Unit 3
ADB is an international development finance institution whose mission is to help its developing member countries people.
亚洲开发银行是一个国际开发金融机构，其宗旨是帮助其发展中成员国减少贫困，改善人民的生活质量。
reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their
Headquartered in Manila, and established in 1966,ADB is owned and financed by its 67members, of which 48 are from the region and 19 are from other parts of the global.
总部设在马尼拉，和成立于1966年，亚行是拥有和它的67个成员国，其中48个来自亚太地区，19个国家来自全球的其他部分资金。
ADB’s main partners are governments ,the private sector ,nongovernment organizations , development agencies ,community-based organizations ,and foundations .
亚行的主要合作伙伴是各国政府，私营部门，非政府组织，发展机构，社区组织和基金会。
Under Strategy 2020 ,a long-term strategic framework adopted in 2008 ,ADB will follow three complementary strategic agendas: inclusive growth, environmentally growth, and regional integration.
根据2020战略，在2008年通过的一项长期战略框架，亚行将遵循三大互补的战略议程：包容性增长，环境可持续发展和区域一体化。
sustainable
In pursuing its vision, ADBs' main instruments comprise loans, technical assistance, grants, advice, and knowledge.
在追求的愿景，ADBS的主要工具包括贷款，技术援助，赠款，咨询和知识。
Although most lending is in the public sector -and to governments -ADB also provides direct assistance to private
enterprises
of developing countries through equity investments,
guarantees, and loans. In addition, its triple-A credit rating helps development.
mobilize funds for
虽然大部分贷款是在公共部门 - 以及政府-ADB还通过股权投资，担保，贷款提供直接援助发展中国家的民营企业。此外，它的AAA级信用评级帮助筹集资金用于发展。
Unit 5
Love is an activity, not a passive affect, it is a \"standing in \general way, the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving.
The most important sphere of giving, however, is not that of material things, but lies in the specifically human realm. What does one person give to another? He gives of himself, of the
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most precious thing he has, he gives of his life. This does not necessarily mean that he
sacrifices his life for the other-but that he gives him of that which is alive in him, he gives him
of his joy, of his understanding, of his knowledge, of his humor, of his sadness -of all expressions and manifestations that which is alive in him. In thus giving of his life, he enriches the other person, he enhances the other's sense of aliveness by enhancing his own sense of aliveness. He does not give in order to receive, giving is in itself exquisite joy. But in giving he cannot help bringing something to life in the other person, and this which is brought to life reflects back to him, in truly giving, he cannot help receiving that which is given back to him. Giving implies to make the other person a giver also and they both share in the joy of what they have brought to life.In the act of giving something is born, and both persons involved are grateful for the life that is born for both of them. Specifically with regard to love this means: love is a power which produces love, impotence is the inability to produce love. This thought has been beautifully expressed by Marx: \"Assume, \"he says, \"man as man,and his relation to the world as a human one, and you can exchange love only for love, confidence for confidence, etc.If you wish to enjoy art, you must be artistically accomplished. If you wish to have influence on other people, you must be person who has a really stimulating and furthering influence on other people. Every one of your relationships to man and to nature must be a definite expression of your real, individual life corresponding to the object of your will. If you love without calling forth love, that is, if your love as such does not produce love, if by means of an expression of life as a loving person you do not make of yourself a loved person, then your love is important, a \"misfortune\".
Unit 6
when settlers began pouring into Western lands, the advantages of improved transportation became obvious. Fast and powerful, reaching everywhere, the railroad came to dominate the American landscape and the American imagination. Trains became the symbol of modern America, epitomizing American 's economic superiority in an industrial world.
From the outset, government participation was viewed as essential. The East Coast intercity lines required relatively modest financial backing and quickly paid for themselves. By contrast,
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the ambitious east–west lines were very costly and time-consuming. Therefore more than half of track laid in the 1840s served the densely populated parts of New England and New York. By 1850 the East Coast-Great Lakes connection had been finished and some nine thousand miles of railroad had been built.
With the completion of the New York central to Chicago in 1853,the Midwest had direct service to the East Coast. Other trunk line connections soon followed: the Baltimore and Ohio to St. Louis and the Central Virginia to Memphis in 1858 . Virtually every productive farm in the Midwest was tie (tied???)into the East Coast trade. During this second railroad construction boom the South held its own. Cotton-making centers in the interior of Mississippi and Alabama were connected By rail to new Orleans and Mobile, and an all-southern east-west railroad hooked Memphis and Nashville to the East Coast. By 1860 railroad mileage exceeded 30,000miles, and American had half the world 's total railroad mileage at a cost of perhaps $1billion -five times as much as invested in in American 's canals.
Well before 1860s, Congress was convinced of the feasibility of a railroad to the West Coast, but years passed before construction began because of rivalry for the eastern terminus of the line. From Minneapolis to New Orleans,cities along the Mississippi River vied for the position of gateway to the West, boasting of their advantage while deprecation the claims of their rivals. In 1862,the northern Platte River route was selected because it was used by the pony express, stages, and freighter wagons.
Unit 9
President Obama's first priority in confronting the economic crisis is to put Americans back to work. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan signed by the President will spur job creation while making long-term investments in health care, education, energy, and
infrastructure. Among other objectives, the recovery plan will increase production of alternative energy, modernize and weatherize building and homes, expand broadband
technology across the country, and computerize the health care system. The recovery plan will save or create about 3.5 million jobs while investing in priorities that create sustainable
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economic growth for the future.
Unit 11
Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one's life. The maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits.
Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and disease. Stress
management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to
stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to
relieve stress. Psychological
methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking which work by reducing response to stress. improving relevant skills and abilities builds confidence, which also reduce the stress reaction to situations where those skills are applicable.
Unit 13
The effect of the baby boom on the schools helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education in the 1920's. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression of the 1930's, the United States experienced a
declining, birth rate. Then with the prosperity
brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed, young people
married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rate rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950,and 118 in 1955 .
Although economics was probably the most important
determinant ,it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on
the idea of family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940s and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were
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built between 1940 and 1945 .Moreover large numbers of teachers left their profession during that period for better-paid jobs elsewhere.
Unit 15
In 1933 when James Hilton wrote the classic Lost Horizon, he probably never expected to leave generations asking the question: \"Where is Shangri-La? \"or that his book would fire up a tourism dispute in western China over which region could call itself Shangri-La for tourist dollars, simultaneously sparking an alternative scene for China's art and culture circles
searching for creative space. But believe it or not, that's exactly what happened.
In answer to Hilton's riddle, Shangri-La, a place can be found in China anywhere in the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau or regions showing values of this culture, regions sacred to the ethnic minorities inhabiting them, whose lifestyle
protects still uncontaminated parts of our
eco-system. I must plea on behalf of myself, the Tibetans, the Buddhist Lamas, and the monks whose lives are yet untouched by development and
corruption
and whose
environment is yet uncontaminated, and on behalf of all those people who will not in their life time have the opportunity to visit Shangri-La but to whom it is a vision, a dream, a hope of something better to look forward to, yet unattained, to better protect Shangri-La.
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