重要词汇拓展
1 achieve v.达到,完成,实现→ n.成就,功绩
2 specialist n.专家,专业工作者→special adj.特殊的,专门的→specialize vi.专攻,专门从事
3 connection n.连接,关系→ v.连接
4organization n.组织,机构,团体 vt.组织;筹备, 成立; 使加入工会,使有条理
5behave v.举止,表现→ n.行为,举止
6worthwhile adj.值得的,值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth.
7. observe v.观察,观测,遵守→observation n.观察,观测
8. argue .v.争论,辩论→argument n.争论,辩论 argued-adj 引起争论的
9 inspire v.鼓舞,激发→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的,有灵感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞,灵感
10.intend v.计划,打算→intention n.打算,目的,意图
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11.considerate adj.考虑周到的→consider v.考虑,认为→consideration n考虑,体谅
12struggle v./n.挣扎,奋斗,努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with
13. export v.输出,出口 n.输出(品)→import v.输入,进口 n.进口(品)
14.confuse v.使迷惑,使为难→confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.令人迷惑的
15 regret v./n.后悔,遗憾→regretful adj.后悔的,遗憾的
16.focus v. 集中,聚焦,n 焦点,中心点
17. reduce v.减少,缩减→reduction n.减少,缩减
18 comment n./v.评论,议论
19 entertain vt/vi 使快乐,款待→ n. 款待,娱乐
20 feel with 对…满足
语法剖析(主谓一致)
主谓一致,指人称和数方面的一致关系。分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致。
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(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数。以下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数。如: Air as well as water matter. 空气和水都是物质。
No one except two servants late for the dinner.
2. and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数。如:
The poet and writer come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如: knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:
Serving the people my great happiness.
When we’ll go out for an outing been decided.
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4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.
Each man and (each) woman asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:
Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。如:
Many a boy (likes /like) playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student (was/were) late. 不只一个学生迟到
7. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名,书名,等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
8. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only one and a half apples (is/are)left on the table.
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(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车, 今天出售。
60%of the apple (was/were) eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples (was/were) rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part of the textbooks (has/have) arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple(has/have) been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:
The injured (was/were) saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原则
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1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.
2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语如:
Neither the students nor the teacher(know /knows )anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.
注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如:
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
语法剖析(非谓语动词---动词的-ing形式作主语和宾语)(书本)
一、动词-ing形式作主语
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● 动词-ing形式作主语常用来表示经常性和习惯性的动作,谓语用单数形式。
例如:Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.
● 动词-ing形式作主语时,为了保持句子平衡,可以用it作形式主语。常用的结构:
1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing
例如:It is no use crying over spilt milk.
二、动词-ing形式作宾语
● 动词-ing形式既可作动词的宾语,又可作介词的宾语。
1. 以下动词或短语只接动词-ing形式作宾语:
admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等动词;
can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短语。
2. 在下列短语中,to是介词,后面应用动词-ing形式作宾语:
be / get used to, look forward to, devote…to, pay attention to, object to等。
3. 下列动词或短语既可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义不
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同:
● 下列几组词接动词-ing形式作宾语和不定式作宾语含义不同:
forget ,remember ,mean ,can’t help doing / (to) do 不能帮忙做
三、动词-ing的复合结构
动词-ing的复合结构即:物主代词或名词所有格+ 动词-ing。如:
Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.
Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?
习题
1. Taking pictures___ very interesting. ( be )
2. We are considering ________ a trip around the island.(take)
3. He is such a strange person; there’s _____ what he’ll do next.(know)
4. Jack saw a woman ______ near the dog , so he walked up to her.(stand)
5. 37.Animals can do many amazing things when properly___.(train)
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6. ._ __ the way to take, the traveller went on his journey.(Have , tell)
7. When you find something in your writing that needs _____ , you should mark it on the paper.. (correct)
8. Thousands of products ____ from coal are now in daily use. (make)
9. .Engines(发动机) are machines ___ power or motion. ( produce)
10. I hope you don’t mind ____ at your newspaper.(look)
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