project“the good city“.This project 统 屏障效果和安全性。aims at developing methods to integrate the plans for infrastructure on the one hand with urban development on the other to achieve a sustainable city.This 如乌普萨拉的综合规划为火车站周边区域提供了总体计 划.包括铁路,公路和房地产的投资。启动该计划的一个关键 project has very much focused on the renewal of communication hubs;points where the infrastructure systems meet the city in the most obvious way.Com— moB issues include accessibility attractive public transport。barrier effects and security. 项目是位于火车站附近的新音乐厅.它激发了整个区域的发 展。这指出了城市发展中的关键问题,即如何使投资可靠且具 有吸引力 也意味着政府需要作出初始的且多为文化设施的投 资,这成为将整个市区重组为一个可持续城市的开端。 An example:In Uppsala the integrated planning has resulted in a comprehensive plan for the whole urban area around the railway station includinq investments 结语 自2O世纪7O年代以来的多数瑞典案例证明.长期,逐渐的 改善比大规模、全面的投资于技术升级更重要。瑞典的创新结 果是通过多样性的发展过程才发生的。 那么如果在中国要应用类似的模式是不是需要一样长的时 间才到同样的水平呢7 在新建筑年增量2%的国家 比如瑞典.新建筑只占所有 in railway,roads and real estate.A key project to start this process has been the establishment of a new Concert HalI in a Iocation near the railway station which has inspired development in the whole area.This points at the key issue in ur— ban development of how to make investments reliable and attractive.Often this means that the municipality has to make an initial investment.often in culturaI facilities.Those becomes the beginning of restructuring of the whole urban dis— trict into a more sustainable city. 现有建筑的1%左右。如果另外1%发生在现有建筑的管理上 就意味着所有建筑大体上将每100年完全更新一次.但是9O% Summary 的建筑使用的技术标准将通常超过5年。稍作等待.不要一次 投入所有资金 总归是明智的 尤其是如果着眼于城市的发展 Most swedish examples frOm the 1970s and on also proves the importance of long term gradual improvements,rather than large and comprehensive invest— ments in the technology of the day. 水平。如果建筑的年增长率在10%以上(目前中国的情况几乎 如此),那么如上所述的建筑更新将在大约1O年内完成.而且 只有约50%的建筑的标准超过5年。 但是这种趋势.不会一直持续下去。随着建筑的价值根据 与收入相关的投资水平在不断增加.用新建建筑修正以前的错 So what if we want to implement a similar model of sustainable development in China,wouldn’t we need an equally long time? In a country such as Sweden where the annual growth is ma×imum 2%per an一 24 城市建筑201 3 08【URBANISM AND ARCHITECTURE Aug 201 3 num the newly constructed areas only correspond to about 1%of the exist— ing buildings.The other 1%of the growth is spent on rehabilitation of existing buildings.If the growth would be 10%per annum.as is almost the case with China,then the same change will take place within something like only 10 years!At the same time only about 50%of the existing buildings would have 误将变得越来越困难 技术发展本身的速度和传播也会很快成为 中国发展所依靠的一个因素。 在中国通常会花费5年时间来完成博士学位论文.但是只要中 国能够利用世界其他地区已有的技术成果.快速的经济发展便是一 个真正的优势。中国现在便应该开始组织国际研究和创新平台 促 进国际交流,以实现生态文明。 a standard older than 5 years. But this will not go on for ever!As the value of the buildings increases in terms of income related investment levels,it will be increasingly difficult to replace earlier mistakes with new buildings.The speed and spreading of tech— nological development itself may also become a factor to count on in China very soon. 瑞典在20世纪五六十年代的繁荣期时,也经历了与当前中国 类似的发展,普遍认为建筑将会在3O年内完全被更新。如今,我 们已是完全不同的视角.至少会认为建筑的寿命应与我们市民的 平均寿命相当——约8O年.这几乎是如今中国大型城市中商业建 筑预期寿命的10倍。 To write a doctoral thesis normally require 5 years.But as long as China can take advantage of earlier technological achievements in other parts of the world,the fast economic development is a real advantage.Nowadays we should begin to organize the international research and the innovative platform,which promote the international communication to achieve the eco— logical civilization. When Sweden went through the boom—years of the 1950s and 60s and had a 事实上.大多数现有建筑将可能存在更久。 可持续的生态城市规划对整体城市发展的整个体系提出很高 的要求。这不仅是生态标准问题, 而且是法律体系和经济的问 题。我们该如何综合考虑环境保护规21J ̄D土地开发 如何利用可 持续的环保技术刺激投资7在瑞典,制定土地使用规划时要考虑 百余项不同法规。结合个人经验,我认为规划者的主要知识体系 是首要问题。建筑师和规21JlJ ̄A9传统教育方法极为强调基础的绘 similar growth as China today,the general belief was that the buildings would be completely replaced within something like 30 years.Today we have a completely different perspective and at least calculate with that buildings will 画技巧(如今是利用计算机绘图)Ag ̄JII练 而当前面对建设生态 城市课题 对环境的科学理解比以往更为重要。教育必须更关注 对于科学的生态分析方法及其分支如何影响设计、空间布局和城 stand for the average life span of our citizens,which means about 80 years. This is almost 10 times the expected life time of a commercial building in China’s mega cities today. 市建设模式的影响。将之融合在整体空间解决方案中能是也是相 当实用的做法,甚至交流的魅力和嬉闹会激发城市日常生活 . 使生态城市更加引人驻留。 同时 每一位参与可持续城市开发过程的专家.必须接受 过基本的规划教育.使其在规划过程中的每一步都能做出适当的 In fact most of our existing buildings will probably last far longer than that! The creation of sustainable ecological urbanism is a major challenge for our whole system of urban development.It is not only a matter of our ecological 决定 早期阶段是相对战略性内容的确定.而后续的阶段则是相 对实际的内容的确定。最后但并非是不重要的.可持续城市的挑 战需要建筑师和规划师具备综合的能力.进一步加强自身管理才 能.以便整合各项必要的专业知识,创建生态文明。■ standards,but it is also a matter for our legal system.How should we syn— thesise environmental protection with land development.In Sweden there are more than i00 different regulations that must be considered when doing a land use plan.According to my own experience this is first of all a matter of the knowledge of the planners.The traditional education of both architects and planners put great emphasis off the training of basic drawing skills(nowa— days in computers).Now that we face the challenge of building ecological cit— ies the scientific understanding of the built environment becomes even more important than before.The education must focus more on the understanding of how the scientific ecological analysis,and its many branches,influences the design and the spatial configurations and building patterns of cities.How can they be integrated into holistic spatial solutions that are also practical to use and even communicate charm and playfulness that can inspire the everyday life in the cities making the ecological city an attractive place to stay in . 参考文献 [1】瑞典建筑师协会I 典建筑师协会建筑奖[EB/OL].[2023—06—05】 http://www arkitekt se/priser. [2】En Politisk Handbok Fran Sveriges Arkitekter H ̄llbar Stadsutveckling(Manual for Sustainable Urban Development) At the same time each expert that participate in the sustainable urban devel— opment process must have a basic education about planning which enables them to give the relevant input to the planning at each step,More strategic at [3】[EB/OL][2013—06—05】http://www arkitekt.se/s63480. Vardagslivets Arkitektur Architecture for Everyday Life[EB/ the early stages and more practical during the later stages. The challenge of sustainable cities last but not least requires the architects OL][2013—06—05】http://www.arkitekt.se/s63458. and planners in their capacity as synthesizers,to further enhance their project management skills to succeed in integrating al lthe expert knowledge needed 作者简介:Pehr Mikael S ̄llstrOrn瑞典皇家建筑协会对外协调员 校审简介收稿日期to create the ecological civilisation. 邱志勇哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院副教授 2013—05—16