Exs

Discuss how and why the writer exploits various phonological or graphological devices in each of the extracts.

Extract 1.

The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹渥斯·朗费罗

The tide rises, the tide falls, 潮涨，潮落，

The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; 暮色渐浓，麻鹬鸣叫；

Along the sea — sands damp and brown沿着潮湿灰褐色沙滩，

The traveler hastens toward the town, 行路人匆匆往城里赶，

And the tide rises, the tide falls. 潮涨，潮落。

Darkness settles on roofs and walls, 黑暗把屋顶墙壁笼罩，

But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; 但大海在黑暗中呼啸；

The little waves, with their soft, white hands, 细浪白白的手，

Efface the footprints in the sands, 悄悄把海滩上的脚印抹掉，

And the tide rises, the tide falls. 潮涨，潮落。

The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls破晓时分，厩中骏马闻马夫唤，

Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; 踏啼嘶鸣；

The day returns, but never more海岸边，白昼又来到，

Returns the traveler to the shore, 但行人从此形去影消，

And the tide rises, the tide falls. 潮涨，潮落。

Extract 2.

Once there was a lot of sound in my grandmother’s house, a lot of coming and going, feasting and talking. The summers there were full of excitement and reunion. The Kiowas（基奥瓦人，印第安人种之一）are a summer people; they abide the cold and keep to themselves, but when the season turns and the land becomes warm and vital they cannot hold still; an old love of going returns upon them. The aged visitors who came to my grandmother’s house when I was a child were made of lean and leather, and they bore themselves upright. They wore great black hats and bright ample shirts that shook in the wind. They rubbed fat upon their hair and wound their braids with strips of colored cloth. Some of them painted their faces and carried the scars of old and cherished enmities. They were an old council of warlords, come to remind and be reminded of who they were. Their wives and daughters served them well. The women might indulge themselves; gossip was at once the mark and compensation of their servitude. They made loud and elaborate talk among themselves, full of jest and gesture, fright and false alarm. They went abroad in fringed and flowered shawls, bright beadwork and German silver. They were at home in the kitchen, and they prepared meals that were banquets.

（N. Scott Momaday，The Way to Rainy Mountain）

Extract 3.

\"TOM!\" No answer. \"TOM!\" No answer.

\"What's gone with that boy, I wonder? You TOM!\" No answer.

The old lady pulled her spectacles down and looked over them about the room; then she put them up and looked out under them. She seldom or never looked through them for so small a thing as a boy; they were her state pair, the pride of her heart, and were built for \"style\—— she could have seen through a pair of stove-lids just as well. She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear: \"Well, I lay if I get hold of you I'll ——\"

She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat. \"I never did see the beat of that boy!\"

She went to the open door and stood in it and looked out among the tomato vines and \"jimpson\" weeds that constituted the garden. No Tom. So she lifted up her voice at an angle calculated for distance and shouted:

\"Y-o-u-u Tom!\"

There was a slight noise behind her and she turned just in time to seize a small boy by the slack of his roundabout and arrest his flight.

\"There! I might 'a thought of that closet. What you been doing in there?\" \"Nothing.\"

\"Nothing! Look at your hands. And look at your mouth. What is that truck?\" \"I don't know, aunt.\"

(Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Chapter 1)