现在完成时与一般过去时的比较

北 京 四 中

撰 稿：贾巍 编 审：毕勤 责 编：任淑弘

现在完成时与一般过去时的比较

（一）一般过去时态和现在完成时态的概念

一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动词或存在的状态，也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作常与yesterday, yesterday afternoon, last year, in 1965, a moment ago 等表示过去的时间状语连用, 例如：

He came here yesterday.

现在完成时表示过去的动作（或状态）对现在产生的影响和结果, 例如：

He has broken his bottle.

(二)一般过去时态和现在完成时的区别：

１）现在完成时是表示过去的动作与现在的联系，主要说明的是现在的情况和状态；而一般过去时则强调动作发生在过去某一时间，与现在不发生联系, 例如：

We haven't seen him since last year.我们自从去年以来一直未见到他。（现在还未见到）

We didn't see him last year.我们去年没见到他。（现在不一定未见到）

２）现在完成时表示从过去发生一直持续到现在（包括现在）的某个动作或状态，与现在有关的时间状语连用，一般过去时表示过去某一特定（与现在无关）的时间，与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用, 例如：

He has lived here since he was born.自他出生以来一直居住在这儿。（since 自从…以来与现在有关，说明还居住在这儿。）

Liumei went to see her grandmother last night.刘梅昨晚去看了她外婆。（只说明昨晚）

（三）值得注意的几个问题：

１）动作发生在过去，一直持续到说话的时候，并且还在延续时，要用现在完成时，例如：

We have studied English for two years.我们学英语两年了。

２）指过去的经历，但没有表示过去的时间状语，要用现在完成时，例如：

I have been to Shanghai twice.我曾去过上海两次。

３）以when开头的特殊疑问句，要用一般过去时，例如：

When did you lose your pen ? 你什么时候丢了钢笔？

４）just (刚刚)与现在完成时连用，just now (刚才)与一般过去时连用，例如：

The train has just gone.火车刚刚离开。

５）since 作介词，后面跟时间名词一起作状语时，句子要用现在完成时；since 作连词，引导状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。

He has worked in this factory since 1996.

I have known him since he was a child.

6）so far，in the last / past …… 与现在完成时连用，例如 ：

So far, many countries have sent up satellites into space.In the last 30 years , our lives have changed a lot.

（四）、学习现在完成时应注意的三个区别

1）延续性动词与短暂性动词的区别

2）since 和 for 的区别。

3）have / has gone to 、 have / has been to 、have / has been in 的区别。

（五）、短暂性动词和延续性动词转换归纳。

A、 leave— be away from borrow—keep

buy—have

die—be dead get up—be up put on—be on

come / get back—be back go to town—be in town

lose—be missing catch a cold—have a cold

close—be closed / not open open—be open

fall ill / asleep— be ill / asleep begin /start—be on

get /receive a letter from—have a letter from

B、 come to —be here / there

arrive in （at）/ get to / reach——be here / there

join the army-------be in the army/ be a soldier

join the League-----be in the League / be a league member

练习题：

1.改正下列句子中的错误。

1、Tom has got up for half an hour.

2 、Liu Mei has joined the League for three years.

3、The train has reached the station since 10 minutes ago.

4、The little girl has fallen asleep for four hours.

5、When have you cleaned the classroom? It’s clean now.

6、How long have you caught a cold?

7、She has got ten letters from her mother since last week.

2.用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.I____ already ____ (see) the film.I ___ (see) it last week.

2.___ he ____(finish) his work today ? Not yet.

3.___ you ____(be) to ? Yes, I _____ (be) there twice.

4.____ you ever ____(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? No, never.

5.My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work.He is tired now.

6.Where’s Li Ming ? He ____ (go) to the teacher’s office.

7.Shanghai ___ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago.Now it ____ (become) a large city.

8.I ____ (work) here since I ____ (move) here in 1999.

9.So far I ____(make) quite a few friends here.

10.How long ____ the Wangs ____(stay) here? For two weeks.

3.句型转换(每空一词)。

1.I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)

I ___ ____ been to Macau before.

2.He hasn’t come to school because he’s ill.(就划线部分提问)

____ _____ he come to school?

3.He has learned English for 5 years.(就划线部分提问)

____ ___ ____ ____ learned English ?

4.I bough a new bike just now.(用just改写)

I ____ just ____ a new bike.

5.We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)

We ____ ____English ____three years.

4.A.用 already或 yet

1 Have they taken down the old pictures ______? No, not ___________.

2 Most of us have finished our compositions _______.

3 He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition ________.

B.用 since或 for

1 We have learned five lessons ______ the beginning of this term.

2 Mrs Liao has been in hospital ______last week.

3 I have stayed at my aunt’s _____two weeks.

C.用have gone或 have been

1 Where are the boy students ? They _____ to the school factory.

2 Is your father in ? No, he ____ to Shenzhen._______he ever ______ there before ? Yes, he ___ there several times

答案：

1、Tom has been up for half an hour.

2 、Liu Mei has been in the League for three years.

3、The train has been at the station since 10 minutes ago.

4、The little girl has been asleep for four hours.

5、When did you clean the classroom? It’s clean now.

6、How long have you had a cold?

7、She has had ten letters from her mother since last week.

2.用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1.I have already seen the film.I saw (see) it last week.

2.Has he finished his work today ? Not yet.

3.Have you been to ? Yes, I have been there twice.

4.Have you ever eaten chocolate sundaes ? No, never.

5.My father has just come back from work.He is tired now.

6.Where’s Li Ming ? He has gone to the teacher’s office.

7.Shanghai was a small town hundreds of years ago.Now it has become a large city.

8.I have worked here since I moved here in 1999.

9.So far I have made quite a few friends here.

10.How long have the Wangs stayed here ? For two weeks.

3.句型转换(每空一词)。

1.I have never been to Macau before.

2.Why hasn’t he come to school?

3.How long has he learned English?

4.I have just bought a new bike.

5.We have learned English for three years.

4.A.用 already或 yet

1 Have they taken down the old pictures yet? No, not yet.

2 Most of us have finished our compositions already.

3 He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition yet.

B.用 since或 for

1 We have learned five lessons since the beginning of this term.

2 Mrs Liao has been in hospital since last week.

3 I have stayed at my aunt’s for two weeks.

C.用have gone或 have been

1 Where are the boy students ? They have gone to the school factory.

2 Is your father in ? No, he has gone to Shenzhen.Has he ever been there before ? Yes, he has been there several times