(英语)英语阅读理解(教育文化)练习题及答案

一、高中英语阅读理解教育文化类 1．阅读理解

The term \"crocodile tears\" refers to insincere sadness. This term has an etymology dating back several centuries. As early as the fourth century, crocodile tears are referenced in the literature with the meaning of insincere sorrow. It is said that crocodiles weep while eating their hunted animals because they are sad; however, this sadness is not honest.

The term crocodile tears became widely popular after it was documented in a fifteenth-century book titled The Voyage and Travel of Sir John Mandeville, Knight. A passage from the book reads: \"These crocodiles kill men and they eat them weeping.\"

As you may already know, crocodilians(鳄目动物) likely feel bad about little—especially feeding. However, the assumption of the crocodile-tears metaphor may be true. In a 2007 paper published in BioScience titled \"Crocodile Tears: And they eat them weeping\researchers observed 7 crocodilians in cages during feeding time at a reserve (4 caimans and 3 American alligators). The researchers observed the crocodilians outside of water at feeding stations to better find out whether tearing developed.

Five of the 7 crocodilians developed something like tears in their eyes before, during or after feeding. The researchers suggest that these crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses (发出嘶嘶声) while it eats, and this hissing forces air through the spaces in the bone behind the nose and out the eye, in the process picking up nasolacrimal secretions (鼻泪管分泌物.) In humans, crocodile tears is a medical condition that causes a person to tear up while eating. Crocodile tears typically occur because of a temporary loss of facial control due to damage of the facial nerve. Specifically, when the facial nerve grows again, it does so incorrectly thus resulting in tears during chewing food.

（1）The underlined word \"etymology\" in Paragraph 1 refers to ________. A.a reference book containing articles on various topics B.the origin and history of a particular term

C.a printed sheet of paper that arc given free to advertise D.the application and influence of a new theory （2）The term \"crocodile tears\" ________.

A.is a medical condition that causes a crocodile to tear up B.became widely popular as early as the fourth century C.refers to pretended sadness D.proved to be only an assumption

（3）From the 2007 paper published in BioScience, we can know that ________. A.crocodilians especially feel bad about feeding B.not all the 7 crocodilians developed tearing C.the crocodilians were carefully observed inside water D.crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses after it eats （4）The passage is mainly about ________. A.what the real truth is about crocodile tears

B.when the term \"crocodile tears\" got popular in literature C.how researchers made the experiment on crocodilians D.why crocodile tears typically occur in humans 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）B （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过引用“鳄鱼的眼泪”这一说法的来源、发展以及相关实验来告诉读者“crocodile tears”的真实含义。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“dating back several centuries”追溯到几个世纪前；以及“As early as the fourth century, crocodile tears are referenced in the literature with the meaning of insincere sorrow.”早在公元4世纪，鳄鱼的眼泪在文学作品中的意思是假慈悲，可推知， etymology 和一个词条的来源和发展相关。故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“It is said that crocodiles weep while eating their hunted animals because they are sad; however, this sadness is not honest.”是指假伤心，假慈悲。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Five of the 7 crocodilians developed something like tears in their eyes before, during or after feeding.”7只鳄鱼中，有5只在吃食之前，之中和之后流下了眼泪，可知，并非所有的鳄鱼在吃食时都会流泪。故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据倒数第二段中的“The researchers suggest that these crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses (发出嘶嘶声)while it cats, and this hissing forces air through the spaces in the bone behind the nose and out the eye, in the process picking up nasolacrimal secretions”研究人员发现这些鳄鱼的眼泪是因为它们在进食时发出的嘶嘶声，这种声音迫使空气通过鼻子背后的空间从眼睛出来，在这个过程中带出了鼻内管分泌物，可知，作者通过对“crocodile tears”这一词条的来源、发展以及相关实验来告诉读者有关“crocodile tears”的真实含义。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

The US Department of Labour statistics (统计) show that there is an oversupply of college-trained workers and that this oversupply is increasing. Already there have been more than enough teachers, engineers, physicists, aerospace experts, and other specialists. Yet colleges and graduate schools continue every year to turn out highly trained people to compete for jobs that aren't there. The result is that graduates cannot enter the professions for which they were trained and must take temporary jobs which do not require a college degree.

On the other hand, there is a great need for skilled workers of all sorts: carpenters, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, and TV repairmen.

These people have more work than they can deal with, and their annual incomes are often higher than those of college graduates. The old gap that white-collar workers make a better living than blue-collar workers no longer holds true. The law of supply and demand now favours the skilled workmen.

The reason for this situation is the traditional myth that college degree is a passport to a prosperous future. A large part of American society matches success in life equally with a college degree. Parents begin indoctrinating(灌输) their children with this myth before they are out of grade school. High school teachers play their part by acting as if high school education were a preparation for college rather than for life. Under this pressure the kids fall into line. Whether they want to go to college or not doesn't matter. Everybody should go to college, so of course they must go. And every year college enrollments (入学) go up and up, and more and more graduates are overeducated for the kinds of jobs available to them.

One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college who do not belong there. Of the sixty per cent of high school graduates who enter college, half of them do not graduate with their class. Many of them drop out within the first year. Some struggle on for two or three years and then give up.

（1）It's implied but not stated in the passage that . A. many other countries are facing the same problem

B. white-collar workers in the US used to make more money than blue-collar workers C. fewer students will prefer to go to college in the future

D. the law of supply and demand has a strong effect on American higher education

（2）Which of the following is NOT a reason why college enrollments go up every year? A. Many people believe that the only way to success is a college education. B. Many parents want their children to go to college. C. High school teachers urge their students to go to college. D. Every young man and woman wants to go to college.

（3）By saying \"many people go to college who do not belong therehe author means that .

A.many people who are not fit for college education go to college B.many people who do not have enough money go to college C.many people who go to college drop out within the first year

D.many people who go to college have their hopes destroyed

（4）We can infer from the passage that the author believes that . A.every young man and woman should go to college B.college education is a bad thing

C.people with a college education should receive higher pay

D.fewer people should go to college while more should be trained for skilled jobs 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）A （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，通过调查告诉人们要改变传统的观念:应首先考虑选择技术性的工作——因为它缺乏人才,待遇更高。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“The old gap that white-collar workers make a better living than blue-collar workers no longer holds true. The law of supply and demand now favours the skilled workmen.” 可推知白领工人以前比蓝领工人赚的钱多,故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Parents begin indoctrinating (灌输) their children with this myth before they are out of grade school. High school teachers play their part by acting as if high school education were a preparation for college rather than for life. Whether they want to go to college or not doesn't matter. Everybody should go to college, so of course they must go.”可知A,B,C三项正确,而D项不是大学入学人数增加的原因,故选D。

（3）考查句义猜测。根据最后一段中的“Of the sixty per cent of high school graduates who enter college, half of them do not graduate with their class. Many of them drop out within the first year. Some struggle on for two or three years and then give up.”可知作者列举了三种情况,说明有些人不适合大学教育,故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知,作者通过调查告诉人们大学教育的人才过多,而技术工人又非常缺乏,因而待遇反而更高;接着又分析了造成这种状况的原因;最后还谈到了很多学生上了大学却因种种原因无法完成学业。所有这些都在暗示人们,上大学的人应该减少,而参加技术工作的人应该增多，故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和句义猜测两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

Limiting kids' recreational(消遣的) screen time to less than two hours a day, along with enough sleep and physical activity, is associated with improved cognition(认知), according to a study published in The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health.

The study included about 4,500 US children aged 8 to 11 and measured their habits against the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth. It found that 51% of the children got the recommended(建议) nine to eleven hours of uninterrupted sleep per night, 37% met the recreational screen time limit of two hours or less per day, while 18% met the physical activity recommendation of at least 60 minutes of accumulated physical activity a day. Only 5% of the

children in the study met all three recommendations; 30% met none at all.

The researchers found that as each recommendation was met by a participant, there was a positive association with global cognition, which includes memory, attention, processing speed and language. Those who met all three had the most \"superior\" global cognition, followed by those meeting the sleep and screen time recommendation and finally the screen time recommendation alone, according to the study.

Other organizations, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics have guidelines in place to help with the management of children's screen time. The organization suggests putting realistic rules or limits in place for how long your children are on their screens, knowing who they are talking to and what they are doing. The amount of recommended screen time depends on the age of the child. Besides, parents should also make sure to encourage physical activity and have bedroom rules such as creating \"tech-free zones\". （1）Who are the target readers of this passage? A.Researchers. B.Teachers. C.Parents. D.Children.

（2）What is the main idea of this passage? A.A study on children's screen time is published. B.The US children fail to meet movement guidelines. C.Organizations are concerned about children's cognition. D.Limitation on children's screen time is linked to better cognition.

（3）According to the passage, which of the following might contribute least to cognition? A.The screen time limit. B.Sleep hours.

C.The physical activity time.

D.Sleep hours and the screen time limit.

（4）Why does the American organization suggest creating \"tech-free zones\"? A.To make sure children have enough physical playtime. B.To make sure children have enough sleep time. C.To make sure children have recreational time. D.To protect children against radiation. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，建议父母们要把孩子的屏幕消遣时间在2小时之内、保证孩子有足够的睡眠和锻炼，因为这样做可以让孩子有更好的认知能力。 （1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Limiting kids' recreational(消遣的) screen time to less than two hours a day, along with enough sleep and physical activity, is associated with improved cognition(认知), according to a study published in The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health.”可知，

本文主要建议父母们要把孩子的屏幕消遣时间在2小时之内、保证孩子有足够的睡眠和锻炼，这样做可以让孩子有更好的认知能力。所以本文的目标读者是父母们，而不是研究人员、老师或儿童。故选C。

（2）考查主旨大意。本文主要建议父母们要把孩子的屏幕消遣时间在2小时之内、保证孩子有足够的睡眠和锻炼。根据第三段中的“Those who met all three had the most 'superior' global cognition…”告诉父母们如果他们这样做可以让孩子有更好的认知能力。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Those who met all three had the most 'superior' global cognition, followed by those meeting the sleep and screen time recommendation and finally the screen time recommendation alone, according to the study.”可知，满足三个要求的人认知能力最好，接下来是满足睡眠时间以及屏幕消遣时间，最后是满足屏幕消遣时间。据此推断，体育锻炼对认知能力影响最小。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Besides, parents should also make sure to encourage physical activity and have bedroom rules such as creating 'tech-free zones'.”可知,the American Academy of Pediatrics建议父母们给孩子设立睡眠规则，例如“tech-free zones”，目的是确保孩子在卧室里有足够的睡眠时间。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

Ask any new college graduate about his immediate goals, and it is likely that he will tell you he wants a job. But it turns out that today's students are not going to be satisfied with any job. According to the latest survey, making a difference through their work is essential (必要的) to young people's happiness.

The survey found that 72 percent of graduating college seniors believe being able to have a positive social influence through their work is essential to their happiness. Making a difference is so important to them that 45 percent say they would take a 15-percent pay cut to work at an organization that has a social or environmental influence, and 58 percent say they would take a pay cut to work for an organization whose values are the same as their own.

Besides this, the survey found that female students are far more likely to put social influence in first place than their male classmates, echoing the results of a former study showing that female maths and science majors are more likely to say they go into those fields to make a difference. One reason for the emphasis (强调) on improving the world probably has to do with the culture of colleges, which encourages students to connect their studies back to real-world problems. Students are used to discussing important social issues (问题) with their friends and professors, and doing something about them in class or through volunteer activities. Once students develop those habits, they don't shut them off when graduation rolls around. （1）What does the underlined word \"echoing\" in paragraph 3 probably mean? A.Learning.

B.Repeating. C.Believing. D.Creating.

（2）What is one of the reasons for the emphasis on students wanting to improve the world? A.The habits students develop in society. B.The appearance of important social issues. C.The encouragement of the culture of colleges. D.The effect parents' education has on their children. （3）What can you learn from the passage?

A.Young people will surely gain happiness if they can make a difference in their work. B.Less than half of the college seniors will take a pay cut to work with the same values. C.Most college graduates believe it important to have a positive social influence in work. D.Female graduates are all putting more social influence in first place than male graduates. （4）Which could be the best title for the passage? A.Female Students Are Concerned about Society B.Young People's Happiness Doesn't Depend on Money C.Graduates Become More Interested in Challenging Jobs D.Many Graduates Would Take a Pay Cut to Make a Difference 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）C （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了通过工作能有一个积极的社会影响对年轻人的幸福至关重要。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“Besides this, the survey found that female students are far more likely to put social influence in first place than their male classmates，”除此之外，调查发现女生比男生更有可能把社会影响放在第一位；以及“the results of a former study showing that female maths and science majors are more likely to say they go into those fields to make a difference.”以前的一项研究结果显示，女性数学和科学专业的学生更有可能说她们进入这些领域是为了有所作为。可以推断出两项调查的结果是一致的。都说明了女性更愿意在工作中做出影响。故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“One reason for the emphasis (强调) on improving the world probably has to do with the culture of colleges, which encourages students to connect their studies back to real-world problems.”强调改善世界的一个原因可能与大学文化有关，大学文化鼓励学生将他们的学习与现实世界的问题联系起来。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The survey found that 72 percent of graduating college seniors believe being able to have a positive social influence through their work is essential to their happiness.”调查发现，72% 的大学毕业生认为通过工作产生积极的社会影响对他们的幸福至关重要。可以得出结论：多数的毕业生都认可工作产生的社会影响对他们而言是重要的。故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。通过第一段的调查结论得出：对年轻人的幸福，通过工作改变世界是至关重要的。所以，文章主要阐述年轻人的幸福取决于在工作中改变世界（make a difference）,结合第二段中的“Making a difference is so important to them that 45 percent say they would take a 15-percent pay cut to work at an organization that has a social or environmental influence, and 58 percent say they would take a pay cut to work for an organization whose values are the same as their own.”对他们来说，做出改变是如此重要，以至于45% 的人说他们愿意接受15% 的减薪去一个对社会或环境有影响的组织工作，58% 的人说他们愿意接受减薪去一个与他们价值观相同的组织工作。可以看出, 减薪是make a difference的重要性。综上所述，选项D：Many Graduates Would Take a Pay Cut to Make a Difference和文章的主旨是一致的。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

Working with a stressed mind is like swimming with a jacket on, while a mind free from work stress is light like the wind and it can help you accomplish your daily tasks easily. To relieve (缓解)stress and lighten your mind, you must first understand the nature of stress and the reasons why it builds up. Then you can easily beat stress. Talk it out

Talking to others helps relieve work stress especially when you and the person you talk to are in the same boat and under the same work stress. Your worries will be divided! If you are your own boss, you need some good advisers around you, who know your trouble and talk sense. If there is no such persons at your workplace, let there be one at home, who is a friend, a family member or a guide that you can talk to. Let music calm your mind

Music has the power to take you into a new world, away from your worries. Taking a break to listen to some favorite music is also a great way to relieve stress. Take a walk

If there is a park around, go and have a walk there. You can eat some snacks sitting on the grass. Move around, look at the world around you and forget your work for a while. Let your body get some exercise. A walk works as it also clears your thoughts. You can listen to music while going on a walk.

Have a life beyond the workplace

If you keep thinking about nothing other than work all the time, there is bound to be stress. So, throw away your thoughts about work after you leave your office and get a life beyond it. Have a life beyond the workplace, and you can relax after work.

（1）We can learn from the first paragraph that to relieve stress, we should _________. A. know what causes stress first B. swim a lot when we are free C. find a good adviser to talk to D. pay more attention to work （2）To relieve work stress, you'd better talk to those who ________.

A.are free of job stress

B.have enough time to talk to you C.have the same sufferings D.can change your job

（3）listening to some music can __________. A.help you improve your taste of music B.improve your relationship with others C.make you feel more tired of your job D.let you relax and forget work stress

（4）When taking a walk to relieve work stress, you should _________. A.consider problems at work at the same time B.let your mind at peace and do some exercise C.make new friends with strangers as you walk D.walk to a quiet place as far away as possible

（5）The author of this passage may be ________. A.a researcher who studies music B.tired of working under pressure C.a person who is trying to find a job D.expert in dealing with work stress 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）D （4）B （5）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些可以缓解工作压力的方法。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”To relieve (缓解）stress and lighten your mind, you must first understand the nature of stress and the reasons why it builds up.“可知，想要缓解思想上的压力，我们首先要明白压力的特征和它产生的原因。故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”Talking to others helps relieve work stress especially when you and the person you talk to are in the same boat and under the same work stress.“可知，与别人交谈可以缓解工作压力，尤其是和自己有相同遭遇或者相同压力的人。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的”Music has the power to take you into a new world, away from your worries. Taking a break to listen to some favorite music is also a great way to relieve stress.“可知音乐可以让人远离担忧，听喜欢的音乐也是一种缓解压力的方式，即音乐可以令人放松并且缓解压力。故选D。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第四段 中的” Move around, look at the world around you and forget your work for a while. Let your body get some exercise.“可知，我们在散步时要暂时忘记工作，关注周围的世界，让身体动起来。故选B。

（5）考查推理判断。结合文章所给的几个缓解工作压力的方法和第一段的”Working with a

stressed mind is like swimming with a jacket on, while a mind free from work stress is light like the wind and it can help you accomplish your daily tasks easily.“可推测本文的作者可能是处理工作压力方面的专家。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

Physical education, or PE, isn't required for all high school students. In some schools, it isn't offered for some different reasons. But should high school students have physical education? The answer is certainly \"yes\".

Today many people don't do sports. But as is known to all, doing sports is very important for an adult. Teaching teens the importance of a healthy lifestyle and making fitness plans now can help teens put exercise in the first place as an adult.

High school isn't that easy. Many students are under a lot of stress. Stress can be harmful to a student's studies and life. Doing sports can help them deal with stress better, helping them live a happier life at school.

The American Heart Association says that 10 million kids and teens suffer from obesity (肥胖症). Teens should get 60 minutes of physical activity per day to control their weight and to help their bones get stronger. The increase in activities that don't get teens to move around, such as video games and computer activities, means many teens don't get their required exercise. PE classes act as a public health measure to encourage physical activities and help teens have healthy weights.

Not doing sports increases teens' risk of developing many diseases. An active lifestyle offers a good way of protection from these health problems. As much as 75 percent of health-care spending goes toward treating medical conditions that can be hindered by lifestyle changes, according to the American College of Sports Medicine.

According to the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition (PCFSN), students who performed five hours of physical activity each week improved their academic (学业的) performance. Students from programs with no physical activity, who used the extra time for classroom study, did not perform better on tests than those who gave up some study time in support of physical education.

（1）According to Paragraph 2, what does physical education in high school mean? A.Making teens attach importance to exercise later. B.Removing the stress faced by teens at school. C.Getting teens to encourage adults to exercise. D.Helping teens learn to make good plans.

（2）What does the underlined word \"hindered\" in Paragraph 5 mean? A.measured. B.prevented. C.shown. D.caused.

（3）According to the PCFSN, doing sports . A.means making students choose between sports and studies B.helps students make good use of all their time C.means students adjust to their studies better D.helps students do better in their studies （4）What is the text mainly about?

A.Why high school students should receive physical education. B.Why some schools consider physical education important. C.How schools can help students love doing sports. D.How high school students can live a better life. 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）D （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。论述了为什么高中生应该接受体育教育。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Teaching teens the importance of a healthy lifestyle and making fitness plans now can help teens put exercise in the first place as an adult.”现在教导青少年健康生活方式的重要性，制定健身计划，可以帮助青少年成年后，把锻炼放在首位。可知，根据第二段，高中体育教育意味着让青少年重视以后的锻炼。故选A。 （2）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“Not doing sports increases teens' risk of developing many diseases. An active lifestyle offers a good way of protection from these health problems.”不运动会增加青少年患多种疾病的风险。积极的生活方式是预防这些健康问题的好方法。可知“As much as 75 percent of health-care spending goes toward treating medical conditions that can be hindered by lifestyle changes”的意思是多达75%的医疗支出用于治疗可能因生活方式改变而受阻的疾病。“hindered”的意思是受阻，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Students from programs with no physical activity, who used the extra time for classroom study, did not perform better on tests than those who gave up some study time in support of physical education.”不参加体育活动的学生，把额外的时间用于课堂学习，在考试中的表现并不比那些为了支持体育而放弃一些学习时间的学生好。由此推断出，根据PCFSN，做运动帮助学生在学习上做得更好。故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。第一段中的“But should high school students have physical education? The answer is certainly ‘yes’.”但是中学生应该接受体育教育吗?答案当然是肯定的，是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了为什么高中生应该接受体育教育。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

An earthquake is one of the most common natural disasters. It may cause great damage. So it is

wise to learn some simple safety tips to protect yourself or your family members.

Fragile items like those made of glass are easily broken and should usually be placed on a lower surface, near the ground instead of placing them in the cupboards higher up. Never place them near your bed, sofas and other furniture where you would be sitting or lying down. When there is a strong movement, these pieces will fall on the floor directly and not on you.

There is a strong chance of short circuits (短路) and fire during an earthquake. Make sure you turn off electrical connections and gas immediately when an earthquake happens.

During an earthquake, lie beneath an object that is not easily damaged. Do not go near objects that could directly fall on you. Never use the elevator to go down. Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has shown that most injuries happen when people inside buildings try to go out. Use the staircases at all times.

If you are outdoors, do not take shelter under a tree, streetlights, electric poles or tall buildings. If you are driving, stop your car and stay in a safe place. Do not park your car under a tree or any tall object.

If trapped in debris (瓦砾堆), cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing. Tap on a pipe or the wall so that rescuers (营救人员) can find you. Use a whistle (哨子) if one is available. Never shout for help. Shouting can cause you to breathe in dangerous amounts of dust. Do not light a match because you may burn yourself. Do not move about or kick up dust. （1）The purpose of the passage is to tell readers . A.what to do in earthquakes B.how to prevent earthquakes C.the damage caused by earthquakes D.the rescue work after earthquakes

（2）The underlined word \"Fragile\" in Paragraph 2 probably means \" \". A.Easily found B.Expensive C.Easily broken D.Heavy

（3）During the earthquake, people are advised to . A.take shelter under a tree B.drive to a safe place quickly C.go out of the building at once D.turn off electricity and gas immediately 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者对于如何在地震中保护自己和家人这一问题，给出了一些简单的安全技巧。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“So it is wise to learn some simple safety tips to protect yourself or your family members.”因此，学习一些简单的安全技巧来保护自己和家人是明智的。可知，这篇文章的目的是告诉读者在地震中该怎么做。故选A。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“like those made of glass are easily broken and should usually be placed on a lower surface, near the ground instead of placing them in the cupboards higher up.”像那些玻璃做的容易破碎，通常应放在较低的表面，接近地面，而不是把它们放在较高的碗柜。可知，“Fragile”的意思是易碎的。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Make sure you turn off electrical connections and gas immediately when an earthquake happens.”当地震发生时，一定要立即切断电源和煤气。可知，地震期间，建议人们立即关掉电和煤气。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

Rumors(谣言): we've all heard some and we've all spread some. In more traditional times they shook entire families. Today, they circulate differently because the way we share information has also changed.

The fact is that rumors have great potential to upset things, whether socially or personally. We don't enjoy being on the receiving end of one, since they usually don't have good intentions. They are somewhat veiled(掩饰的) messages.

Normally rumors are oral messages: word of mouth. The paradox(自相矛盾) is that there is no evidence to support rumors, but the more people share it, the more they see it as true. To finish defining rumors, we think that they follow certain very clear laws. Secrecy: The source is unknown. There is also a proven phenomenon that human beings usually forget the source of a message before they forget its content. Certainty: We hardly question rumors simply because of the mental effort involved. On the other hand, no one likes to doubt a person who convinces us that the information they spread is true. Change: It acts like a tree. New rumors branch out to fill in the gaps left by the initial rumor.

Another property of rumors is that they tend to become viral. Each receiver is at the same time a potential transmitter of the information. The receiver often adds their own opinion. Their manner and tone of transmitting it also changes it.

How can we end rumors? The answer is as simple as it is impossible: preventing people from communicating. A more realistic response is equally difficult, although less than the first one. It is that we should be critical of the information we receive. We should ask ourselves if the source is reliable. Ask (if possible) the person you heard it from whether they also trust the information. We should also think about if the rumor benefits someone, and if that someone started the rumor.

One rumor to be especially cautious of is a rumor about groups relatively unable to defend themselves. That's why we say, \"history is always told by the victors.\" The first payment the defeated must make is to accept the victor's version of the story. （1）What's the author's attitude towards rumors? A.Critical. B.Positive.

C.Approving. D.Cautious.

（2）What can we learn about rumors? A.We have all heard some and believed them. B.We're happy to be the receiving end of them. C.They may have negative influence on society. D.They often hide good intentions in the messages. （3）How are rumors like trees?

A.Rumors keep changing, just as trees change their color. B.Rumors are deeply rooted in reality, like tree roots in the earth. C.New rumors have gaps, like the space between tree branches. D.New rumors grow out of the original, like branches out of a trunk.

（4）What does the underlined word \"viral\" in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Something easily spread B.Something acceptable C.Something easily defended. D.Something beneficial.

（5）Which of the following may the author agree with? A.It is easy to prevent people from spreading rumors. B.People are often active in judging the rumors critically. C.We should think about the hidden message of the rumors. D.Stories told by the victors are usually better worth trusting. 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）D （4）A （5）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了什么是谣言，谣言的危害，特点及怎样避免谣言。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“In more traditional times they shook entire families.”；第二段中的“The fact is that rumors have great potential to upset things, whether socially or personally.”；以及第四段中的“Another property of rumors is that they tend to become viral.”等信息可知作者认为谣言会对个人生活和社会造成混乱，作者对谣言是批评的态度。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“The fact is that rumors have great potential to upset things, whether socially or personally.”可知谣言会对个人生活和社会造成混乱，给社会带来不良影响。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Change: It acts like a tree. New rumors branch out to fill in the gaps left by the initial rumor.”把谣言比作树，新谣言的出现填补了最初谣言留下的空白。这说明新的谣言从原来的地方冒出来，就像树枝从树干冒出来一样。故选D。

（4）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“Each receiver is at the same time a potential transmitter of the information. The receiver often adds their own opinion. Their manner and tone of transmitting it also changes it.”可知每个接收者同时又是信息潜在的发送者。接收者通常还会添加自己的观点或改变信息。这是在说谣言的危害，像病毒一样容易传播。画线的“viral”即指像病毒一样容易传播，故选A。

（5）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“It is that we should be critical of the information we receive. We should ask ourselves if the source is reliable. Ask (if possible) the person you heard it from whether they also trust the information. We should also think about if the rumor benefits someone, and if that someone started the rumor.”可知我们要理性对待谣言，核实信息的准确性，可信度，评估对别人的影响，即考虑谣言的背后信息。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

Young mums shopping in the Copley Mall in downtown Boston-month found themselves being questioned about their use of soap by students from Harvard Business School usually known as HBS. The students were not doing odd jobs to earn beer money. They were preparing to help a firm in Brazil launch an antibacterial cleanser.

The 900 students arriving in Boston this summer for their two-year course were told that they would be subjects. The new practical addition to HBS's curriculum is known as \"FIELD\" that stands for Field Immersion Experiences for Leadership Development. Fieldwork — ie, going out and talking to people — is a big change for HBS.

Not all the staff and students were overjoyed to be experimented on. But the man responsible, Nitin Nohria, head of HBS, says that \"If it works, the FIELD method could become an equal partner to the case method.\"

What happens in the second year of the new course is still being worked out. But the first year has three elements. First, team-building exercises. Students take turns to lead a group engaged in a project. They learn to cooperate and to give and take feedback. Second, students will be sent to work for a week with one of more than 140 firms in 11 countries. In the third part of the course, students will be given eight weeks, and seed money of ＄3,000 each, to launch a small company. The most successful, as voted by their fellow students, will get more funding. The experiment does not come cheap, adding 5-10% to the course's cost, which HBS will bear while it figures out what works.

（1）Why were the students questioning those young mums, according to the first paragraph? A.To promote an antibacterial cleanser. B.To earn some money.

C.To prepare to help a firm to launch a product. D.To make a study about soap.

（2）According to the plan for the first year course, the students_________. A.will be led by a group and learn to give and take feedback

B.will have to set up a small company and earn at least $3,000 within eight weeks

C.will get more funding if his/her company is considered to be most successful by the fellow students

D.will be sent to work with one of more than 140 firms throughout the country （3）What's the best title for the text? A.A New Course. B.Ways of Learning.

C.Learning Business in Practice. D.Launching a New Business. 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了哈佛大学的一个新方案，即让学生通过实践学习。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“The students were not doing odd jobs to earn beer money. They were preparing to help a firm in Brazil launch an antibacterial cleanser.”可知，这些学生并不在打临时工赚取啤酒钱，他们在帮助一家巴西公司发布一款抗病菌洁面乳做准备工作。由此可知，学生们询问年轻的妈妈们是为了推广一款抗病菌洁面乳。故选A。 （2）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The most successful, as voted by their fellow students, will get more funding.”可知，按照同学投票，最成功的公司将给予更丰厚的资金。由此可知，根据第一年的课程计划，如果同学们认为他/她的公司是最成功的，他/她的公司将获得更多的资金。故选C。

（3）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，哈佛商学院改良其商业课程，让学生实地工作，走出教室，与人交谈并且还给出三个具体的要素。就是让学生把学到的知识运用到实践中去，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读理解

We may be living in the digital age but reading books is still a big part of growing up. When they're in primary school, children read books that really challenge them. But once they reach secondary school, the level of difficulty doesn't change much. Secondary school students tend to read books which are also read by upper primary students. They are not challenging themselves enough.

To discover these trends, I analyzed data collected by Accelerated Reader (AR) software, which asks pupils to check their understanding of the books they've chosen to read. The difficulty — which I call \"readability\".

I also created two lists of books: one for the books that most secondary pupils had chosen to read, and another for the books they had voted as their favorites. According to the readability, these students' favorite books tend to be much more advanced than the other books they chose, but they could still understand them. The rest of the books most often chosen by them are quite

simple.

You might think that students who read harder books might make more mistakes and understand them less well. But students' quality of comprehension does not depend on the difficulty of the book, no matter what year of secondary school they're in. Having an interest is the most obvious factor here — if you like the book, you try hard to really understand it. As children become teenagers, they listen less to advice from adults and more to advice from kids of their age. So, rather than trying to lecture young people on the benefits of Jane Austen, we should make the nature of the problem clear to them. Students should challenge each other to read more difficult books. Adults could help by setting up noticeboards or organizing social media networks for young people to share their recommendations. And teachers can lend a hand by setting aside time for reading in school. Young people will realize the problems that come when they don't challenge themselves to read difficult books. （1）What can we learn from the first paragraph? A.Children spend little time on after-class reading B.Secondary school students seldom read tough books C.Children's reading interest tends to decrease as they grow up D.Primary students have difficulty choosing good reading materials （2）The author made use of AR software to ________. A.understand children's different reading styles B.show the average time children spend on reading C.find out the causes of children's reading difficulties D.make clear the difficulty levels of books read by children

（3）What can we infer about secondary school students from the readability scores? A.They find some advanced books interesting B.They often make mistakes during advanced reading C.They prefer to read books recommended by their parents D.They can hardly improve their scores on reading comprehension

（4）According to Paragraph 4, what is vital for improving reading comprehension? A.Basic knowledge B.Reading skills C.Motivation D.Instruction

（5）What does the author want to express in the last paragraph? A.Designing relatively difficult textbooks is necessary B.Improving students' reading is a shared responsibility C.Advanced technology should be used in reading reaching D.Students should be encouraged to read more literary works 【答案】 （1）B （2）D （3）A （4）C

（5）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者通过对初中生阅读能力的一项调查讨论了如何提高他们的阅读能力—兴趣动力。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“But once they reach secondary school, the level of difficulty doesn't change much. Secondary school students tend to read books which are also read by upper primary students. They are not challenging themselves enough.”但是一旦他们进入中学，学习的难度并没有太大的变化。中学生喜欢读小学高年级学生也读的书。他们没有足够的挑战自己，可知，初中生在阅读难度方面没有提高。故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“To discover these trends, I analyzed data collected by Accelerated Reader (AR) software, which asks pupils to check their understanding of the books they've chosen to read. The difficulty — which I call ‘readability’.”为了发现这些趋势，我分析了加速阅读(AR)软件收集的数据，该软件要求学生检查他们对所选书籍的理解。这个困难——我称之为“可读性”，可知，AR软件是用来评测学生阅读难度的。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“According to the readability, these students' favorite books tend to be much more advanced than the other books they chose, but they could still understand them. The rest of the books most often chosen by them are quite simple.”根据可读性，这些学生最喜欢的书往往比他们选择的其他书更高级/有难度，但他们仍然可以理解他们。他们最常选择的其他书都很简单，可知选A。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Having an interest is the most obvious factor here — if you like the book, you try hard to really understand it.”兴趣是最明显的因素——如果你喜欢这本书，你会努力去真正理解它，可知，兴趣或动力对于提高阅读理解能力来说很重要。故选C。

（5）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Students should challenge each other to read more difficult books. Adults could help by setting up noticeboards or organizing social media networks for young people to share their recommendations. And teachers can lend a hand by setting aside time for reading in school. Young people will realize the problems that come when they don't challenge themselves to read difficult books.”学生们应该互相挑战，多读些难懂的书。成年人可以通过设立公告栏或组织社交媒体网络来帮助年轻人分享他们的推荐。老师可以通过在学校留出阅读时间来帮助学生。年轻人会意识到，如果他们不挑战自己去读难懂的书，问题就会出现，可知，作者在建议提高学生阅读能力方面，将责任分别划分到了学生、老师、家长身上。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇教育类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。