英文表达句式,专有词汇

英文表达句式，专有词汇

20150803

1. salinity difference 盐度差

2. sustainable energy resource 可持续能源

3. harvesting salinity gradient power 获取浓度梯度能量

4. Here, we report a membrane-scale nanofluidic device with asymmetric structure, chemical composition, and surface charge polarity, termed ionic diode membrane (IDM), for harvesting electric power from salinity gradient.

5. ionic diode membrane (IDM) 离子整流模

6. Ionic current rectification(ICR) 离子电流整流 ICR in conical nanopores implies a preferential direction of the ionic current through the nanopores, resulting in an asymmetric diode-like current_voltage (I_V) behavior. Imply 意味着、蕴含，an asymmetric diode-like current_voltage (I_V) behavior 非对称的类二极管的IV曲线

7. ICR influence factors：the salt concentration gradient盐差, the pore size 孔径大小、形状and the surface charge density distribution，the surface charge can be achieved by controlling the pH value of the aqueous solution，special chemical treatment, and field effect transistor表面电荷密度分布等

8. underlying mechanism 低层级制

9. reverse electrodialysis 反向电渗析

10. pressure retarted osmosis

11. 描述图片Figure 1. Meso-/macroporous heterostructured membrane. (a) Schematic illustration of the porous heterojunction between negatively charged mesoporous carbon (MesoC) and positively charged macroporous alumina (MacroA) films. (b) The lateral size of the membrane is about 1.5 cm.(c) XRD results show a cubic mesostructure (space group Fmmm) of the MesoC layer. (d) SEM image of the membrane cross section reveals a 4.2-μm-thick MesoC layer is on the top of a MacroA membrane. (e and f) Magnified views of the membrane show highly regular pore structure in both the MesoC and MacroA layers. The pore size of MacroA is 84 ± 16 nm. The peak diameter of MesoC is ∼6.7 nm determined by nitrogen sorption test (Supporting Information Figure S3).

12. To test the ion selectivity of the bipolar membrane, electrolyte solutions with different concentrations are placed on the two sides of the membrane.

13. Under reversed salinity gradient from MesoC to MacroA, the internal resistance of the nanofluidic power source is reduced by 53%, owing to the preferential direction for cation transport.

14. The maximum output power density decreases with the pore size of

MesoC from 7 to 33 nm

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15. geometric configuration 几何构型

16. Asymmetrical properties 不对称性能

17. the ionic current rectification 离子电流整流效应

18. Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations

19. The calculated results计算值结果

20. qualitative or quantitative 定性或定量

21. continuum theories连续介质理论

22. diffusion-limited patterning扩散限制模式

23. This phenomenon implies that the rectification ratio is very sensitive to the charge condition near the tip. Imply 意味着

24. cylindrical and conical圆柱和圆锥

25. the Donnan equilibrium道南平衡：胶体化学中关于半透膜两侧电解质平衡浓

度关系的理论。同一电解质在半透膜两边的化学势相等，若膜的一侧有某种符号(正或负)的非扩散性离子，则同号的扩散性离子在该侧的浓度较另一侧小。

26. sample 样品；例子

27. Two kinds of samples, I and II, were used in our calculations as shown in figure 1. as shown如……展示 figure 图

28. Governing equations and boundary conditions 控制方程和边界条件

29. where Ji , Di and zi are the flux流量, diffusion coefficient扩散系数 and charge number of ionic species I 带电荷数, respectively, F and R are the Faraday constant法拉第常数 and the universal gas constant理想气体常数, respectively, and ε is the dielectric permittivity介电常数 of electrolyte solution电解质溶液, that is, 80ε0 for KCl solution.

30. Figure 2 shows that I + increases quickly with the increase of σ, while I− drops in the meantime。

31. In the beginning, Q increases along with the increase of the total length, but when the total length is longer than 400 nm, i.e. the length of the uncharged part is 200 nm, the increasing tendency of Q slows down. 描述图形线条数据的变化

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32. artificial single/array of nanochannels 人造的单孔/多孔阵列

33. nanofluidic diodes 纳流二极管 transistors 晶体管

34. A thorough theoretical description 一个全面的理论描述 thorough全面的

35. electrolyte concentrations 电解质浓度

36. Additionally,……此外，另外

37. is comparable to 与……类似

38. the Debye length 德拜长度

39. Ion transport in these systems can be described by the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations.

40. analytical solution 解析解

41. surface modification 表面修饰

42. At each opening, the nanochannel is connected to a reservoir of KCl solution characterized by a bulk concentration，Cbulk. 描述溶液池与纳米孔连接

43. The dielectric constant 介电常数，介电常数大于3.6的物质为极性物质；介电常数在2.8~3.6范围内的物质为弱极性物质；介电常数小于2.8为非极性物质。水的介电常数为78.5，一般约等于~80。

44. Here kB is the……，where F is the……描述参数值句式

45. Radial distributions 径向分布

46. is weakly dependent on 弱依赖于（曲线趋势描述）

47. Ionic current rectification 极化效应

48. Have been widely investigated theoretically and experimentally 经过广泛的理论和实验的研究

49. various nanofluidic channels：silica nanochannels 二氧化硅纳米孔道, porous glass membranes多孔玻璃膜and track-etched polymer pores 潜径迹刻蚀高分子膜

50. is subjected to 受到

51. a dielectric material 介电材料

52. relative permittivity 相对介电常数

53. carboxyl groups 羧基

54. the induced charge 感生电荷

55. the adopted continuum-based model 采用的连续性方程模型

56. It has been demonstrated that 它已经被证明……

57. and vice versa 反过来亦然

58. the ith ionic species 第i种离子

59. which are confirmed to be large enough to eliminate the size effect of the reservoir. 这被证明已经足够大可以忽略溶液池尺寸效应对结果的影响。

60. ionic permselectivity 离子选择透过性

61. potential applications 潜在的应用

62. We will consider here我们将在这里, both theoretically and experimentally通过理论和实验, the relative roles of ……的相对关系

63. The electrostatic interaction 静电相互作用

64. 描述离子径迹法刻蚀的高分子纳米孔的制备方法：The experimental data were obtained with PET polymer films, thickness of 12μm. These films were irradiated at the UNILAC linear accelerator（GSI, Darmstadt） with single heavy ions (Au, U, or Pb) of an energy of 11.4 MeV per nucleon. Conical pores were created by etching the irradiated films from one side in a conductivity cell _9M NaOH_ at room temperature, using a stopping solution _1M KCl+1M formic acid_ on the opposite side of the membrane to neutralize the etchant in the pore tip

immediately after the breakthrough (observed as a sudden occurrence of current

through the pore). To assure a nanometersized opening on the nonetched membrane side, the voltage used to monitor the etching process was applied in such a way that the active OH− ions were swept out of the pore.

65. 描述锥形孔大孔端和小孔端的孔径大小：pores with radii of x nm at the cone tip and of several hundred nanometers at the big aperture。

66. I-V curves I-V特性曲线

67. we wish to analyze here the qualitative trends rather than to present quantitative fittings. 我们想要得到定性的分析而不是定量的匹配。

68. 描述模拟与实验值存在一些误差的可能原因：First, the shape of the nanopore might not be exactly conical. Second, the surface charge density could not be homogeneous, as assumed in the model. Third, the diffusion boundary layers 扩散层界面 at the membrane/ solution interfaces could lead to extra potential drops not included in the model. Fourth, the diffusion coefficients of the ionic species in the nanopore could be lower than those in the bulk of the surrounding solutions. Finally, the approximation made in Eq. requires further discussion.

69. More detailed interpretation 更详细的解释

70. the pore symmetry axis 孔对称轴

71. 描述曲线curve的变化趋势：The electric potential profiles are strongly nonlinear in the region of the pore tip, where the effects of the fixed charges are more noticeable.

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72. proof-of-concept 概念验证

73. Recently, Gao et al. reported 讲述其它人对研究方向报道的最新成果

74. nanofluidic reverse electrodialysis system 纳米流体反向电渗析系统

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75. tutorial review 综述

76. be categorized into 归类于

77. steric interactions 空间相互作用

78. hydration 水合反应

79. molecular dynamics 分子动力学

80. intermolecular forces 分子间作用力

81. hydrophilic surface 亲水表面

82. induced dipoles 感生偶极子

83. counter-ions co-ions 反离子和共离子

84. ion-beam sculpting method 离子束雕刻方法

85. the track-etching technique 潜径迹刻蚀

86. microfluidic devices 微流体装置 nanofluidic channels 纳流孔道 有很大的区别：主要原因是微流体装置其孔径大小远大于德拜长度

87. electroosmotic flow 电渗流

88. streaming potential 泳动电势 streaming current 流动电流

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89. analytic expression 解析式

90. a latent ion track 离子潜径迹

91. the electrical equivalent circuit 等效电路模型

92. one order 一个量级

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93. temperature variation 温度变化

94. Evolution of normalized electrical conductance of a 45 nmheight nanochannel versus temperature at different concentrations. At low ionic concentration, the electric conductance of nanochannel is more sensitive to temperature change. The conductance is normalized relative to its value at 10 ° for all ionic concentrations。描述曲线的变化趋势

95. degrees Celsius 摄氏度

96. Dissociation Constant 电离常数

97. zeta potential 电动电势，界面电动势

98. the slope of the …… is higher at …… 在……情况下曲线的斜度更大

99. Evolution of…… ……的演化

100. Illustrates 阐述，说明

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101. in site 原位

102. standard soft lithography 标准软光刻蚀技术

103. transference numbers 离子迁移数