搜索
您的当前位置:首页正文

翻译大赛翻译技术

来源:意榕旅游网
I. 词法翻译

一、对等译法

在翻译进程中,咱们一样都能够在译文语言中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。因此,对等依法是翻译中最经常使用、最重要的翻译方式。咱们在翻译中必需注意一文中所采纳的对等表达是名不虚传的对等表达。一样说来,汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高,而词组、成语、言语的对等率就要相对低一些:

单词:

television 电视 坐 sit 小 small 和 and

固然,两种语言中存在着不同的对等单词也有很多,例如:从语义上来讲,“杯子”并非完全对等于“cup”, 而是对等于“cup +mug + glass +...”

成语:

in deep water 水深火热

hit the mail on the head 一语道破

出人头地 be head and shoulders above others 吹毛求疵 pick a hole in somebody ’s coat 攀龙附凤 worship the rising sun 骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ears

成语的对等是从3个方面表现出来的,一个是比喻意义,一个是比喻形式,再一个是情感色彩。三者中比喻意义是最重要的,当三者发生矛盾时,咱们得保留比喻意义。情感色彩若是不对等,这条成语就确信不能用。至于比喻形式,能对等那么应尽可能对等,是在对等不了,就应当机立断,斗胆舍弃。

谚语:

Make hay while the sun shines. 连成一气 There is no smoke without fire 无风不起浪 出门一里, 不如家里 East and west, home is best 皇天不负苦心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 小巫见大巫 The moon is not seen when the sun shines. 说曹操,曹操到 Talk of the devil and he’s sure to appear

He who keeps company with a wolf will learn to howl. 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 家丑不可外扬。 It’s dirty bird that fouls her own nest 二、具体译法

由于两种语言的不同,咱们在翻译中不能不常常利用具体译法,也确实是具体化的翻译方式。所谓具体依法,确实是在翻译进程中把原文中抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或句子用具体或是比较具体的单词、词组、成语或句子来进行翻译,从而排除或降低语言不同给翻译带来的损失,是译文产生与原文一样的成效。

transportation 运输 运输工具 advertisement 广告广告资料 propaganda 宣传

very timid 超级胆小胆小如鼠

have not cut off relations completely 没有完全断绝关系藕断丝连 简言之 in a nutshell 侥幸by the skin of one’s teeth 三、抽象译法

为了译文的重忠实与通顺,咱们往往有必要把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语、或句子进行抽象化处置。这种翻译方式,咱们称之为抽象依法。不管是英译汉,仍是汉译英,咱们都常常要用到抽象译法。

Make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此薄彼 Lick sb’s boots 巴结

Stick to one’s last 安分守己 Walk on air 自鸣得意 谦虚态度 modesty

进展进程 development 无知的表现 innocence 鸡毛蒜皮 trifling

狗急跳墙 do sth desperate 四、增词译法

所谓增词译法,确实是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组,分句或完整句,从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合一文适应和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来,使得译文与原文载内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来。

After the football match, he’d got an important meeting. 在观看足球竞赛以后,它有一个重要会议去参加。(增加动词)

I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.

原先我以为这只是是一种亲热的表示,可是此刻看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来判定是不是自己生的。 五、省词译法

增词译法中的规律反过来确实是省词译法的规律:

He is not well today, but he still comes to class. 他今天躯体不行,但(他)仍是来上课了 这家电视机真是价廉物美。

This television set is really cheap (in price) and fine (in quality). 那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。That young fellow is somewhat rash (in the head). 六、合词译法

不管是西方作家,仍是中国作家,都喜爱连用同义词以强调其表达的意思。西方作家经常使用的是成对词,而中国作家经常使用的是一条前后两个部份为同一意思的四字成语。既然这些同义词表达的是同一个意思,咱们就能够够把它们合起来翻译,也确实是采纳合词译法。

You’ll supply financial power, and we’ll supply manpower. Isn’t that fair and square? 你们出钱,咱们出任,这莫非还不公平吗?

He is dead and gone. 他的确死了。

Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 她的儿子超级伶俐,可她的女儿却很笨。

She shook and trembled with fear. 她吓得不断地颤栗。

He is a man of culture and learning. 他是个很有学问的人

他决心洗心革面,洗心革面。He is determined to turn over a new leaf. 七、转型译法

转型译法是英译汉和汉译英都常常要用到的翻译方式。所谓转型译法确实是在翻译进程中,依照译文语言的适应进行词性转换,如:把原文中的名词转换为动词,把原文中的副词转换为介词,等等。

Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。 The people are with him. 人民拥护他。

It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。

翻译中的词性转换存在着必然的规律,最明显的一点确实是英美国家的人们比较喜爱用名词和介词,而汉语里动词用得比较多一些。因此,英译汉时,咱们常常要把英语中的名词和介词转换成汉语中的动词;而在汉译英时,咱们往往要把汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词或介词。词性转换并非是随意进行的,而是遵循着语言中的客观规律。若是咱们逆规律而行,译文就无法做到通顺或地道。如:

My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟。 他钟爱古典音乐。He is an ardent lover of classical music.

若是这两句话别离译成“我建议他立刻戒烟”和“He is an ardent lover of classical music”, 都符合各自译文的语法,按一样要求也算能够了,可是比起前面的译文来就显得不够地道,在文采上要逊色得多。

八、褒贬译法:

辞汇依照语法中的词性可分成名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词和叹词等;辞汇依照情感色彩可分成褒义、贬已和中性。在翻译进程中,辞汇的词性并非是原封不动地从原文搬到译文,而是依照译文的语言适应进行;辞汇情感色彩的翻译一样应严格依照原文的精神来进行,而不是像辞汇的词性翻译那样受译文的支配,也确实是说,褒义词必需翻译成褒义词,贬义词必需翻译成贬义词,中性词也应翻译成中性词。

The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his carefulness in his homework. 那个男孩因作业做的认真认真而受到所有教师的赞赏。

In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work.。事实上,正是因为它的谨小慎微,他的研究工作得不到任何进展。

这些死心踏地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝国效命。These diehard Nazis went all out to serve their Third Reich.

他们忠心耿耿地报效与自己的祖国和人民。 They serve their motherland and people with loyalty and devotion.

II.句法翻译

英语和汉语在于法结构上不同专门大,在翻译进程中,需要常常改换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是依照译文的语言适应,对原文的词序进行调整, 是译文做到最大程度上的通顺, 这确实是换序译法。假设照搬原文的词序,不顾译文语言的适应, 如此的翻译绘滑稽好笑, 毫无通顺可言,因此译文也不信,违背翻译的标准。 翻译世记要幸免生硬的死译,也要幸免不顾原文的现象。

一、换序翻译

英语和汉语在于法结构上不同专门大,在翻译进程中,需要常常改换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是依照译文的语言适应,对原文的词序进行调整, 是译文做到最大程度上的通顺, 这确实是换序译法。假设照搬原文的词序,不顾译文语言的适应, 如此的翻译绘滑稽好笑, 毫无通顺可言,因此译文也不信,违背翻译的标准。 翻译世记要幸免生硬的死译,也要幸免不顾原文的现象。

1.Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. (Alex Haley, Roots) 昆他感觉,即便他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。(插入语换序)。

2.From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他们从走上祖国土地的时刻起,就受到同胞们热情接待。(定语从句换序)

3.Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情, 老是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。(状语易位, 并转变成谓语)。 4.Don't hesitate to come when you need help. 你们何时需要我, 尽管来找我。(状语从句换序)。

二、 断句译法

所谓断句以法指的是: 在翻译中把一些长句断开来翻译。在英语句子中,介词短语和动词不定式的应用是很普遍的,翻译是要依照汉语的适应,依照逻辑关系分译成几个句子。 汉译英时,也会碰到一样的长句,要拆开来译。 1.That question is too hard for me to answer. 那个问题太难了, 我回答不了。(分译动词不定式。) 2.He is too ill to have been anywhere but in bed. 他并得太厉害,哪儿也去不了,只能呆在床上。(分译动词不定式和介词短语。)

3.Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking!( John Galsworthy, The apple tree.)春花怒放, 春水奔流,无穷春景,争奇斗艳,语言已不足以尽述奇异。(介词短语分译)。

英汉语在句型和排列上各有特点。英语中经常使用连词、介词、分词短语和由关系代词、关系副词引出的各类从句组成长句,有时乃至一段由一句组成。英语长句尽管结构复杂, 但描述细致,逻辑周密。 汉语运用动词最普遍。 再表示一些复杂的概念时, 汉语多数分成假设干简短的句子, 逐点交待,层层铺开,有主有次,有先有后,眉目清楚,文句精练。 因此, 英译汉时,必需抓住全文的中心思想,区别主次,依照时刻顺序和逻辑关系, 从头按汉语适应加以组合, 以确切表示原,不要拘泥原文的形式,使译文欧化。

一、顺译法。英汉句之结构的顺序相同,层次分明,翻译是能够顺序推动。如:

In Africa I met a boy①, who was crying as if his heart would break② and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because③ he had had no food for two days.④

在非洲,我碰到一个小孩,她哭的悲伤极了,我问他时,他说他饿了,两天没有效饭了。 (那个英语句子的表达层词合汉语相同,因此按原文的顺序, 依次译出。)

So a system of reservoir is being dug to store water that can be run down to crops after it is warmed by the sun.

因此修筑了一个水库系统, 先让水贮存在水库中,待太阳晒热后,再灌到田里去。

二、逆译法。英汉语的表达层次相反,采纳逆译法。

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I① visited② and the people I met③. 我访问了一些地址,碰到了很多人,要谈起来,奇异的事可多着呢。 He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever. 他五岁时侯,生了一场伤寒病,变成了笼子。

3、变序法。原句构复杂,可按汉语由近及远的顺序从中断句,层层展开,最后画龙点睛,突出主题。

An \"alloy\" steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon, sulfur and prosperous, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 per cent silicon, or some other elements in amounts not encountered in carbon steels.

若是一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷之外,黄含有1%多的锰,或0.3%多的硅,或其他碳素钢不包括的其它元素,那么这种钢确实是\"合金钢\"。

4、主次分译法。把此要成份甩开。

A quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council symbolized ,especially for the small countries,the supreme guarantee of a new international order.

二十五年前,联合国大会和平安理事会象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来讲,尤其如此。

五、紧缩法。

Presently the baronet plunged a fork into saucepan on the fire, and withdrew from the pot a piece of tripe and an onion, which he divided into pretty equal potions, and of which he partook with Mrs.Tinker.

从男爵把炉叉深切炉火上的平底锅里,叉出一片牛肚和一个洋葱分成差不多大小的两份, 和廷格太太各吃一份。

六、标点符号法。

In 1917 he (Einstein) completed a paper of considerable import for all of physics: it not only laid down the basic principle of the laser some 40 years before the first such device was made but, more broadly, also advanced quantum theory.

一九一七年, 他(爱因斯坦)完成了一篇对物理学各部门都很是重要的论文。它不但奠定了激光理论的基础(四十连年以后才制造出第一个激光装置),而且在更广的意义上说, 还进展了量子理论。

7.加词法。

We must not forget Lenin's statement that as regards our work of ...... 咱们不能忘记列宁的话。 他说, ...... 总之,长句的翻译: 找出动词,然后排队。

1.按时刻顺序排队

2.按逻辑顺序排队,(因果) 3.按空间顺序排队,(方位)。

三、转句译法。

英语里用作状语或定语的词组,或名词词组。常常包括有丰硕的语义,有时要把这些成份连同句子的其他成份一路翻译成地道的汉语时有困难。这时不能不把那个词组译成汉语的句子。对这些句子采纳分译的方式,能够是译文简练明确,层次分明,合乎汉语标准。

1. Through his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.

2. I tried vainly to put the piece together.

3. The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her: neither too fast nor too slow.

四、合句译法

一样说来,英语句子要比汉语的句子长, 信息量也更大, 因此,汉译英时有必要也有可能把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。另外,比较口语化的英语句子也比较短,英译汉时也可采纳合句译法。 (一)、把两个或两个以上的简单句合译成一个汉语单句或复句

当英语中两个或两个以上的简单句关系紧密、意义贯通时,可不限于原文的表层结构,将他们合译成一个汉语单句或复句,意义一样完整,还可幸免没必要要的重复。

1. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.(那个年轻人很惨,已落到生物分文的境界,因为他所有的积蓄都被盗)

2. Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. (夜幕降临时,一声爆炸震动了大地,可并无动摇他上前线的决心。)

3. That day, the President had an interview with her father. Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle. (那一天,总统会面了她父亲,因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。

4. She is very busy at home. She had to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. (二)、把英语中的复合句译成一个汉语单句

英汉两种语言句子结构不完全相同,有时要套用原文的句式往往是行不通的。当原文句子的表层结构与汉语的表达方式不一样时,需要进行句子结构的调整,将原文中的复合句译成一个汉语单句能够使译文紧凑、精练、语气连贯。 1. If we do a thing, we should do it well. (咱们要干就要干好)。 2. The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.

3. Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor. (美国有许多风俗适应在生疏人看来是很是费解的。)

4. Parents love their children and the love is perfect. (父母对子女的爱是无微不至的。)

五、缩句译法

依照原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言适应,把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部份。一样情形下,把原文中上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对要紧的句子的组成部份,大多数紧缩成状语、定语、同位语乃至主语。

六、转态译法

所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把被动翻成主动或把主动翻成被动。 (一)、被动句翻译成主动句 1.按原先顺序已成主动句

(1)The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字.

(2) During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷.

2.动作发出者译成主语

(1). Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.

(2). Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 3.原文种某一部份译成主语

(1). The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. (2). My brother was taught shorthand by Mr. Cotton. 4.增加逻辑主语

(1). She hadn't been told Bette's other name, or she'd forgotten it. 人家没有告知她贝蒂姓什么,要不然或许是她忘了。

(2). If you are asked personal questions you need not to answer them. (二). 被动句翻译成汉语的判定句。

1.The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱试用七弦琴伴奏的。

2.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学第一实行的。

(三)、被动句译成汉语的无主句

1.In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned. 在很多国家, 很少向权威提出质疑。 2.Wrong must be righted when they are discovered. 发觉了错误必然要纠正。 (四)、被动句译成被动句。 1.用\"被、受、得\"等字

(1). I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular. 我希望大会的各项决议终将取得各会员国,尤其是以色列的尊重。 (2). I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did. 我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。 2.用\"由、让\"等字

(1). Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面积的三分之二由广漠的松林、云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。

(2)。The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 骑车人让一辆卡车撞倒了。 3.用\"予以、加以\"等字

(1). The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项设计将由一个委员会予以审查。 (2). Problems should be resolved in good time. 有问题要及时加以解决。

七、正反译法

由于语言适应的不同,英汉两种语言在正反说表达时也有不同。依照译文语言的表达适应,把正面表达的原文从反面已成译文,反之亦然,如此一种翻译技术称之为正反译法。 例子见p102. 八、否定句的译法

(一)、全数否定。 英语中,全数否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。如:no, none, not never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither...nor.

(1). Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad. (2). The boy was nowhere to be found. (二)、部份否定

当英语中的某些不定代词如all,both, every, each , 某些副词如often,always 和否定词连历时,表示部份否定。 (1). All the novelist's detective cases, however, were not successful. (2). Both the instruments are not precision ones. (三)、双重否定 汉译时能够翻译成确信。

(1). Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 有志者事竟成。

(2). There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 (3). He cannot but agree.他不能不同意。

(4). There is no story without coincidence. │无巧不成书。 (四)、形式否定,意义确信。

1.\"Nothing\". He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺。

2.\"cannot be +too+adj.\"意为\"怎么......也只是分\"。\"越......越好\" 如: i.you cannot be too careful. 你越认真越好。

ii.This point cannot be overemphasized. 这一点应该专门强调。 (五)、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和辞汇。

1.动词如:refuse,wonder, fail 等可意译成汉语否定词。 a)The engine failed to start. b)I wonder if I can go with you. c)The drain just refused to work.

2. 有些介词如:above, beyond, out of; 形容词如:last, short (of), far from; 副词:ill; 连词:before等,亦有否定意义,可译成汉语的否定词。

1.It is beyond his power to sign the contract. 2.He would be the last man to do the job. 3.This question id far from difficult. 4.We are short of hands at present. 5.Mr. Green is out of town this week. 6.He was ill treated in hospital. 7.I would die before i surrender. 8.He is anything but modest.

9.We tried in vain to measure the voltage. 3. \"no more than \意为\"只......\" she is no less

active than she used to be.她跟之前一样活跃。 六、否定转移

1.\"no\" 与谓语动词的确信式

(1)At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国在任何时候任何情形下,都不第一利用核武器。

(2)A transformer provides no power of its own. 2.注意\"no\"\"not\"都有否定的意义,但在句子中意义不一样。 (1). He is not a doctor. 他不是医生。 He is no doctor. 他全然不是医生。 (2). It is not a joke. 这不是笑话。 It is no joke. 这绝对不是开玩笑的事。

3.Think, suppose, believe 等的否定式与that 从句。 (1). I don't think it is good to marry early. (2). I don't suppose they will arrive on time.

因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容

Top