Lesson 19 A very dear cat 一条贵重的宝贝猫
New words and expression 生词和短语
Dear adj.亲爱的（心爱的）（在书信中也可以表达为“敬爱的”，男男或者长辈，长官）
宝/珍贵的（非常受珍视）；be dear to sb
昂贵的（价格高的）； Cars in are much dearer in China than in the US.
Dear = Costly（adj.昂贵的, 贵重的）= expensive
-- I can't afford the car because it's too dear.
Dear adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的 be dear to sb
-- The lamb is prize(珍贵的，宝贵的) to Mary = The lamb is dear to Mary
cost somebody dear 花了某人很多钱（dear adv.昂贵地, 价高地）
-- The cat cost the lady dear.
adv 使某人损失惨重，或者给某人带来很多麻烦和痛苦，一般为词组 cost sb dear苦不堪言，焦头烂额
Ann’s marriage to Peter cost her dear 使她痛苦不堪
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n. 亲爱的人，受爱戴的人，可爱或善良的人（特化为一个名词）
That’s/There’s a dear 这才是个好孩子 where’s that smile? 笑一笑
How did the interview go, dear?
interj. 哎呀 oh dear==dear me 哎呀
kidnapper n.绑架者，拐骗者 （kidnaper也可以）
kidnap vt.诱拐(小孩), 绑架, 勒赎 -- They kidnapped five hostages.（n.人质, 抵押品）
kidnap n. 绑架（犯罪概念，不可数），或绑架案（可数）
kidnapee [kɪdnæ'pi:] n.被绑架的人，肉票
一般er表示动作的发出者,ee表示动作的接受者 employer employee雇主 雇员
interviewer 采访者，面试者 interviewee 被采访者，参加面试者
rainer,trainee训练者,受训者 addresser (addressor),addressee发件人,收件人
blackmail 敲诈，勒索; threaten vt.& vi. 危及；威胁 （threat n 威胁） intimidate vt.恐吓，威胁
considerable adj.1、相当大的/多的/重的（数量，范围，程度）
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-- a considerable business. 大型企业。 -- He has got a considerable success.
2、重要的，值得考虑的，有重大意义的
a considerable figure in local business The economy was a ~ issue in every country.
n. （口语中，非正式）大量，很多的数量，范围，程度（上节课中讲述的词性的活用）
he has done considerable for me.
Considerably adv.相当大地, 相当多地（= much, a lot , a great deal）
-- It's considerably colder today than yesterday.
Considerate（adj.考虑周到的）= thoughtful（adj.体贴的, 关切的）
be considerate to somebody 对某人很体贴
-- Are you considerate/thoughful to your wife?
Considered（adj.经慎重考虑的, 经过熟思的）
-- It's my considered opinion.
-- All things considered, he finished the work well.
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Considering prep&conj&adv.就…而论；照…来看；考虑到…
介词-- Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
就他的年龄来说, 这小孩读得算挺好的。
连词（considering that原因状语从句）- They have done it well considering (that) they have no experience.
除because, since, as, for以外，特殊的原因状语引导词：seeing that(由于，鉴于 )（看到这个情况考虑）, now that(既然), in that, considering that(考虑到), given that(考虑到).（给这个情况考虑）
Seeing that you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her
副词-- He studies English well, considering. 就各方面而言, 他英语学得很好。
Wealthy adj. 1、富的，有钱的==rich
2、丰富的，富饶的（某方面量大）==rich a ~ land 富饶的土地 be ~ in compassion 感情
rich 比正常（比如正常需要）更有钱 wealthy 比rich更有钱
Orderly adj.有规律的；1、有规律的，有条理的（有系统安排的）
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an ~ mind 有条理的思绪 in a more ~ way 更加有条理的方法
2、整洁的，干净的==neat（tidy and in order）
3、有秩序的；守纪律的 an ~ class 守纪律的班级
adv 按部就班地（systematically）；规律地（regularly） he did his job ~.
Discipline v.训练 n.纪律, 学科
Disciplined n.受过训练的,遵守纪律的
Regular adj.规则的, 有秩序的
Disappearance n.失踪
Anonymous adj. 匿名的, 名字不公开的, 不记名的
an ~ donation/ letter/ phone call an~ vote 不记名投票 remain anonymous
anonymity [,ænə’nɪməti] n.匿名;作者不详;匿名者; in anonomity 匿名地，默默无闻地 work in ~
requested anonymity
anonymously He sent the photos to the police ~.
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unknown 不知道或不了解；不认识的，不熟悉的，陌生的；不出名的，无人知晓的，未获公众认可的
Ransom n.赎金 pay ransom to somebody ransom demand/note demand a ransom of…
-- The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.
固定短语hold somebody to ransom 绑架某人为了赎金（美国英语介词是for）
-- They kidnapped the boy and held him to ransom.
英国英语这短语还有威胁;胁迫的意思 certain organization has the power to hold the Government to ransom
ransom vt 1、赎回,为….交付赎金 The kidnapped children were all ransomed
2、救赎 ransom sb
钱：wage salary income earnings payment
pension 养老金，退休金 allowance 津贴 bonus 奖金，分红（年终奖，腾讯有部分是24-36个月）
commission 佣金（提供服务，雇佣兵，杀手，能叫工资吗？） kick-back 回扣，酬金
fund 基金（专款资金） foundation 基金会（地基；房基；基础）（组织，fund才是钱）
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random adj.随机的;任意的;胡乱的 in a random order a ~ choice 随意的选择 at random随便地
Cardboard n.硬纸板（尤指可以用于制纸箱的硬纸板，卡纸）
Withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) v.（从银行）取钱（银行账户中的款）
2、~ sb/sth from sth（使）撤回，撤离（缩回、领回、收回、取回、移开、拉开（视线one’s eye））
Both countries ~ their forces from the region ~ her hand from his. ~ one’s eyes from
3、（使）退出（组织，活动等）（介词用from） ~ from the European union ~ their children from the lessons
4、不再给予，停止提供 ~ sth (from sth) He withdrew his support for our campaign
5、收回，撤回，撤销（说过的话等语言类的行为威胁、提议、建议等）（非常正式） The newspaper withdrew the comment the next day ~ a proposal （提议，建议）
deposite money 存钱 withdraw money取钱
on 24 May, just as Guderian was expecting to drive into Dunkrik, Hitler gave his surprise order to withdraw back to the canal line. why the oreder was given has never been explained fully.
punctually adv. 准时地 ==promptly（1、迅速地，立即地 2、及时地、准时地）
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punctual adj. 1、严守时刻的, 准时的 ==prompt ==on time == on schedule she is always ~
2、如期的，及时的 ==in time you should be~ in answering business letters
Punctuality n.准时，守时 [,pʌŋktʃʊ'ælətɪ]
astound v.使吃惊 （震惊的难以置信） [ə’staʊnd]
surprise（使人一愣）, astonish（和自己认为的有很大差距,大吃一惊，但没有惊叹的意思）, amaze（使人迷惑不解）, astound 语气一个比一个强。
-- He was astounded to hear of her death. --
They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early.
Surprising adj.令人惊讶的 Surprised adj.感到惊讶的
Flat n.平面, 平地, 一层, 公寓 adj.平坦的, 扁平的
Word n.字, 词, 话
Sure adj.对....有把握, 确信某事 adv.的确, 当然
Amount n.数量
Text 课文
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Why was Rastus 'very dear' in more ways than one?
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in
Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay's cat.
Rarely = seldom adv.很少地 ==barely ==hardly ==never ==scarcely
be interest in = take interest in （一句话中用不同的表达方式, 是为了避免从复）
took great interest in = take enormous/tremendous interest in
lose/arouse interest 失去/引起吸引力
be of (no) interest to sb== be (not) interesting to sb 对某人有（无）吸引力
eg:what you do in private life is of no interest to me
interest sb in 使某人在某方面感兴趣(礼貌的劝) may I ~~ you in this new model cellphone/a drink/dessert
interest n 利息 high rates of interest 高利率 pay interest（贷款者付，或者银行付）
place of interest==tourist spot 旅游景点
take credit for 把什么归功于自己 take delight in 对…感到高兴 take pride in 对…感到
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骄傲
Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with
her cat, Rastus, for a great many years.
share something with somebody 和某人分享某物
-- I share the room with my friend.
两个同位语lady，Rastus，单一的名词即可以做同位语，注意区分和非限制性定语从句的区别
they all like the film.
tom was looking for a house, one with a garden.
For a great many years = for a long time. a great many 是一个数量词，修饰可数名词复数
Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always
home by seven o'clock.
lead an orderly life==live an orderly life lead a(n) simple/ easy/ double/ dog’s life 婚外情/ 糟糕的生活，过得跟狗一样
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Orderly adj.有秩序的, 有顺序的
takes a short walk = goes for a walk = goes for a stroll
in the evenings==every evening
One evening, however, he failed to arrive. Mrs. Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him. However的使用表明：he isn’t home that evening.
fail to do 未能做某事
fail in sth 未能做某事
fail sb/sth 评定某人不及格/未通过/挂科（驾照，大学）
look for动作,look….for,寻找 find找到（结果）、发现，find out（查明真相），search地点，search for物品
join/join in 但是join sb in doing sth 是join的用法，in可以表示状语
There days after Rastus' disappearance, Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter.
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after可以和名词搭配
-- three days after Johnson’s arrival. 约翰逊到来三天之后。
-- three days after the kidnapper’s appearance.
常见的名词否定前缀 dis disappearance
counter counterrevolution 反革命 counterclaim 反诉;反对要求
in inability 无能 Incapacity 无能力、 缺乏技能
mal malfunction 功能紊乱 malpractice 行为不当;失职;渎职,违法行为
mis misfortune 不幸 misadventure n. 运气不佳的
non non-existence 不存在 noninterest 无利息
un unemployment 失业 unbalance不平衡
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of $1,000.
State 非常正式的声明，“声称”
in safe hand 在可靠的/中用的人那里；在妥善的管理中
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Mrs. Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside
her door.
Instruct = order（vt.命令） = tell formally（adv.正式地, 形式上） 某人被引导，被指挥做某事
be instructed to do something==instruct sb to do sth（主动，被动）
-- The journalist was instructed to obtain the exact statistics.
At first she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again –
the letter had made that quite clear -- she changed her mind.
Fearing 现在分词做原因状语==in fear of（状态），for fear of（ 目的状语），注意fear的不同词性
现在分词作状语，之前的一个系列
独立主格结构：It being, there being. 原因状语
Go to the police go to bed
make it clear to somebody that…（it是形式主语） 把…说的很明白，很清楚
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-- The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English aloud every day.
She withdrew $1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper's instructions.
The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs. Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper
would keep his word.
Keep his word = keep his promise 遵守诺言 ==hold’s one’s word==be as good as one’s word.
Break one’s word
A man of his word// you have my word. word表示诺言时, 要采用单数形式
keep his word 遵守诺言 / break his word 失信用
give somebody one's word 向某人保证
-- I give you my word that I will return your bicycle.
as good as one's word 表示守信用（侧重点在于强调一个结果）
-- He promised to pay me the money and he was as good as his word.
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他许诺把钱给我, 正如他所言他遵守了他的诺言。
go back on one's word 食言, 违背诺言
sure主语一般是人，certain可以是物
it is sure that
Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening.
sure enough 强调确实如此，“果然”
-- I said it would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
He looked very well though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk.
half a bottle of milk 半瓶牛奶
half the money 一半的钱 / half the distance 一半的距离
The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.
She explained that Rastus was very dear to her.
Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
considering prep 考虑到
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in more ways than one = in many ways
dear具有双重意义（即是亲爱的, 又是昂贵的）
比较级
1、等比 as…as… 要注意否定的情况 not as…as… 不要忽略not
no more than/ no more…than…. 一样不 he studies maths no more than English.
no less than/ nothing less than 无异于（一样） it’s nothing less than fraud to cheat on exam.
否定词+more than/ other than/ else than 只能 mary didn’t do anything other than cry 只会哭
A is to B what C is to D 对…来说如同 parents is to children what water is to fish
may as well…as…（可以…同样可以）you may as well watch TV at home as go to the cinema
might as well….as…. 就像…一样（不可…同样不可）you might as well expect pigs to fly as expect Tom to keep words.
（might as well (not) do sth 不妨做，不如做（没有明显不做的理由）
it is in/ with….as in/ with ….与什么相等 it is with babies as with seeds that both
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should be taken good care （as with可单独使用，“就像” Smiling, as with happiness or optimism）
be enough/ sufficient/ equal to/ for 和…一样 His wisdom is equal to his courage.
2、差比 more than/less than 与其说，不如说 （注意在差比下也可以表示对两者的肯定）
两个形容词相比 he is more diligent than clever [‘dɪlɪdʒənt] 勤奋的;勤勉的（即聪明又勤奋）
两个名词相比 he is more a helpful friend than a teacher （既是良师也是益友）
两个介词短语相比 our health lie more in our own hand than in the physicians’ hands
注意翻译 more than 不仅仅是， no more than 仅仅是
all/ none/ so much + the +比较级 更加，还是（高级，出现的情况较少，但是还是要了解）
his mother asked him to stop playing with water, but he did it all the more/none the less/so much the worse
next to….几乎等于 He will spend almost next to nothing to buy him a dinner
not so much… as….与其说，倒不如说（否定前面，肯定后面）
it was not so much his appearance I appreciated as his personality.
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（not so much as，单独使用时，表示不如后者，更肯定后者）
the+最高级+ but one 第二
Mary is the youngest girl and the youngest child but one. 女孩中最小，孩子中第二
3、极比 as…as any… “最….” Mark Twain was as humorous as any writer in the world
The weather in Shangri-la is as good as any part of China
类似 as fast as any…can be as soon as any…possible as romatic as any…imaginable等等
否定词+so….as… “没有比…更…”
类似 nothing is more…than…/// few things are more…than…//// nothing is as…as…
No issue is more emotion-rousing than food, because no issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.
Nothing is so interesting as watching DVDs at home with some cold beer.
He claimed that few are better qualified for the job than he is.
the last+n “最不…的，极端的（两个反向意思）” He would be the last man to say such words.
the invaders committed the last crime in world war 2. 最恶劣
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no+amount/ degree/ effort+of “即使最….也不” no amount of facts can prove that he is innocent
4、择比 prefer…to… would rather than would sooner than
5、其他要注意的比较级
be superior/ inferior to [ɪn’fɪəriə(r)] 注意本身不需要加more或less
be+比较级+than to do 注意翻译“不会做” He is wiser than to spend all his money on clothes
以上只是一个理念，通过比较级的基本意思能够翻译出语句想要表达的意思
in no place Shangri-la, as is often said, can one experience four seasons in one day.
A more than B other than C rather than D less than
当然，than表示比较，other其他的，表示除了
英语中意思为“除了……”的表达有except／except for／besides／apart from／but／but for／other than等，
1. except和besides都可解作“除……之外” 但含义不同。
except表示“从所提到的人或事物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分”，表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。
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besides表示“除了……之外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”，表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的。 试比较： ①We all went except him. 除他之外，我们都去了。(他没有去)
②We all went besides him. 除他之外，我们大家也都去了。(他也去了)
(1)besides常与other／more／else等词连用
except常与all／every／everyone／none／nobody／everything／nothing等总括词连用。
eg. He had other people to take care of besides me.
All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.
(2)若句中没有实义动词do的某种形式 except后接动词不定式 而besides后接动词的-ing形式。
eg.I had no choice except to obey／besides obeying his order.
(3)若句中有实义动词do的某种形式 二者后面都可以接动词原形。
eg.She has nothing to do except／besides go with him.
(4)二者后面都可以接从句。
eg.①Besides that he explained the theory he gave us some examples.
②He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to school.
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(5)except后面可接for(构成短语except for)或其他介词短语，而besides不能。
except for主要有三层含义： ①表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定 起部分修正主要意思的作用。
eg.Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
②表示非同类事物进行比较。 eg.The street is empty except for several cars.
③置于句首，表达except的含义。 eg.Except for this everything is in order.
except for后接名(代)词 可以转移为except＋从句或其他介词短语。
eg.The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains；
except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days)
注意：二者用于否定句时含义相同，意思是一样的。
eg. He did nothing besides (＝except) this. 除这件事外，他什么事也没做。
2. apart from兼有besides和except for两种含义，后接名词、代词或动名词。
3. but含义与except相同，都表示递减的概念，二者在多数情况下可以互换，但用法稍有区别。
①except可以代替but 但but并不一定都可以代替except 如果句中有no、all、nobody、who、where等不定代词或疑问词时，多用but 后跟宾语从句时，多用except。
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②but for含义有时与except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”，常用于虚拟句，表示一种假设。
③but位置的变化会引起人称代词主、宾格的变化。
No one but I (＝except me) knows it.
No one knows it but me (＝except me).
4. other than含义与except／but相同，都表示从总体中除去一部分 后接名词、代词或不定式。
eg.In that case there is nothing you can do other than wait. (上海高考题)
双关语：一个词或句子表达两层不同的意思，插科打诨，借题发挥，旁敲侧击，指桑骂槐等等。
--why people are so tired in April? --because we have just gone through a long march.
--Waiter, I’m in a hurry. will the cake be long? -- No, sir, round.
—Why is a river rich? —Because it has two banks.
-- What's the longest sentence in the world? -- Life sentence
Special difficulties 难点
逗号的用法：
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1>三个或三个以上的词、短语或句子只用一个并列连接词来连接，他们之间就要用逗号，并列连接词前也要用逗号
-- He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
2>插入语或同位语前后必须用逗号分开
-- I own over a thousand books and, to make matters wore, the room is rather small.
3>状语从句位于句首时也要用逗号和主句分隔开来，放在句尾则不需要
-- After we had visited the market, we returned home.
= We returned home after we had visited the market.
4>非限定性定语从句必须用逗号分开
-- Thanks to the English Channel, which separates Britain from Europe, the country has not been
invaded since 1066.
5>语次转变词也应该用逗号将其和句子其他成分分开
-- A few cars, however, completed the race.
-- He feared the examination. He couldn’t, therefore, continued his study at school.
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= He feared the examination. Therefore, He couldn’t continued his study at school.
6>介词短语和分词短语位于句首时, 也必须加逗号加以分隔。
-- Taking off his jacket, George pushed his arm through the drain cover.
-- With some children, small money goes a long way.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. A正确 could and would 愿意并有能力 companion n.同伴, 共事者
2. B正确 on what conditions 在什么样的基础之上 reveal vt.展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
3. A正确 greatly adv.很, 非常
4. B正确 for a great many years（用完成时）
5. D正确
6. A正确 reaction n.反应, 反作用
根据语法规则：
主语是ambition, duty, goal, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, policy, purpose, reaction, suggestion等名词的时, 句子的表语必须是to不定式短语, 该不定式短语是说明其内容的。
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-- His purpose in life was to seek truth instead of money.
-- Our plan is to make better use of this material.
7. B正确 for fear + of/that
-- They are working hard for fear that they should fail. = They are working hard for fear of failure.
afraid for 侧重点表示：为...感到担心, 害怕失去
-- The parents are often are afraid for their children. 父母常为孩子担心。
-- He was afraid for his job. 他害怕丢工作。
-- I am not afraid for my head. 我不怕掉脑袋。
8. D正确 修饰money用large
9. D正确
measured adj.慎重的, 有节奏的, 标准的, 整齐的, 有规则的
regular adj.强调有规则的 disciplined n.受过训练的, 遵守纪律的
10.B正确
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go for a walk = go for a stroll
go on/for a trek 进行艰苦的跋涉
-- trek n.牛拉车旅行, 艰苦跋涉
go for a trot 去散步
-- trot n.小跑, 骑马, 疾走, 忙碌 lane n.（乡间）小路, 巷, 里弄
-- I'm going for a trot down the lane. 我正沿着巷子小跑。
11.C正确 sure enough = as (was) expected
without a doubt adv.无疑地
as a matter of fact adv.事实上（in fact = actually 实际上, 事实上）
12.A正确 healthy adj.健康的, 健壮的
sane（adj.神志清楚的, 头脑清楚的）= sensible（明智的, 有判断力的）
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