computer system through (interfaces ). arithmetic and logic unit and (the control unit ).
21. A program instruction or a piece of data is called an (address )
developed by (ISO ). computer is a (display screen ).
1. How many layers does the ISO/OSI mode stored in a specific primary storage location 45. The basic output device on a small 2. External devices are linked to a small 22. A bus that is used to control the access to
and the use of the data and address bus is called 46. To prevent user programs from interfering
with the proper operation of the system, the (User mode and monitor mode )
23. A location in memory is accessed by its hardware was modified to create two models:
3.CPU has only two fundamental sections: the (control bus) 4. Objected-based logic models are used for (address ). levels ) ( describing data at the conceptual and view 24. A small piece of code that can be 47. A data model is a collection of conceptual
transported over the Internet and executed on tool for describing (data, data relationship, data 5. arithmetic and logic unit executes the recipient’s machine. The sentence describes semantics, data constraints )
instructions
6. Which is an simply the application of internet technology within an internal or closed group?( intranet )
7． CD-ROM belongs to (optical laser disk )
8. A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and data constraints is a (data model ) 9.The
Open
Systems
Interconnection (OSI)reference model is based on a proposal developed by ( ISO )
10. The software that allows one or many persons to use and/or modify this data is a (DBMS )
11. The physical components of a computer are collectively called (hardware ). 1. 12..
The
most
popular processor interconnection topology
is
the (hypercube ).
13. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operand ). 14. The part of an instruction that tells the processor what to do is the (operation code ). 15.The permanently useful data is stored in ( the ROM )
16. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is called (noise ). 17. All functions in spreadsheets start with (an equal sign ).
18. An E-mail server can be considered as a (powerful operating system )
19. A programming technique that allows you to view concepts as a variety of objects is called (object oriented programming )
20. The interference that distorts electronic signals transmitted over a distance is called (noise ).
(applet )
48. What kind of computer would apply several 25. An E-mail server can be considered as a instructions to each datum it fetches form (high-configuration computer ) . memory? (MISD )
26. A protocol is a set of (regulations ).
49. What is a computer program? (a set of 27. Which networks usually span tens of instructions )
kilometers?( Metropolitan area ) 50．A communication pathway connecting two 28. A computer system has input, output, or more devices is a (channel )
storage, and (CPU ).
51. How many basic units do today's digital 29. All Intranet related documents are written computers consist of? ( 4 )
in ( HTML )
52. LCD is based on TFT
30. The WWW is based on which of the 53. Optical laser disk includes CD-ROM, following standards? (client-server model )
magneto-optical disk and (WORM disk ) 31. WWW stand for World Wide Web 54. A special type of primary storage which 32. All functions in spreadsheets start with cannot be altered by the programmer is called (an equal sign ).
(ROM )
33. Programmers write ( source code ).
55. A list of protocols used by a certain 34. Primary storage provides the CPU with system , one protocol per layer, is called a temporary storage for programs and data
(protocol stack )
35. When a CPU needs the data to operate, it 56. The realization of the mobile internet relies
goes where first? (the cache ). on a new set of standards ,known as the (WAP ) 36. When hypertext pages are mixed with other 57. What does A worksheet mean? (an EXCEL media, the result is called(hypermedia ) program )
37. The ―brain‖ of a computer system is 58. How many different types of Entity (CPU )
relationships are there?( 4 )
38. A program instruction or a piece of data is 59. What kind of computer would apply one stored in a specific primary storage location
instructions to each datum it fetches form called an (address )
memory? (SISD )
39. The ISO/OSI mode has (seven ) layers 60．Cache memory is employed by computer 40. What does a worksheet mean? (a working designers to increase computer system area framed by letters and numbers ) (throughput )
41. Before typing in any data, a user needs to 61. The Central Processor has only two (select the cell).
fundamental sections (the control unit and the
42. A computer system has four parts, they are arithmetic and logic unit)
output, storage, processing components and 62. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) (input ) reference model is based on a proposal 43. Another name for primary storage is
developed by (ISO ).
(RAM ). 63. The basic output device on a small
44. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) computer is a (display screen ).
reference model is based on a proposal 64. How many parts are there in URL? (3 )
65. All Intranet related documents are written in (HTML )
66. A computer system has five parts, they are input, output, processing components , control unit and (storage ). Transfer Protocol ) widely used ?( 3 )
relationships are there?( 4 )
Wide Web ) 32.database数据库
90. A computer system has five parts, they are 33.RAM随机存储器
input, output, storage, control unit and 34.工具条 ( toolbar ) (processing components ).
35.统一资源定位符 ( URL )
( Artificial Intelligence ) 数据库中的知识发现 (Object Oriented )
(Graphical
user
91.The way each object combines its member 36.统一资源标识符 ( URI ) structure is called (Encapsulation ) database is (SQL ) uses ( data definition )
38. KDD
67. What does HTTP stand for? (Hypertext data and member functions into a single 37.人工智能 68．How many record-based logical models are 92. The standard query language of relational 39.面向对象 69. How many different types of Entity 93. Creating the database and its table structure interface )
40.图形用户接口
41.中央处理器 ( CPU ) 70. Normally, how long does a user need to 94. LCD is based on which of the following? 42.计算机网络 ( computer network wait until his/her E-mail account is ready if he/she applies for it from an ISP ? (no time )
71. A bus that is used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus is called ( address bus )
72. . Output devices don’t include (scanner ) 73.What does IC stand for? (Intelligent Circuit )
74.The software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware is (operating system )
75.The protocol which downloads files free of charge from thousands of computers around the globe is (FTP protocol )
76. Output devices don’t include (mouse ) 77. Data and program instructions are stored in (memory ). 78. How many main categories of optical laser disks are there? (3 )
79. A protocol is a set of (regulations ).
80. What is a set of programs that manipulate encoded knowledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that 81.normally requires human expertise? (Expert system )
82.. How many layers does the TCP/IP layering model have? (5 ) 83.. Another name for primary storage is (RAM ). 84. How many basic operating system types are there? (3 ).
85.Which one can be rewritten? (U-DISK ) 86.If an object inherits its attributes from a single parent, it is called(single inheritance ) 87. The ―brain‖ of a computer system is (CPU )
88. How many classes are the data models divided into?( 3 )
89. What does the WWW stand for? (World (TFT )
1.class hierarchy类层次 2.XML可扩展标记语言 3.Intranet内部网
4.data bus数据总线
5.Operating system操作系统 6.CAD计算机辅助设计 7.Neural Networks 神经网络
8. topology analysis拓扑分析 9.ADO ActiveX数据对象
10. multiprogramming
多道程
序设计
11. ODBC
开放数据库互连 12.VR
虚拟现实
13.cache memory
高速缓冲存储器
14.FTP文件传输协议 15.system bus系统总线
16. GUI
图形用户界面
17.ROM只读存储器 18.object-oriented programming面向对象编程19.virtual reality虚拟现实
20.主存 (Main memory ) 21.
调制
解
调
器
(modem )
22.可编程只读存储器 (PROM ) 23. off-line operation 脱机操作
24.客户端/服务器
(Client/Server )
25.多媒体 (Multimedia ) 26.虚函数 (virtual function ) 27. neural network
神经网络
28..VDT 视频显示终端 29.EDI
电子数据交换 30.CAM
计算机辅助制造 31. RDBMS
关系型数据库管理系
统
43.国际互联网 ( Internet ) 44.计算机辅助制造 ( CAM ) 45.软件工程 (software engineering) 46.视频压缩
(video compression )
47.算术逻辑部件 ( ALU )
48.计算机应用 (computer application ) 49.电子商务 (Electronic Business ) 50.虚拟现实 (virtual reality ) 51. EJB
企业Java Beans
52.图形用户接口(Graphical user interface ) 53.应用编程接口 (API ) 54.视频点播VOD 55. memory stick 记忆棒
56.传输控制协议/互联网协议
( TCP/IP )
57.万维网( WWW ) 58.地理信息系统( GIS ) 59. RAP 快速应用程序原型技术 60.只读存储器 ( ROM ) 61.系统软件
( system software )
62.磁盘操作系统 63.结构化查询语言
64.虚拟专用网 ( VPN ) 65.开放式系统互联 ( OSI ) 66.个人数字助理
(PDA )
67. VLSI 超大规模集成电路
68.带宽
(bandwidth )
69.集成电路
(integrated circuit )
70.结构化编程 (Structured programming ) 71.复杂指令集计算机 ( CISC ) 72.短信消息服务 ( SMS ) 73.PCI
外围设备互连
74.. real time operating system 实时操作系
统
75.OODBMS 面向对象的数据库管
理系统
76.abstract data type 抽象数据类型
1. CD-R recorders are used to duplicate
CDs( T )
2. The system clock is the brain of a
computer. ( F )
3. Cache memory is much faster than RAM.
( T )
4. Internet resources are stored on Web
servers. ( T )
5. Windows 2000 is the first Windows
operating system in a real sense.( F ) 6. We can view an operating system as a
resource manager. ( T )
7. You can connect 255 devices to a
computer by USB. ( F )
8. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of
data. ( F )
9. Keyboard and mouse are both the
input devices of the computer. ( T ) RAM.( T ) must
be
unique
for
25. Hard disks and floppies operate in 49. CD-R recorders are used to duplicate CDs
different ways. ( F ) ( T ) ( T )
data between system modules. ( F ) read-only memory. ( T )
30. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of
data. ( F )
31. Buffering is an approach to improving
system performance. ( T )
32. WWW stands for World Wide Web.
( T )
33. There 3 main categories of optical laser
disks: CD-ROM, DVD and VCD. ( F ) 34. You can connect 255 devices to a
computer by USB. ( F ) language. ( T )
( T )
computer by USB. ( F ) ( T ) ( T )
storage for programs and data. (F )
54. JAVA is a structured programming
language. ( F )
55. C is an Object-Oriented programming
language. ( F )
56. Internet resources are stored on Web
servers. ( T )
57. You can connect 127 devices to a
computer by USB. ( T )
58. MS Office 2000 is the first Windows
operating system in a real sense. ( F ) 59. We can view an operating system as a
output hardware. ( T ) ( F ) data. (F )
devices of the computer. ( T ) RAM.( F ) accounts. ( T ) ( T )
devices of the computer. ( T ) ( F ) data. ( F )
69. You can connect 255 devices to a
computer by USB. ( F )
70. We can view an OS as a resource manager.
( T )
71. Windows 95 is the first Windows
operating system in a real sense. ( T ) 72. CD-R recorders can be used to duplicate
CDs( T )
73. Microsoft Office 2003 is an operating
26. Cache memory is much faster than RAM. 50. You can connect 255 devices to a 27. VDT stands for video display terminal. 51. Cache memory is much faster than RAM. 28. System bus provides a path for moving 52. Printer is the I/O device of the computer. 29. CD-ROM stands for compact disk 53. DVD provides CPU with temporary
10. Cache memory is more expensive than 35. JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming 11. Both the user names and the passwords 36. An OS is the software which acts as an
accounts.( F ) CPU.( T ) language.( T ) computer by USB. ( T) –only memory. ( F ) system performance. (T ) system of the computer. ( T ) ( F ) ( F )
20. The system clock sends out pulses
regularly. ( T )
21. FTP is a protocol of the computer network.
( T )
22. HTTP stands for High Transportation Port.
( F )
23. A cache runs as fast as a RAM. ( F )
the control unit. ( F )
( T )
system performance. ( T ) system of the computer. ( F ) software. ( F ) ( T )
data stored on the Internet. ( T ) (F )
and it runs as fast as a RAM. ( F ) temporary storage for programs and data. (T)
45. The wide of the bus is also called the
\"word length\". ( T )
46. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of
data. ( F )
47. A CPU includes the ALU and the
controller. ( T ) Operating System. ( T )
interface between a user and a computer. 60. PDA is one of the components of CPU.
12. ALU is one of the components of 37. Buffering is an approach to improving 61. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of 13. JAVA is a Object-Oriented programming 38. Microsoft SQL server 2000 is an operating 62. Keyboard and mouse are both the input 14. You can connect 120 devices to a 39. Microsoft Office 2003 is operating system 63. Cache memory is less expensive than 15. PROM is the abbreviation of portable read 40. FTP is a protocol of the computer network. 64. The user name must be unique for E-mail 16. Buffering is an approach to improving 41. The Web browser is used to display the 65. ALU is one of the components of CPU. 17. Microsoft Windows 2000 is an operating 42. PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. 66. Keyboard and mouse are both the input 18. PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. 43. A buffer's capacity is low and price is high, 67. PCI is a popular low-bandwidth bus. 19. Printer is the input device of the computer. 44. Primary storage provides CPU with 68. The single-sided DVD can store 6.5GB of
24. CPU has only one fundamental section: 48. MS-DOS refers to Microsoft Disk
system software. ( F )
74. WWW stands for World Wide Web.
( T )
75. Buffering is an approach to improving
system performance. ( T )
76. PROM is the abbreviation of portable read
–only memory. ( T )
77. ROM is the abbreviation of read of
memory. ( F )
78. Hard disk provides CPU with temporary
storage for programs and data. (F ) 79. MS-DOS
is
a
Object-Oriented
1. Thread is sometimes
called lightweight process.
can be uniquely distinguished from other objects.
6.Remote teleworkers also have the
2. A collection that stores objects of the option to have an ISDN line installed to their
same data type is referred to as a home or office , linking them to the corporate homogeneous collection. program that is designed to check an entire computer system for known viruses or suspicious activity. 4. A stack is a list of items that are
accessible at only one end of the list. Intranet via a local internet service 11. In predicate calculus , each predicate is given a name , which is followed by the list of arguments.
12. Virtual functions utilize a table for address information.
3. A virus scanner is a provider(ISP) . programming language. ( F )
80. OS is the software which acts as an
interface between a user and a computer. ( T )
81. MS Windows 2000 is a hardware
component of computer. ( F ) 82. FTP is not a protocol of the computer
network. ( F ) 83. C++
language
is
a
structured
programming language. ( F ) 84. Linux is an operating system. ( T )
85. To format a floppy means that magnetic areas are created. ( T ) 86. A scanner belongs to the output device. ( F )
87. URL is used to locate Internet resources.
( T )
88. E-mail is a method of sending and
receiving messages on the Internet. ( F )
89. HTML is used to write Web pages.( T) 90. CD-Rrecorders are used to duplicate
CD( T )
91. XML is used to write Web pages.( F ) 92. The
CPU
is
the
brain
of
a
computer( T )
93. Cache memory is as fast as RAM. ( T ) 94. C++
language
is
a
structured
programming language.( F ) 95. Linux is an operating system. ( T ) 96. HTTP is used to locate Internet resources.
( F ) 97. PCI
is
abbreviation
of
peripheral
component interconnect.( T )
98. A U-disk belongs to the output
device.( T )
99. E-mail is a method of sending and
receiving messages on the Internet.
5. Electronic Business 13.The MAC sublayer defines the Carrier
is the integration of IT and
Sense Multiple Access with Collision particularly the
Internet into
Detection protocol , business
processes
to
change
which made Ethernet famous. organizations and create new ones. 14.Pages
are
viewed
with
a 3. Cache memory is employed by browser .
computer designers to increase the 15. An expert system’s knowledge is computer system throughput .
obtained from expert sources and coded in a
4.The operating system acts as the form suitable for the system to use in its manager of system resources and allocates inference or reasoning processes. them to specific programs and users as
16. Windows managers necessary for their tasks.
manage the devices used to exchange 8. Hubs can be categorized as information between applications and either CSMA/CD or full-duplex repeaters.
users.
6. Frequency division 17. Methods are similar to the multiplexing (FDM) is the functions of
procedure-oriented
technical term applied to a network programming.
system that uses multiple carrier The C++ class actually serves as a frequencies to allow independent template or pattern for creating signals to travel through a medium. objects.
7. The
Unified Modeling 18. The private section of a class
Language(UML) is a limits the availability of data or methods to the graphical language for visualizing , class itself. specifying , constructing , and 19. Flash memory is intermediate documenting the artifacts of a between EPROM and EEPROM in bith software-intensive system.
cost and functionality.
8. Data query uses a set of
20. Inheritance in object-oriented
commands to explore the database programming allows a class to inherit contents and allows the user to properties from a class of objects. convert the raw data into useful 21.The Entity-Relationship model(E-R information.
model) is based on a perception 9. Another important object-oriented of a real world which consists of objects concept that relates to the class hierarchy called entities and relationships among is that common messages can be sent to these objects.
the parent class objects and all derived 22.Linux is an operating subclass objects. In formal terms, this is system , which acts as a called polymorphism .
communication service between the 10.An entity is an object , which
( hardware and the software of a computer F )
system. and easier-to-maintain intranet infrastructure applications , databases , and computer systems , and is likely to be fragmented and inconsistent.
数据仓库数据经常是从整个企业的各种来源收集的，包括不同的应用、数据库与计算机系统等，因而可能是支离破碎和不一致的。
10. To transport a CAD system running in one operating system to another operating system is not as trivial as recompiling the software.
把在一个操作系统上运行的CAD移植到另一个不同的操作系统上，并不像重23. Spooling provides a pool of brought about by the use of a relatively jobs which have been read and waiting to be standard Web client has many IS managers run.
24. Data management uses a set update data within the database tables. a waveform . 26. Moore observed that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year and 27. To enthusiastic about using Web browsers.
同时，在通过使用比较报纸的Web客户设施的诱惑下，许多信息系统的经理对使用
5. Work parts are automatically loaded at central locations on to the handling system and are routed to the proper machine tools.
of commands to enter , correct , delete , and 机而带来的较便宜、较易维护的内部网基础
25. The pattern of the oscillation is called Web浏览器很热情。
reduce design complexity , most networks are organized as a series of layer( levels) , each one built upon the one below it.
28.correctly predicted that this pace would continue into the near future. 1．
In each of these statements ,
there is a list of individuals , which is given by the argument list , together with phrases that describe certain relations among or properties of the individuals mentioned in the argument list.
在每个陈述中有一个用变元表给出的个体表，以及描述变元表中那些个体间的关系或性质的一些短语。
2. Another reason commonly given that languages like Lisp, TCL, and Smalltalk are good for prototyping is that they don’t require you to pin down decisions early on------ these languages are semantically rich.
一般认为像Lisp、TCL和Smalltalk这样一些语言十分适合于原型法的另一理由，是因为它们不要求你受早期决定的约束-----这些语言的语义是很丰富的。
3.We have systems which can see well enough to ―recognize‖ objects from photographs , video cameras and other sensors.
现在有些系统的视觉好得足以“识别”照片上、摄象机和其他传感器拍摄得图像上得物体。
4. In the meantime , the lure of a cheaper
工作部件被自动地装在处理系统的中编译该软件那样简单。
心位置，并经由指定路线传送给适当的11.All users see the same image; thus, 机床。
other team members view the scene from 6.In each of these statements , there is a an incorrect perspective with the resulting list of individuals , which is given by the distortion depending upon differences in argument list , together with phrases that
location within the immersive room.
describe certain relations among or 所有用户看到的是同一个图像；因而，小组properties of the individuals mentioned in 其他一些成员从不恰当的视点观察该景象，the argument list.
所产生的失真取决于在沉浸室内位置上的差
异。 在每个陈述中有一个用变元表给
出的个体表，以及描述变元表中那12.A handheld’s constraints（局限性） mean 些个体间的关系或性质的一些短that it’s usually impossible to directly port a 语。
desktop application to a wireless handheld
7. Even though one can argue that all device. For the same reasons, it’s difficult to programs exhibit some degree of directly access most Web sites with a handheld intelligence , an AI program will go device. Web applications are traditionally beyond this in demonstrating a high level designed based on the assumption that visitors of intelligence to a degree that equals or will have a desktop computer with a large exceeds the intelligence required of a screen and a mouse. human in performing some task. 手持设备的局限性意味着它通常不能直接把即使有人可能争辩说，所有程序都显示台式应用程序移植到无线手持设备上，出于出某种程度得智能，但AI程序将超过同样的理由，用手持设备直接访问多数Web它，AI程序表现出高的智能等于或超过站点也很困难。Web应用程序传统上是基于了人在完成某个任务中所需的智能。
访问者拥有带大屏幕和鼠标的台式计算机这
8.Geographic information systems are 样的假设而设计的。
one of the fastest growing business 13.A new concept called the Storage Area applications and later this decade may be Network(SAN)（存储区域网络）could offer an as common as word processing software answer to the increasing amount of data that and spreadsheet applications.
needs to be stored in an enterprise network environment. By implementing a SAN, users 地理信息系统是发展最快的事物应用can offload storage traffic from daily network 软件之一，这十年后期它会像字处理软operations while
establishing
a
direct
件和电子表格应用软件一样普及。 connection between storage elements and
servers.
9. Warehouse data is often gathered
对需要在企业网络环境中存储数据量越
from
sources
throughout
an 来越大的问题，一种称之为存储区域网络
enterprise , including different (SAN)的新概念可能提供了一个答案。通过实
现一个SAN，用户可以在存储设备与服务器之间建立直接连接的同时，把存储传输负荷从日常网络操作中分出来。
14. A Storage Area Network（SAN，存储区域
encryption（加密）.
IPv6——下一代的连网协议，有希望改变公司网络和因特网的工作方式。IPv6也叫做IPng，或简称v6，将消除IPv4因全球因特网
们常常是单色的而不是彩色的。它们的输入功能局限于几个按键或数字键，或者像个人数字助理(PDA)手写体识别功能那样，输入数据要花很长时间，它们所拥有的工作处理能力和内存都较小。比起那些通过计算机硬连络连接带宽较窄，速度也较慢。
19. Digital subscriber line technology comes in
网） does not need to be a physically separate 爆炸性发展而带来的某些缺点。IPv6是一项sub-network, carrying only the business-critical 更快更便宜建立路由以及具有较好的服务质I/O traffic between servers and storage devices. 量(QOS)和加密等特点。
network, either. It can be a dedicated 非常需要的改进，它许诺更容易获得IP地址，线与快速局域网相连的连接，它们的无线网
A SAN, for example, would not carry 17. RISC processors, because they are a bewildering variety of flavors, but they all general-purpose traffic such as e-mail or other software-programmable, provide the flexibility have one thing in common——they use various end-user applications. This type of net avoids to adapt to the rapidly evolving data modulation techniques to turn those plodding the unacceptable trade-offs inherent in a single communications market. However, they lack \"last mile\" loops of copper between the network for all applications
SAN不需要在物理上是一个单独的网络。它可以是一个专用的子网，只在服务器与存储设备之间传输关键业务I/O信息。例如，SAN不传送通用意义上的信息，如电子邮件或其它最终用户应用程序。这类网络避免了单一网络中固有的不能接受的拆衷
15. Plug and Play(即插即用)——basically a set of PC architecture specifications---is an effort by hardware and software vendors to design intelligence into PCs to handle installation
and
configuration
tasks automatically and without user intervention.
With a plug-and-play system, users can install devices into or remove them from a desktop or mobile PC; dock and undock desktop PCs from a network; and optimally configure the system for different applications without modifying configuration parameters or expansion-card jumper settings.
即插即用——基本上是一组PC机体系结构的规范，是一种由软硬件厂商将智能设计进PC机的工作，以便自动地和无须用户干预地处置安装与配置任务。
有了即插即用系统，用户就能把设备装进或移出台式或移动式PC机，使台式PC机联网或脱网;以及为不同应用最佳地配置系统而无须修改配置参数或扩展卡的跳线装置等。
16.IPV6——the next-generation networking protocol——promises to change the way corporate networks and the Internet work.IPv6 (also referred to as IPng or ,simply,v6)will eliminate some of IPv4's shortcomings that have appeared as a result of the global Internet explosion.IPv6 is a much-needed improvement, promising
easier-to-obtain
IP
addresses,
cheaper and faster routing, and such features as quality of service(QOS, 服务质量) and ASIC-level performance because of their customer premises and the telco's(电信公司) generalized(归一化的) architectures. ASICs central office into high-speed data and voice solve the performance problem but can take 12 carriers. Most of the focus has been on to 18 months to develop; require scarce, ADSL(asymmetric
digital
subscriber
specialized engineering talent to implement; line),which delivers rates of 32 Kbps to 8.192 and have fixed functionality. Modifying an Mbps downstream, and 32 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps ASIC can cost six to nine months in upstream to the network, while providing
time-to-market and, even worse, can force phone service at the same time on the same forklift upgrades on customers who own line. equipment based on out-of-date silicon(硅). 数字用户环路(DSL)技术有几种令人疑RISC处理器由于是可编程的，故提供了惑的不同变种，但它们都有一样公共的东西灵活性，以适应快速发展的数据通信市场。
——它们用不同的调制技术，把用户房屋和然而，由于它们采用归一化的体系结构，故
电话公司的中心局之间低速的\"最后一英里\"缺乏ASIC档次的性能。ASIC解决了性能问铜线回路变成高速的数据和话音的载体。(人题，但要花12至18个月时间来开发，并需们)注意力多数集中在ADSL(不对称数字用要不多见的专门工程人才来具体实现，同时户环路)上，它给出32K至8.192Mbps的下行具备固定不变的功能性。修改ASIC可能要以速度和32K至1.088Mbps的上行速度，同时推迟6至9个月产品上市的时间为代价。更在同一线路上提供电话服务。
有甚者，可能强迫拥有基于过时硅电设备的20. But even without a new OS, these features 客户升级。
can be utilized. Leveraging Windows' driver
18. Hand-held devices（手持设备） are model, specialty vendors will offer drivers that more limited than desktop computers in several can fully exploit these integrated features. Thus important
ways.
Their
screens
are providing
dramatically
improved——or
small——perhaps a few inches square or able arguably, finally usable-video and speech to display only a few lines of text-and they’re capabilities. Of course, this Pentium-Windows often monochrome instead of color. Their input chasm provides an opportunity for other capabilities are limited to a few buttons or operating system vendors such as Red Hat and numbers, or entering data takes extra time, as Be Inc. That is assuming that they can react
happens with a personal digital assistant’s like the Microsoft of old. (PDA) handwriting-recognition capabilities.
但即使没有新的OS，也能利用这些特
They have less processing power and memory 性。通过利用Windows的驱动程序模型，专to work with, and their wireless network 业公司将提供全面利用这些内在特性的驱动connections have less bandwidth and are 程序，从而提供戏剧性改进了的——或者还slower than those of computers hard-wired to 有争议，但最终能使用的视频与语音功能。fast LANs. 当然，这场Pentium-Windows的角逐为其它手持设备在多个重要的方面比台式计算
的操作系统公司，如Red Hat公司和Be公司机更受限制。它们的屏幕很小——也许只有提供了机会。这是假设他们能像过去的微软几平方英寸或者只能显示几行文本信息，它
公司那样工作。
21. Given the relative quickness of software needs of developers building a wide range of also encouraged!
development, one would think that software applications, ranging from factory to intelligent 24.一个长期目标可以是开发交互式程序变solutions would lead the computing agenda for appliances.
become more profound and commonplace, 固态盘、处理机速度，以及功耗的约束，嵌hardware-featured solutions are beginning to 入的Linux的主要任务是，使系统所需的资offer better solutions than their software 源最小。嵌入式操作可能需要从一个芯片盘counterparts. And given the improving 或紧凑闪存固态盘上自举；或者自举和运行capabilities in this race.
在假设软件开发较快的情况下，人们会认为软件方案将在计算领域独领风骚许多年，但随着软件开发的延迟变得更严重、更常见，以硬件为特色的方案开始优于同类软件方案。在硬件开发能力得到改进的情况下，硬件厂家将在这场竞赛中明显领先。
22. Linux是不是像Windows那样太大以及需要系统资源太多，以致于不能满足嵌入式系统的约束要求呢？与Windows不同，Linux本来就是模块化的，并且能够很容易缩减成紧缩配置，这种配置几乎与DOS差不多大，甚至能放到一张软盘上。此外，因为Linux源码是免费可用的，所以可以按照独特的嵌入式系统要求改编该操作系统。
这样，并不令人惊奇，开放源代码Linux已经建立了一个新的操作系统开发和支持范例，在那里数以千计的开发人员继续贡献于不断发展的Linux代码库。此外，几十家面向Linux的软件公司已经出现----它们热切支持那些为建立从工厂自动化到智能设备范围很广的应用系统的开发人员的需求。 Is Linux , like Windows , too large and
of
hardware
development, 在没有显示器和键盘的环境，或经由以太网
现成的小Linux有许多来源，其中有日益增多的面向应用的Linux配置和分发版，这些都被修改成适用于特定的应用。例如路由网关等。
你也可选择建立你自己喜欢的嵌入式Linux，从一个标准分发版开始，略去不要的模块。虽然如此，还应该考虑从别人的工作配置基础上开始你的工作，因为他们的版本的源码可用于那个目的。最好的是，这种在别人努力的成果上建立系统，在Linux团体中不仅是完全合法的，也被鼓励。
hardware vendors will become the clear leader 连接，从远程设备装入应用程序。
换系统，它帮助程序员把程序并行化并提供序变换实现办法仍然是现行研究的对象，甚至对于顺序程序也是。在中期内，导出实际的并行程序的、产品质量变换程序未必可能出现。传统的方法是讲授一些算法，然后用具有明显并行性的程序设计语言明确地表达它们。这很可能是更成功的，特别是因为已知的一些并行算法的主要部分很大，并且在迅速地增长。初步迹象表明，倘若语言与支持工具充分的话，书写并行软件不比书写顺
A long tem goal could be to develop interactive program transformation systems that assist programmers in parallelizing programs and provide feedback and guidance. The problem with this idea is that the approach of semiautomatic program transformations is still an object of active research, even for sequential programs.
In
the
medium
terms,
a
many years. But as software delays have 23. 对许多嵌入式系统，为了适应诸如RAM、反馈和指导。这种想法的问题是半自动化程
器、防火墙、互联网/网络设备、网络服务器、序软件显著地更困难。
For many embedded systems , the main production-quality transformer for deriving challenge in embedding Linux is to minimize realistic, parallel programs is unlikely to appear. system resource requirements in order to fit The traditional method of teaching algorithms within constraints such as ,RAM solid state is likely to be more successful, especially since disk(SSD), processor speed, and power the body of known parallel algorithms is large consumption . Embedded operation may and growing rapidly. Initial indications seem to require booting from a DiskOnChip or be that writing parallel software is not CompactFlash SSD ; or booting and running significantly harder than writing sequential without a display and keyboard ; or loading the software, provided the languages and support application from a remote device via an tools are adequate. Ethernet LAN connection.
There are many resources of ready-made
demanding of system resources to fit the small foot-print Linux. Included among these constraints of embedded system? Unlike are a growing number of application-oriented Windows , Linux is inherently modular and can Linux configurations and distributions that are be
easily
scaled
into
compact tuned to specific applications. Some examples
routers,
firewalls
,internet/network
configurations ,barely larger than DOS ,that are since Linux source code id freely available, it’s unique embedded system requirements.
can even fit on a single floppy. What’s more, appliances ,network servers ,gateways ,etc.
You may also opt to create your own flavor distribution and leaving out modules you don’t
Even
so
,you
should
consider
possible to customize the OS according to of embedded Linux ,starting from a standard It’s not surprising, then, that open source need.
Linux has created a new OS development and jump-starting your efforts by beginning with support paradigm wherein thousands of someone else’s working configuration ,since developers
continually
contribute
to
a the source code of their version will be
constantly evolving Linux code base. In available for that purpose . Best of all ,this sort addition, dozens of Linux-oriented software of building on the efforts of others in the Linux companies have sprung up eager to support the community is not only completely legal but
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