北京大学考博英语模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)

北京大学考博英语模拟试卷5 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. Writing

Structure and Vocabulary

1． Only by shouting at the top of her voice____. A．she was able to make herself hear B．was she able to make herself hear C．she was able to make herself heard D．was she able to make herself heard

正确答案：D 解析：以only引导的状语放在句首时，句子谓语需用倒装语序。make oneself heard“让别人听清自己讲的话”。

2． The dying soldier had the message____straight to the headquarters. A．be sent B．being sent C．sent

D．to be sent

正确答案：C

解析：have sth done表示“别人做某事”，有时也表示自己参与做。甚至还可以表示某事完全由自己做。

3． “You must always obey your parents. “Oh, I must,____. A．mustn’t I B．must I C．shouldn’t I D．should I

正确答案：B

解析：这种附加疑问句用于两人对话之间，表示对对方所说的话不赞成、不满、惊讶、反感或反驳等情绪。

4． A suitcase with shirt, trousers and shoes_____stolen from the car. A．have been B．has been C．are D．was

正确答案：D

解析：主语为a suitcase，谓语动词用第三人称单数，不受介语with的影响。其它类似的情况还有：名词+together with／accompanied by／in addition to／as well as等，谓语动词的数应与中心名词保持一致。

5． Bill dare try,____he? A．doesn’t B．does C．daren’t D．dares

正确答案：C

解析：dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作普通动词。作情态动词用时后面直接跟原形动词，多用于否定句中，一般现在时第三人称单数词尾不加s，没有分词形式，否定式直接在后面加not，但有过去时dared。作普 通动词用时为及物动词，具有普通动词的一切特点，后面多跟带to的不定式(dare to do)，一般现在时第三人称单数词尾需加s，用助动词do／did帮助提问和构成否定句，有分词形式，有各种时态，可以直接跟名词作宾语等。dare在本句中为情态动同，一般现在时否定式为daren’t。

6． Plastics are the best insulator of electricity, rubber_____it closely. A．following B．followed C．to follow

D．being followed

正确答案：A

解析：rubber following it closely为分词独立结构，放在主句之后，提供进一步的细节情况。

7． Jack and not I_____the Great Wall twice. A．have visited B．has visited C．have gone to D．has gone to

正确答案：B

解析：A and not B两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与A保持一致，不受B的影响。

8． “Between you and me, he said you are a good for nothing.”“_____” A．So did he. B．So he said.

C．So he did, did he?

D．Thus he did.

正确答案：C

解析：这种附加疑问句表示对对方所说的话感到惊讶，难以置信。

9． Output is now six times it was before liberation. A．that B．which C．what D．as much

正确答案：C 解析：“现在的产量是解放前产量的六倍”。what it is／was是个很有用的句式，表示前面所提到的同类情况。

10． At his jokes we could not help but_____. A．laugh B．laughing C．laughed D．laughter

正确答案：A

解析：cannot help but(do)=cannot helping“不由得，不能不，禁不住要”。这个could not help but(do)短语还可再简化为could not but do，意思不变。

11． The two countries have developed a_____relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.

A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial

正确答案：D

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：managerial“管理的，经理的”；lethal“致命的，杀伤性的”；metric“米制的，公制的”；cordial“友好的，真诚的”。根据句意可知，应选择D。

12． The doctor’s____was that she should go and see the specialist in this field. A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness

正确答案：D

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：constraint“约束，压抑”；counsel“讨论，忠告”；coherence“一致，统一”；consciousness“知觉，感觉，意识”。根据句意可知，应选择D。

13． The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its____declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.

A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty

正确答案：A

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：unanimous“意见一致的”；abstract“观念的，抽象的”：autonomous“自治的，自发的”；almighty“全能的，非常的”。根据句意可知，应选择A。

14． They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any____ones in this area?

A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate

正确答案：C

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：evacuated“撤退者的”；empty“空的，无聊的”；vacant“空闲的，空缺的”；vacate“腾出，空出”。根据句意可知，应选择C。

15． The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get____quickly.

A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced

正确答案：A

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：decomposed“分解，腐烂”；denounced“指责，谴责”；detached“孤立的，分离的”；deduced“推论，演绎”。根据句意可知，应选择A。

16． The government decided to take a____action to strengthen the market management.

A．diverse

B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic

正确答案：D

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：diverse“不同的，别的”；durable“持久的，坚牢的”；epidemic“流行的，传染的”；drastic“严厉的，强硬的”。根据句意可知，应选择D。

17． The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to____it.

A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress

正确答案：C

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：disgrace“玷污，贬黜”；disguise“假装，借口”；defy“不服从，公然反抗”；distress“使悲痛，使苦恼”。根据句意可知，应选择C。

18． They admitted that they shared the same____on the matter. A．potentiality B．sentiment C．PostScript D．subscription

正确答案：B

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：potentiality“可能性，潜能”；sentiment“情感，观点”；Postscript“附言，后记”subscription“捐献，签名”。根据句意可知，应选择B。

19． We cannot be____with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday. A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed

正确答案：B

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：pecked“啄食，凿”；reconciled“使和解，使和谐，使顺从”；perturbed“感到不安，搅乱”；presumed“假定，推测”。根据句：意可知，应选择B。

20． Bad traveling conditions had seriously____their progress to their destination

in that region.

A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyed

正确答案：C

解析：此题对单词记忆进行考查。四个选项的意思分别是：tugged“用力拉，挣扎”；demolished“毁坏，推翻”；hampered“妨碍，牵制”；destroyed“破坏，消灭”。根据句意可知，应选择C。

Reading Comprehension

For gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional. A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years. The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development. A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects—ages ten, twenty and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data. The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal

and cross-sectional research methods.

21． Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?

A．The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.

B．The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.

C．The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.

D．Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.

正确答案：C

解析：题目问：下列哪项不是纵向研究的缺点。通过阅读文章可知，纵向研究费力，费时。而且严重取决于研究者的耐心和毅力。“Longitudinal studies，however，are expensive to conduct，time-consuming，and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers．”所以，答案是C。

22． The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means____. A．dependent B．consecutive C．determined D．continual

正确答案：A

解析：题目问：contingent是什么意思。在“Longitudinal studies，however，are expensive to conduct，time-consuming，and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers，”contingent on意为“视……而定，取决于”。各选项的意思是：dependent“由……决定的，随……而定的”；consecutive“连续的；连贯的”；determined“坚决的，决定了的”；continual“连续的，持续不断的”。所以，答案是A。

23． Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group. B．The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time. C．Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.

D．Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.

正确答案：A

解析：题目问：下列哪个句子正确?第四段讲述横向研究。其中提到。如果想研究三十年的智力变化，可以选择三组主体进行检测：十岁，二十岁，三十岁。“For example，a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence

over a thirty-year period．Three groups of subjects--ages ten，twenty and thirty，may be selected and tested．”由此可知，答案是A。

24． One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that____

A．The latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects

B．The former can be free from the influence of social changes C．The latter can be free from the influence of social changes D．The former costs less money and takes less time

正确答案：D

解析：题目问：横向研究和纵向研究的不同点之一是什么?通过阅读文章可知，纵向研究费时、费力，而横向研究省时、省力。“The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming。”所以。答案是D。

How to Do Fewer, Better Animal Experiments For a nation of pet lovers, Britain conducts a surprising number of experiments on animals some 3 million a year. America appears to use fewer animals—just 1.1 million a year, according to official statistics, but that is an illusion. Unlike Britain’s government, American does not think rats and mice worth counting. Japan and China have even less comprehensive data than America, and animals used in research in those two countries are not protected to the same extent that they are in the West. Even so, academic centers supporting alternatives to animal testing have emerged in both places in recent years. In July China issued its first set of guidelines governing the use of animals in research. In an ideal world, there would be no animal testing. It is expensive and can be of dubious scientific value, since different species often react differently to the same procedure. That is why many researchers are working on ways of reducing the number of animal experiments needed and of making those that still happen more effective. However, the transition is proved easier for some types of experiments than for others, as a group of researchers in the field discussed at the sixth World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, held last week in Tokyo. The most important message from the congress was that things are going in the right direction. The number of animals used in experiments has fallen by half in the past 30 years, at least in those countries that record such things. There has also been a shift in the sort of animals used. Most of those employed today are rodents rather than dogs, cats, rabbits and monkeys. (That public opinion generally welcomes, this is, however, a good example of “cutist” prejudice for one specy over another: there is no reason to believe that rodents suffer less than other mammals.) Also, of the experiments that are still conducted, the majority are now concerned with developing and testing medicine rather than, say, checking how toxic cosmetics are. Of the animals involved each year in experiments that have to be reported to the European Commission, about 45% are used for medical and veterinary purposes and another 35% for basic biomedical

research.

25． Which of the following is “an illusion”?

A．Britain protects animals used in research better than Japan and China. B．China has issued guidelines governing the use of animals in research. C．Japan has less comprehensive data on animal testing than America. D．America conducts fewer experiments on animals than Britain.

正确答案：D

解析：题目问：下列哪项是一种错觉?通过阅读文章可知，英国每年用大量的动物做实验，美国所用的动物数量少于英国，但那是一种错觉，因为美国政府认为老鼠不值得计算在内。第一段第二句“America appears to use fewer animals--just 1．1 million a year，according to official statistics，but that is an illusion．”所以，答案是D。

26． Many researchers are currently trying to____. A．use animals involved in research more effectively B．slow down the transition for some experiments C．challenge the scientific value of animal testing D．raise the cost of using any animals in research

正确答案：A

解析：题目问：很多研究者正试图干什么?通过阅读文章可知，由于不同的物种对相同的程序会有不同的反应，所以，一些研究者正试图减少试验用动物的数量，并提高试验用动物的效用。第二段“That is why many researchers are working on ways of reducing the number of animal experiments needed and of making those that still happen more effective．”所以，答案是A。

27． The cutist prejudice probably refers to the fact that____. A．pet animals are thought to suffer more in experiments B．rodents are believed to react in the same way with humans

C．testing medicine is supposed to do more harm than testing cosmetics D．what sort of animals to use is reckoned more crucial than whether to use them

正确答案：A

解析：题目问The cutist prejudice涉及什么事实。通过阅读文章可知，现在，做动物实验中，更多的使用啮齿动物，而不是猫、狗、兔子和猴子。人们存在的一个偏见是，啮齿动物在试验过程中所受痛苦会比其他动物小。第三段“That public opinion generally welcomes this is，however，a good example of“cutist”prejudice for one species over another：there is no reason to believe that rodents suffer less than other mammals．”所以，答案是A。

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an

important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.

28． The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because____. A．it is essential to personal freedom in American society B．it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge C．personal health choices help cure most illnesses D．wrong decisions could lead to poor health

正确答案：D

解析：题目问：个人关于健康选择的观点为什么重要?通过阅读文章可知，据估计，个人如果基于现代医学知识做好充分的健康选择，那么，90％的疾病可以预防。第一段第二旬“An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge．”所以，答案是D。

29． Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because____. A．current medical knowledge is still insufficient B．there are many factors influencing our decisions

C．people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends

D．few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life

正确答案：B

解析：题目问：为什么充分的个人健康选择很难做出?通过阅读文章可知，在人们做选择的时候，有很多因素会影响人们做出选择。以至于面对健康选择，人们也感到为难。第一段第七句“Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty．”所以，答案是B。

30． According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on____. A．personal decisions B．society’s laws C．friends’ opinions D．statistical evidence

正确答案：D

解析：题目问：根据Fries and Crapo的观点，充分的健康选择应建立在什么基础上?通过阅读文章可知， Fries and Crapo认为，对于那些热衷于保持生命质量和生命数量的人来说，个人的健康选择应反映在一些行为上，这些行为与能够增加生命力和长寿的统计概率相关。“Thus，for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life，personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity．”所以，答案是D。

Dealing with Depression (51)Contrary to what many people think depression is not a normal part of growing older. Nor is it harder to treat in older people. But it is often harder to recognize and get patients to accept and continue with treatment. “Most people think sadness is a hallmark of depression,” Bruce said. “But more often in older people it’s anhedonia —they’re not enjoying life. They’re irritable and cranky.” (52) She added: “Many older people despair over the quality of their lives at the end of life. If they have a functional disability or serious medical illness, it may make it harder to notice depression in older people.” Family members, friends and medical personnel must take it seriously when an older person says “Life is not worth living,” “I don’t see any point in living,” “I’d be better off dead” or “My family would be better off if I died,” the experts emphasized. “Listen carefully, empathize and help the person get evaluated for treatment or into treatment,” Brown urged. (53)He warned that “depressed older adults tend to have fewer symptoms” than younger adults who are depressed. The ideal approach, of course, is to prevent depression in the first place. (54)Brown recommended that older adults structure their days by maintaining a regular cycle and planning activities that “give them pleasure, purpose and a reason for living.” He suggested “social activities of any type-joining a book club or bowling league, going to a senior center or gym, taking courses at a local college, hanging out at the coffee shop.” Bruce suggests taking up a new interest like painting or needlework or volunteering at a place of worship, school or museum. (55) Brown notes that any activity the person is capable of doing can help to ward off depression and suicidal thinking. And he urges older people to talk to others about their problems.

31．

正确答案：Many people think that depression is a natural thing in the process of getting older, but this is not right.

32．

正确答案：She also says: “Many older people lose their hopes in lives at the end of life. If their certain body function can’t be used or they get sick seriously, we can hardly find older people lose their hopes.”

33．

正确答案：He reminded that “It’s more difficult for us to find symptoms on depressed older adults than on depressed younger adults.”

34．

正确答案：Brown proposed that older adults should arrange their daily life by keeping a regular cycle and joining activities that make them happy, offer them purpose and motive for living.

35．

正确答案：Brown indicates that any activity a person can do can help him avoid depression and thought of suicide. He also suggests that older people should share their problems with other people.

Cloze

For【C1】______ the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain【C2】______: a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences and combined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the terrible consequences of war stopped【C3】______ of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandy invasion stands as a feat【C4】______ to be repeated. There will never be【C5】______ D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have_____【C6】______. All-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out【C7】______ for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No credible scenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of the Normandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a

presidential decision to put tens of millions of American lives at【C8】______. And the possible benefits for the allies would be uncertain at best. European defense experts often ask whether the U.S. would be willing to “trade Pittsburgh for Dusseldorf”. In practice, the question may well be whether it is worth【C9】______ American cities to avenge a Europe already【C10】______ to rubble.

36． 【C1】

正确答案：all

37． 【C2】

正确答案：feeling

解析：由下文yearning可知该处意思是“唤醒一种怀旧之情(感觉也可)”。

38． 【C3】

正确答案：short

解析：短语short of为固定搭配，意思是“缺乏”。

39． 【C4】

正确答案：unlikely

解析：该句意思是“诺曼底登陆将是不可能被超越的功绩”。

40． 【C5】

正确答案：another

解析：依据上一空unlikely可得出。

41． 【C6】

正确答案：conceived／imagined

解析：conceived/imagined意思是“想象，考虑”。

42． 【C7】

正确答案：deconstruction

43． 【C8】

正确答案：risk／stake

解析：at risk／stake为固定搭配，意思是“在危险中”。

44． 【C9】

正确答案：sacrificing

解析：依据该处句意“以牺牲美国城市的代价来报复已沦为废墟的欧洲”。

45． 【C10】

正确答案：reduced

解析：reduce to…为固定搭配，意思是“使变弱为……”。

Proofreading

(66) Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy. (67) As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success. (68) All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life. (69) Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans. (70) The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group’s technical ability to clone a human being. (71) But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert was going to confirm the baby’s clone status through DNA testing. (72) Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier, a former deputy director of research at the Air Liguide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases. (73) Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians, whose founder, Claude Vorihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. (74) The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been raeing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby. (75) Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.

46．

正确答案：by改为with

解析：associate with是固定搭配，意思是“联合”。

47．

正确答案：mixing改为mixed

解析：此处应用过去分词形式，表示“混合的”。

48．

正确答案：All改为Some／Many

解析：并不是所有的，只是其中一部分，所以用All不正确。

49．

正确答案：same前加the

解析：the+形容词是指具有相同特征(该形容词表示的含义)的一类人或事。

50．

正确答案：skeptical改为skeptically 解析：在该句中应用副词形式。

51．

正确答案：dependent改为independent

解析：independent expert意为“独立专家”。

52．

正确答案：lead改为led

解析：lead的被动分词形式为led。

53．

正确答案：for改为as

解析：describe sb.／sth．as…为固定词组，意思是“把(某人／某事)描述为……”。

54．

正确答案：hundred改为复数形式

解析：hundreds of years意思是“几百年”。

55．

正确答案：去掉in

解析：last month就可以表示“上个月”，不需要介词。

Writing

56． You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. 目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士

研究生，你如何看待这些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。

正确答案： Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China Currently it is common to see that some people plagiarize other’s ideas or sentences for their own purposes, which not only confuses the field of academic enquiry ,but engenders execrable effects to the whole society as well. As far as I’m concerned, the abuses that plagiarism causes can be summed up as following. In the first place, plagiarism will hinder the original copyright holders in their further writing and thinking severely if their copyright can’t be protected properly, for the value of their original works are decreased. In the second place, it is also harmful to those who plagiarize other people’s writing and thinking. For example, such behavior will lead to suspension from school or office, removal from a research and so on. How to hold back such a problem is worthy of being considered by all of us. Our government should reinforce the strength of protecting copyright, set up a series of rules to punish the plagiarizers and intensify the propaganda through mass media. In this way, the common people will be cultivated to possess the consciousness of protecting copyright. As for me, when I quote thinking and writing from the original author’s, I shouldn’t just alter several words and adjust a few paragraphs. What I should do is to mark the provenance around the phrases or sentences I quote.