2018年山东省济南市中考英语试卷含答案

机密启⽤前

济南市2018年初三年级学业⽔平考试英语试题

本试卷分第I卷<选择题）和第II卷<⾮选择题）两部分。第I卷共8页，满分为85分；第II卷共4页，满分为35分。本试卷共12页，满分12分，考试时间为120分钟。答题前，请考⽣务必将⾃⼰的姓名、准考证号、座号、考⽣科⽬涂写在答题卡上，并同时将考点、姓名、准考证号、座号填写在试卷规定的位置。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡⼀并交回。第I卷<选择题共85分）

注意事项：第I卷为选择题，每⼩题选出答案后，⽤2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题⽬的答案标号涂⿊；如需改动，⽤橡⽪擦⼲净后，再选涂其他答案标号。答案写在试卷上⽆效。I．听⼒测试

A）听录⾳，在每组句⼦中选出⼀个你所听到的句⼦。每个句⼦听⼀遍。<5分）1. A. Nice to meet you! B. What color is it? C. My name’s Jenny.2. A. Is that his book? B. These are my friends. C. Where’s the bus stop?

3. A. Do you like bananas? B. Can she speak French? C. How much are these pants?4. A. When is your birthday? B. Let’s go at seven o’clock. C. Mike’s father likes it, too.5. A. Jeff can’t come to the party. B. What can you do? C. I want to be an actor.

B> 听录⾳，从每⼩题A、B、C三幅图画中选出与所听到的对话内容相符的⼀项。每段对话听两遍。<5分）6.7.8.9.10.C>在

录⾳中你将听到⼀段对话及五个问题。请根据对话内容及问题选择正确答案。对话及问题听两遍。<5分）11. A. He’s going to sports camp. B. He’s going to the mountains. C. He’s going to the park.12. A. On Wednesday. B. On Friday. C. On Tuesday.13. A. To Hawaii. B. To Hainan Island. C. To Taiwan.14. A. It’s beautiful. B. It’s windy. C. It’s cold.

15. A. For one week. B. For two weeks. C. For three weeks.

D> 在录⾳中，你将听到⼀篇短⽂及五个问题，请根据短⽂内容及问题选择正确答案。短⽂及问题听两遍。<5分）16. A. In Sydney. B. In New York. C. In Toronto.

17. A. Because he was too young. B. Because he got much money. C. Because he was ill.18. A. 16. B. 26. C. 36.

19. A. Two years ago. B. Three months ago. C. Two weeks ago.

20. A. The children’s parents. B. The children’s teachers. C. The children’s friends.

II. 读⾳选词根据所给句意和⾳标，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出⼀个最佳答案。<5分）21. We go to ___________ /sku:?/five days a week.A. coolB. foolC. fullD. school

22. It’s too late. They have to go ____________ /b?k/ home on foot.A. bikeB. backC. bankD. black

23. When we are in the library, we should _____________ /ki:p / quiet.A. meetB. keepC. sleepD. feet

24. David Beckham, the famous soccer ___________ /stɑ:/, will come to Jinan this year.A. carB. startC. starD. far

25. Jason works as a ____________ /k?m'pju:t?/ programmer in a company.A. computerB. complainC. compareD. complete

III．选择填空从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出⼀个最佳答案。<5分）26. —Kate, do you have __________ pen pal? —Yes, I do. I have one in China.A. aB. anC. theD. /

27. —Does Miss White like sports? —Yes, __________ favorite sport is tennis.A. he

B. sheC. hisD. her

28. Tom is in good health, because he often exercises and eats a lot of healthy __________.A. foodB. waterC. pearD. carrot

29. Sam is a waiter, ____________ he really wants to be a singer.A. orB. ifC. butD. because

30. —Mary, does your brother get _________ work by bus?—No, he rides a bike. Sometimes he walks.A. inB. onC. toD. for

31. —__________ does your new friend look like?—He is tall with short blonde hair and big blue eyes.A. HowB. WhoC. WhatD. Where

32. —You look _________ today.

—Yes. I stayed up late last night to watch a talk show.A. easyB. warmC. tiredD. smart

33. Mother’s Day is on the ___________ Sunday in May every year.A. twoB. secondC. six

D. sixth

34. —Are your parents at home, Jane?

—No. They __________ taking a walk in the park.A. doB. areC. willD. have

35. I really enjoy the noodles and vegetables. They __________ delicious.A. stayB. feelC. tasteD. sound

36. Which of the following Chinese writers won the Nobel Prize for Literature last year?A. B. C. D.

37. —Who helped you clean the classroom yesterday?—____________. I did it all by myself.A. SomeoneB. AnyoneC. NobodyD. Everybody

38. —Jenny, I need some milk. —OK, Mum. ___________ do you need?A. How muchB. How manyC. How oftenD. How long

39. —Could I __________ your iPad, Alice? —Of course. Here you are.A. lendB. keepC. borrowD. return

40. —_________ I help you, sir? —Yes. I want a T-shirt.A. CanB. ShouldC. MustD. Would

41. Tony is not as clever as Lucy, but he works __________ than her.A. hardB. harderC. hardestD. the hardest

42. My uncle lost his ID card yesterday morning. ___________, a school boy found it and sent it back tohim in the afternoon.A. LoudlyB. ClearlyC. NearlyD. Luckily

43. —Alice, could you help me __________ the meat? I want to make some dumplings for dinner.—OK. I’ll do it right away.A. put upB. give upC. use upD. cut up

44. —Do you like summer or winter? —__________. I really like the snow.A. Yes, I doB. No, I don’tC. SummerD. Winter

45. —Hi, Jack! How’s it going?

—___________. We are having a great time in the water park.A. TerribleB. Pretty goodC. It’s boringD. It’s a good idea

46. —Excuse me. Is there a post office near here?—Yes, ___________ is. Go down this street and turn right.A. itB. thisC. thatD. there

47. Jerry and Scott are from the United States, but ___________ of them are interested in Beijing Opera.

A. allB. bothC. neitherD. either

48. —When did you have your school trip? —____________.A. In five daysB. For five daysC. Twice a dayD. Five days ago

49. Which of thefollowing places should we go to if we want to take the high-speed train?A. B. C. D.

50. —__________ up, Anna. It’s seven thirty. —One more minute, Mum.A. GetB. GetsC. GettingD. Got

51. —Have you heard of Zhang Lili? She was seriously hurt in an accident in order to save one of her students.—_____________ good teacher!A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an

52. It was time for class. Mr. King asked all the children ___________ down quietly.A. sitB. satC. to sitD. sitting

53. —It’s hot today, isn’t it? —Yes, it is. Why not __________ your jacket?A. take careB. take placeC. take afterD. take off

54. —How long has Robert ___________? —Since 2004.A. been to BeijingB. become a policeman

C. joined the art clubD. studied in this school

55. —Could you please tell me _________________?—Yes. There is one on Center Street.A. where can I buy some stampsB. when you will take your vacationC. when was the telephone invented

D. if there are any good restaurants around here

IV．完形填空阅读短⽂，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出⼀个能填⼊⽂章中相应空⽩处的最佳答案。<10分）Anne is a newspaper reporter. She chose this _ 56 so she could travel around the world. The work has taught her manyunforgettable lessons. She has seen wars, earthquakes and death. But she has 57 seen courage, hope and happiness.Last year, she won an award for her reporting in Africa. She was very proud 58 it. At first, she thought she got the awardbecause of her good work. But then she realized that she should thank many other people for 59 help.

Anne was born in Jamaica. Her family was not poor, but it was not 60 , either. Her parents had to 61 hard so that she couldgo to school. At school, Anne was not a good student, 62 she enjoyed writing because her English teacher said, “Anne, youare a wonderful 63 .” The teacher encouraged her all the time.

Later, Anne went to university in Canada and then 64 for a job. It was very difficult. Then, one day, she went to see the editorof a newspaper in Ottawa. The editor gave her a job. “Everyone needs a 65 at first.”H e said.56. A. book B. job C. sweater D. picture57. A. still B. never C. also D. only58. A. to B. of C. for D. from59. A. my B. his C. our D. their60. A. rich B. new C. small D. big61. A. study B. walk C. work D. play62. A. but B. if C. because D. so63. A. farmer B. nurse C. doctor D. writer64. A. looked B. made C. joined D. found65. A. ticket B. hobby C. chance D. habit

V．补全对话阅读对话，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出⼀个最佳答案完成对话。<5分）A: Who is your best friend,Holly?B: Victor.A: _____66_____

B: Because he likes to do the same things as I do. He’s also popular. _______67_______A: Are you good at basketball, too?

B: Yes, I am. We play basketball every afternoon.A: ______68______

B: For about forty minutes. Would you like to join us this afternoon?A: ______69______ What time shall we meet?

B: At five o’clock. ________70_________A: That’s great! See you then!B: See you!

A. Why is he a good friend?B. Where is he from?C. Why do you like animals?D. How can we get there?A. I’m not a player.

B. And he’s good at basketball.C. We like Chinese.D. Let’s read English.

A. How often does he watch TV?B. How long do you play?C. What can you do?D. How far is your school?A. I’d love to.

B. They like to play soccer.C. No, thanks.D. It’s time for lunch.

70. A. You’re playing soccer. B. And let’s meet in the playground.C. I have a toothache.D. It’s too difficult.

VI．阅读理解阅读下列短⽂，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出⼀个能回答所提问题或完成所给句⼦的最佳答案。<15分）A

Camilla Chomp was a strange little girl. She liked to spend her time alone eating chocolate. Her parents were worried, sothey took all the chocolate away.

Camilla left her house to look for some chocolate. She found a small house full of bottles. Among the bottles, a blue bottlecaught Camilla’s eyes. It was full of chocolate. In the bottle there was also a card with the words “Change tears(眼泪> intochocolate.”

Camilla was very excited. She ran out of the house with the bottle to look for someone crying. First, she met a little boy cryinghard and collected his tears. The tears were quickly changed into chocolate. While Camilla was collecting the tears, shecomforted the boy. Finally, the boy stopped crying and they had a good time together.

Later, Camilla met a woman and an old man crying. The woman had broken some bowls. And the old man’s dog had justdied. Camilla collected their tears and made them happy again.

Soon, Camilla knew that making people happy was much more important than finding chocolate. So she stopped collectingtears and began to help sad people. As a result, she had many friends and had a happy life.71. Camilla liked to __________.A. eat chocolate

B. read booksC. collect coinsD. eat fruit

72. Camilla’s parents took away all the chocolate because they were ___________.A. happyB. angryC. worriedD. hungry

73. What caught Camilla’s eyes?A. A nice card.B. A black dog.C. A red cup.D. A blue bottle.

74. The old man was crying because ___________.A. he had broken some bottlesB. He couldn’t find his way home.C. he couldn’t find his daughterD. his dog had just died

75. How many people did Camilla help before she stopped collecting tears?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.B

One morning Fan Xing discovered that her classroom had changed. The 13-year-old saw that the desks were no longer in rows(排>, but pushed together to make sixbigger desks.

The new arrangement(排列> was part of a reform(改⾰> at Fan’s school, Changsha Daotian Middle School in Hunan. Aboutfive weeks ago, more than 2,000 junior students at the school began studying in this way, with six to eight students sitting ingroups.

“This reform is designed to provide students with easier ways to study and more chances for discussion,” said Liu Xu, aschool head teacher. “Our school hopes it can improve students’ abilities(能⼒> for self-study as well as teamwork.”

The new arrangement took some time for students to get used to. “I was too curious(好奇> about it for the first two days,”saidFan. But soon she and her classmates got used to it. “Now our class is quieter because we can stop loud students with somesimple gestures(⼿势>,”said Fan. “What’s more, we can express our own ideas and learn others’ through discussion. It’s abetter way to study.”

Feng Yu likes this new classroom arrangement very much and has made some progress studying. The 14-year-old said,“Group members first discuss, and then explain the solutions or answers to difficult questions in front of the whole class.”

“The discussion gives us more confidence to make speeches,” said Feng. “We can also improve our friendships.”

The reform has asked for more from teachers. They have no more than 15 minutes to teach in class. “It is a big challenge toteach in such short time the lessons which should be taught in 45 minutes,” English teacher Wang Jing said. “We have toimprove methods to teach better. We must prepare some interesting topics and exercises before class so that students candiscuss them.”

Wang said that some students always talk. The teachers have to move continuously in the classroom to keep them quiet andget them to concentrate on class. “It demands more, but I believe it will pay off,”Wang added.76. From the first paragraph of the passage, we know ____________.A. Fan Xing was a 13-year-old studentB. Fan Xing’s classroom was changed in rowsC. Fan Xing’s desk was no longer in her classroomD. six big desks were moved into Fan Xing’s classroom

77. The purpose of the new classroom arrangement is to ___________.A. make the students feel fresh and interestedB. divide big classes into small classesC. make more room for new students

D. provide students with more chances for teamwork

78. How did the new classroom arrangement help the students’ study according to the passage?A. By stopping loud students using simple gestures.B. By giving students more chances to work in groups.C. By making students explain difficult questions after school.D. By giving students more confidence to improve friendship.

79. What is the big challenge for the teachers in classroom teaching in the reform?A. The teachers have to improve their studying methods.

B. The teachers must prepare more interesting topics for exercises.

C. The teachers are only given 15 minutes to teach in one period(节> of the class.D. The teachers have to move about in the classroom to keep the students quiet.80. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. The students in Changsha Daotian Middle School are sitting in groups when having classes.B. The reform in the school is aimed at improving the students’ abilities for self-study.C. Studying in groups gives the students more confidence to concentrate on class.D. The new classroom arrangement also brings some new challenges to the teachers.C

“Find a job you love, and you’ll never work a day in your life.” Do you agree with this old saying? Joanne Gordon does. Sheis the author of Be Happy at work and

other books about careers(职业>. Gordon believes that about 30% of employees(雇员> in North America do not like their jobs, and she thinks that is terrible. She wants

to help people who do not feel satisfied(满意> with their jobs find work that is good

for them. Joanne says, “There are no happy jobs, only happy workers.” She believes that happy workers share three maincharacteristics(特点>.

First, happy workers enjoy the daily activities of their jobs, and they look forward to the workday. Take Tony Hawk, forexample. At age 14, he became a professional skateboarder. Now he is a businessman working on projects related toskateboarding—films and video games, but he still skates every day. He once said, “My youngest son’s pre-school wasrecently asked what their dads do for work. My son said, ‘I’ve never seen my dad do work.’” Tony agrees that his job doesn’tlook like work. He has found a way to spend each day doing a job he enjoys.

Second, happy workers like the people they work with. Sally Ayote says, “I work with the coolest people in the world.” Sheand her group cook for almost 1,200 people in Antarctica. Most of these people are scientists who are doing research. Sallyloves to sit and talk with them. She says, “There is no television here, no radio, so I get to know the scientists and whatthey’re studying.” Sally thinks she has a great job, and the best part about it is thepeople.

Third, happyworkers know that their work helps others. Caroline Baron’s work helps people who have had to leave theirhome countries because of war or other dangers. She is a filmmaker who started an organization called FilmAid, whichshows movies in refugee(难民> camps around the world. Caroline believes that movies can be very helpful in these camps.For one thing, entertaining movies let refugees forget their troubles for a little while. Movies can also teach important subjectslike health and safety. For example, in one camp, thousands of refugees saw a movie about how to get clean water. Carolineknows that is helping other people, and this makes her feel proud and happy about her work.

Tony Hawk, Sally Ayote, and Caroline Baron all get great satisfaction from their work. Tony Hawk says, “Find the thing youlove. If you are doing what you love, there is much more happiness there than being rich or famous.” Joanne Gordon wouldagree. She encourages people to find something they enjoy doing, find people they like to work with, and find ways to helpothers. Then they can be proud of what they do, and they will probably be happy at work.81. Who is the book, Be Happy at Work, written for?A. Joanne Gordon herself.

B. Tony Hawk, Sally Ayote, and Caroline Baron.C. People who do not feel satisfied with their jobs.D. The workers who agree with the author’s ideas.82. Joanne Gordon believes that _____________.A. difficult jobs are terrible

B. there are no happy jobs, only happy workers

C. rich and famous people have much more happiness than workersD. only about one third of the employees in North America like their jobs83. Why did Tony Hawk’s son say, “I’ve never seen my dad do work.”?A. Because Tony Hawk ’s job doesn ’t look like work.

B. Because the best part about his job is to spend each day skating.C. Because Tony helps people forget their troubles while skating.

D. Because Tony Hawk always finds something else he enjoys doing.84. Tony Hawk, Sally Ayote, and Caroline Baron aregood examples that show us ____________. A. how to be a successful businessman B. how to help people in difficulties C.how to get along with the coolest people D. how to become a happy worker 85. Which of the following is NOT true accordingto the passage? A. The author of Be Happy at Work thinks that happiness at work is really important. B. The writer of thepassage tells us that many different kinds of work can be enjoyaboe. C. Some people believe that only a few kinds of jobscan really make people feel happy.D. Joanne Gordon believes that people will probably be happy at work when they areproud of what they do.机密启⽤前

济南市2018年初三年级学业⽔平考试

英 语 试 题

第II 卷<⾮选择题 共35分）注意事项：

1. 第II 卷为⾮选择题，请考⽣⽤蓝、⿊⾊钢笔<签字笔）或圆珠笔直接在试卷上作答。2. 答卷前，请考⽣先将考点、姓名、准考证号、座号填写在试卷规定的位置。VII ．选词填空 <10分）A ．阅读

短⽂，从⽅框中选择适当的单词填空<每词限⽤⼀次）。

Ted was ill last week. He had to stay at (86> _____________. He felt bored, and he was also worried about his lessons andthe basketball game. In the (87> _____________, some of his classmates came to his house. Ted was very (88>

_____________ to see them. Cindy brought him some exciting CDs and DVDs. She said they would take turns to help him(89> _____________ his lessons. As for the basketball game, Jim would take his place. They hoped Ted could get well (90>_____________ get back to school soon.B. 阅读短⽂，从⽅框中选择适当的动词，并⽤其适当形式填空。有的需要加助动词或不定式符号<每词限⽤⼀次）。Mike has a pet dog. He often (91>

_____________ with it after work. He gives it nice food to eat, and every morning he gets up early (92> _____________ it fora walk.One day, Mike (93> _____________ to dinner by one of his friends. Mike brought his dog with him. While they wereeating, Mike threw some fish, chicken and cakes down to the dog.“You love your dog very much, don ’t you?” his friendasked.“Yes, I (94> _____________ the dog for almost ten years. It is very clever. If you give it some money, it (95>

_____________ the newspaper for you in a few minutes,” Mike said.VIII ．改写句⼦ 按括号中的要求完成句⼦，每个空格填⼀个单词。<5分）

96. She is good at playing the piano. (改为⼀般疑问句>___________ __________ good at playing the piano？

97. Zhang Jie was five when he started to play the table tennis. (就句⼦画线部分提问>___________ __________ was Zhang Jie when he started to play the table tennis?98. “What do you sell online?” I asked the young boy. (改写句⼦，句意不变>I asked the young boy ___________ he __________ online.

99. It’s good manners to say good words to people when they make achievements. (改写句⼦，句意不变> It’s ___________to give __________ to people when they make achievements.

100. The head teachers announced the result of the competition after they made the final decision. (改写句⼦，句意不变>The result of the competition ___________ __________ until the head teachers made the final decision. IX. 完成句⼦根据汉语意思完成英语句⼦，每个空格填⼀个单词。<5分）101. 泉城公园是⼀个很好玩的地⽅。

Quancheng Park is a good place to ____________ ____________.102. 我们确信中国梦⼀定会在不远的将来实现。

We ____________ ____________ the Chinese dream will come true in the near future..103. 也许你会为他们不能找到解决空⽓污染问题的⽅法⽽担⼼。

Maybe you fear that they won’t ____________ ____________ to find the solutions to the problem of air pollution.104. 把垃圾投放到不同的垃圾箱中，会便于我们对垃圾的回收利⽤。

It will be easier for us to ____________ the rubbish if it is ____________ into different dustbins. 105. 昨晚的电视节⽬使我姐姐想起来两年前在⼭村⽀教的经历。

The TV program last night ____________ my sister ____________ as a volunteer teacher in the mountain village two yearsago.

X．任务型阅读阅读短⽂，按要求完成各题 <5分）

Chen-Chieh Chuang believes that medicine is an art. He also believes that art isgood medicine. Chuang is an artist, but he is also a doctor. Chuang believes that bothart and medicine help people to heal(治愈>. Before he sees his first patient(病⼈>every morning, Chuang paints. “… Art heals me,” he says. And he hopes to use his artto heal others.

Chuang was born in Taiwan. He learned to paint when he was a child. From a

very young age, he wanted to be both an artist and a doctor. When he went to college, he studied art and biochemistry(⽣物化学> at Brown University in Rhode Island. After Chuang graduated from Brown, he taught art in New York City for a year.Then he began to study in the medical school at Yale University.

After medical school, Chuang worked as a doctor in poor communities. He traveled and worked all over the United States,from Arizona to Alaska. During this time, he also continued painting. He painted the beautiful things of nature, for exampleplants, flowers, and birds.

A few years ago, Chuang decided to work in one place for a while. He opened a medical office in Massachusetts. He alsobegan to show and sell his paintings, and he started a class for medical students called Art and Medicine. Chuang designedit to help students see the relationship between art and medicine. He wants to help students become creative doctors.In 2005, Chuang bought his own building and moved his medical practice(诊所> there. “It’s my big art project,” says Chuang.Outside the building, there are thousands of flowers and trees. In the waiting area, there are large windows and plantseverywhere. Chuang’s paintings and photographs are on the walls.There are also books on art, health, sports, and of course, medicine.

Next to the waiting area, there is a kitchen. There is always fruit there for the patients. Sometimes Chuang bakes bread, andthe smell fills the waiting area. Chuang says, “Most of the time when people come to the doctor’s, they are already nervous. Iwant to make them feel comfortable.”

Patients love everything about Dr. Chuang’s medical practice, from the gardens outside to the beautiful paintings inside. Butthey especially love Dr. Chuang, the artist and doctor who created this special place.106. 根据短⽂内容完成句⼦填空<每空限填⼀个单词）。

From the second paragraph of the passage, we know Chen-chieh Chuang was once a ________ in New York City before hebecame a _________ of the medical school at Yale University.107. 根据短⽂内容完成句⼦填空<每空限填⼀个单词）。

In 2005, Chen-Chieh Chuang bought his own building and ___________ it his medical practice. He ___________ it as hisbig art project.

108. 根据短⽂内容回答问题。

According to the passage, what is Chen-Chieh Chuang’s purpose of starting the class called Art and Medicine?__________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________109. 把短⽂中画底线的句⼦译成汉语。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

110. 根据短⽂内容⽤⼀个完整的英⽂句⼦(限15个词以内>回答问题。What is the main idea of the passage?

______________________________________________________________________________XI. 书⾯表达 <10分）

根据所给图画，⽤英语写⼀篇约80词的短⽂。要求完整叙述图画内容。参考词汇：blind adj. 盲的，瞎的 stick n. 拐杖

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】

1-5CCABC6－10ACCAB11－15ABBAC16－20BBACAII. 21-25. DBBCA

III. 26-30 ADACC 31-35 CCBBC 36-40 BCACA 41-45 BDDDB 46-50 DBDAA 51-55 CCDDD IV. 56-60 BBBDA 61-65CADACV. 66-70 ABBAB

VI. 71-75 ACDDC 76-80 ADBCC 81-85 ABADCVII. 86. home 87. evening 88. happy 89. with 90. and91. plays 92. to take 93. was invited 94. have kept 95.will buy

VIII. 96. Is she 97. How old 98. what; sold 99. polite; compliments 100. wasn’t announcedIX. 101. have fun 102. are sure 103. be able 104. recycle; put 105. reminded; ofX. 106. teacher； student107. made； regarded

108. To help students see the relationship between art and medicineand help students become creative doctors.

109. 病⼈对创医⽣诊所⾥的⼀切———从外⾯的花园到⾥⾯美丽的画作———都很喜爱。但他们尤其喜爱创医⽣，他既是艺术家也是医⽣，是他创建了这个特殊的场所。

110. Art can help doctors with their work. / Dr. Chen helps his patients by art. / Dr. Chen is both a doctor and an artist.申明：

所有资料为本⼈收集整理，仅限个⼈学习使⽤，勿做商业⽤途。