省略句

高中英语语法：省略句用法详解

省略句是高考英语常考的一类句型，省略句的种类主要有：主语的省略、谓语的省略、状语从句的省略、不定式的省略。、

Ⅰ、状语从句中的省略用法

一、如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句主语是it，且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式（am/is/are/was/were），可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。

1、when，while引导的时间状语从句

2、if，unless，once引导的条件状语从句

3、though，although，whether，no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的让步状语从句

4、as if，as though引导的方式状语从句

二、than，as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法：

当不同的主语进行比较时，一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（be动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。

e.g. He is taller than his brother (is).

Ⅱ、定语从句中的省略用法

关系词的省略 关系代词that，which，whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时，可以省略；in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。

Ⅲ、虚拟语气中if及should的省略

1、当条件状语从句中有were，had，should等时省略if，把它们提至句首，形成倒装句。

e.g. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

= Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

2、Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的名词性从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。

Ⅳ、不定式符号to的省略

1、感官动词see，hear，feel，watch等和使役动词have，make，let等后接不定式作宾语时，不定式省略to。

2、do nothing but，can’t help but等结构常接省略to的不定式。

e.g. We didn’t do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday.

Hearing the news, she couldn’t help but cry.

3、在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时，也保留be和have。

e.g. My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didn’t want to.

--Are you an engineer? --No, but I want to be.

Ⅴ、So和not的替代性省略

用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，speak，suppose，think，I’m afraid等连用

e.g. – Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? – I suppose not.

省略句用法专项练习

1、—Lucy，could you please spare me a few minutes?

—____，but I hope \"a few minutes\" won't turn into a few hours.

A. It doesn't matter B. That's kind of you C. I'm afraid not D. I guess so

2、—Hey，taxi! —_____

—I want to go to the dentist's.

A. Good morning, sir. B. Nice to see you, sir.

C. Where to, sir? D. What are you going to do, sir?

3、The doctor expresses his strong desire that the patient_____immediately.

A. be operated on B. operated on C. was operated on D. would be operated on

4、When he came back, he found the bag he had____over the seat was gone.

A. left to hang B. left hanging C. left hung D. to leave hanging

5、Liu Xiang spoke slowly to the Special Olympic competitors so as to have them____.

A. understand him B. to be understood

C. be understood D. to understand him

6、—Are there any English story books for us students in the library?

—There are only a few, ____.

A. if any B. if have C. if some D. if has

7、Francis, ____born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in Missouri.

A. was B. he was C. although D. but

8、—Does Betty know where her violin is?

—She saw somebody walking off with one, but she doesn't know____.

A. whose B. it C. whom D. which

9、—Aren't you the manager?

—No, and I ____.

A. don't want B. don't want to C. don't want to be D. don't

10、—How are you getting on with your work?

—Oh, I'm sorry. Things aren't going so well as____.

A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan

11、—What's the matter with you?

—I didn't pass the test, but I still____.

A. hope so B. hope to C. hope it D. hope that

12、The doctor did what he could ___ the boy, but in vain.

A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved

13、—You look happy today, Mary.

—I like my new dress and Mother ___, too.

A. likes B. does C. is D. do

14、—What happened to the boy? He was making so much noise.

—He wanted to play football, but his mother warned him ____.

A. not B. to C. not to D./

15、____ for your brother, I would not have gone to see Mr. Wang.

A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not

参考答案：1-5 DCABA 6-10 ACACC 11-15 BBBCC

that与which的用法区别

两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：

1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：

The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。

The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。

2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：

She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。

The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。

This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天

早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。

注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：

He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。

He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。

3. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：

All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是训练。

Have you everything that you need? 你需要的东西都有了吗?

The sleeping man’s subconscious mind retained everything that was said around him. 这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话。

She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。

4. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。

Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。

5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：

This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。

6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：

China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。

7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

8. 当要避免重复时：

Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？

that与who的用法区别

1. 两者均可指人，有时可互换（包括当先行词为 all, anyone, someone等，同时也包括先行词受the only等的修饰时）：

All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。

He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。

Anyone who [that] is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。

It is impolite to turn your back on someone who [that] is speaking to you. 人家跟你说话，你把背朝人是不礼貌的。

2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：

①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：

I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。

②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：

Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？

③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：

Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。

3. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 who：(www.yygrammar.com)

当先行词为 those 且指人时，英语习惯上要用 who 来引导定语从句。如：

Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。

Those who couldn’t walk were carried on stretchers. 那些不能走的人都用担架抬着。

It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. 只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。

The plan was supported by those who wished to listen to more good English. 这计划受到想多听好英语的人的支持。

Let us spend a few moments in silence so that / in order that we remember those who died to preserve our freedom. 让我们默哀片刻，以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们。

注：偶尔也可见到在 who 之后用 that 引导定语从句的用例，但相当少见。如：

The danger is that people who pay their bills on time will be lumped in with those that don’t. 危险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。（摘自《朗文当代英语辞典》2003年第4版）

关系代词who与whom的用法区别

两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who 为主格，whom为宾格：

Where’s the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里？

The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。

但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之：

The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。

不过，在以下几种情况值得注意：

1. 直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用 whom，而且不能省略：

She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。

2. 引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 为佳，此时也不能省略：

This is Jack, who [whom] you haven’t met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。

关系代词as与which的用法区别

as 和which的相同点

(1) as 和which都可引导非限制性定语从句，放在主句之后；在非限制性定语从句中充当从句的主语、宾语或表语。如：

Tom has found a good job, as / which we all hope. 汤姆找到了一件好工作，这正是我们大家所希望的。

(2) as 和which都可代表整个句子的内容或主句中的某一成分。如：

His mother is ill, which makes him very sad. 他母亲病了，这件事情使他很难过。

He has made great progress, as / which makes us very happy. 他进步了，这使得我们很高兴。

以上两句中的as / which都指前面整个句子的内容。

Though he has lots of money, he still rides his old bike, which was boug

ht ten years ago. 尽管他很有钱，但是他还骑着他的旧单车，这单车是十年前买的。

There you can meet many writers as you have ever read in books. 在那里，你可见到你在书中所读过的很多作家。

as与which的区别

(1) 当先行词前面有so + adj. + a / such + (a) + adj. , the same等词修饰时，引导词只能用as，而不用which。如：

She is so nice a girl as we all like. 她是个我们大家都喜欢的如此好的女孩。

It is such an interesting book as we all want to read. 它是本我们大家都想读的有趣的书。

上面两句中的as就不能用which替换。

(2) as 在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。如：

As you expected, he turned up on time. 正如你所愿，他按时到了。

As is said above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所说，他征服了困难。

(3) 当非限制性定语从句放到主句的前面时，引导词只能用as，而不用which。如：

As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们再把店前到达了那儿。

(4) As引导的非限制性定语从句指表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示一种消极的意义，则只用which。如：

He has succeeded in his career, as / which we all hope. 他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希望的。

Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。

(5) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用which, 而不可用 as。如：

He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand yuan. 他有一台新电脑，这台电脑花了他将近一万元。

(6) 当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构(如：宾+补；不定式短语；动词-ing形式短语等) 时，一般只能用which, 而不用 as。如：

She told us that there was something wrong with her bike, which was true。她告诉我们说她的单车出了毛病，这话是真的。

He asked her to help him with his English, which she did. 他请她教他学英语，她的确帮了。

(7) 关系代词仅代表主句中的谓语部分时，从句中谓语部分被省略而只保留情态动词的否定式或助动词否定式，引导词一般只用which, 而不用as。如：

He speaks English very fluently, which I can’t. 他的英语说得非常流利，这我可不行。

(8) 关系代词作定语修饰后面的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：

He suggested going swimming in the river, which idea we agreed with. 他提议去河里游泳，我们就同意了他的想法。

(9) 当关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：

He sent me a beautiful present, which I valued very much. 他给寄来了一件精美的礼物，我对它非常珍视。

(10) as 在非限制性定语从句中，还常跟such连用。如：

There was a look of love in the teacher’s eyes, such as mothers have for their children. 老师眼里流露出对他喜爱的神情，就好像母亲对孩子的喜爱。

(11) as常用于一些固定结构中。如：

as is well known / as we all know 众所周知； as is said above 正如上面所说；

as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样； as is reported 如报道所说；

as has been pointed 如所指出的那样； as is expected 正如所料。

这道题中的as是关系代词

有这样一道题，考查的是such…that还是such…as呢？

Mr Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all respect.

A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as

【分析】此题容易误选A，一方面是因为 such … that … 是同学们很熟悉的一个句式，一看就可能选中了；另一方面，将 such … that … 的意思“如此……以致……”代入句中，也完全通顺，即“史密斯先生是一位如此优秀的教师，以致我们大家都尊敬他”。从表面上看，以上分析很有道理，但其实错了。因为在such … that … (如此……以致……)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的 respect 显然缺少宾语(注意：respect 是及物动词)。正确的答案应是B，as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 teacher，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 respect 的宾语，句意为“史密斯先生是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师”。有的同学们可能还会问，能否选A答案，而将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？(事实上 that 经常用于引导定语从句!) 不能。因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。

顺便说一句，假若在原句的 respect 后加上 him 一词，则应选A，即He is such

a good teacher that we all respect him (他是如此好的一位老师，我们大家都尊敬他)。

是around which还是around where

有这样一道题，答案是 around which 还是 around where，或是……？

A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”

A. that B. which

C. where D. what

【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。

【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？

是that is why还是which is why

请看这样一道题：

He is always really rude, _________ is why people tend to avoid him.

A. that B. it C. this D. which

【分析】此题容易误选 A，因为 that’s why…是一个常用结构，同学们极易受此影响而选错，当然若此句的空格前有连词 and 或其前的逗号改为分号，则完全可选that（分别构成并列句或两个独立的简单句）。此题的最佳答案是 D，句子后半部为一个非限制性定语从句，which 指 He is always really rude. 另外请比较以下两题（注意连词的有无）：

(1) He had a lot of friends, none of _________ could lend him any money. （选A）

(2) He had a lot of friends, but none of _________ could lend him any money. （选B）

A. whom B. them C. which D. who

是none of them还是none of which

是 none of them 还是 none of whichnone of which? 是考查定语从句还是考查……？请看仔细了！

He wrote a lot of novels, none of _________ translated into a foreign language.

A. them B. which C. it D. what

同学们看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but，其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated 不是谓语，而是一个非谓语动词（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选 B(which)，构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受定势思维的影响。又如：

(1) I met several people there, two of _________ were foreigners. （选A）

(2) I met several people there, two of _________ being foreigners. （选B）

A. whom B. them C. who D. which

补充例句：

We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。

She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular. 她写过许多书，但没有一本是受欢迎的。

这道题是考查定语从句吗？

By the window sits his wife, who, dressed in black, _________ like my aun

t.

A. look B. looking C. looked D. looks

【分析】答案选D，但B和C可能被误选。此句的基本结构是 His wife sits by the window，由于句子主语 his wife 带有自己较复杂的修饰语，所以采用了倒装语序(By the window sits his wife…)。另一方面，由于 his wife 后接的定语从句 who looks like my aunt中插入了一个过去分词短语(dressed in black)，所以有的同学没有意识到 looks 是定语从句的谓语，而考虑到选 looked 与前面的过去分词 dressed 保持一致。

考查定语从句吗？该选in which case吗？

有这样一道题，想想看，是用in which case还是in either case，还是in this case?

You can get there by plane or by boat, but in _________ case it’s very expensive.

A. which B. this C. any D. either

【分析】此题应选D，其余三项均有可能误选。首先不能选A，因为句中有并列连词 but，这说明它是一个并列句，而in which case是用于引导一个定语从句；B也不能选择，因为 this 也是表示“确定”含义的，它与前面的 by plane or by boat 这种不确定性也不相符；选项C也不行，因为 any 是表示三者或三者以上的情形的，而 by plane or by boat 只有两种选择。答案选D，either 表示“两者中任意之一”。

请再看几个例子：

He may be busy, in which case I’ll call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。

I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。

My father may have to go into hospital, in which case he won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。

Sometimes feta is very salty, in which case no salt needs to be added. 有时，羊奶干酪很咸。如果这样的话，就不必加盐了。

She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。

比较：

He may be busy, and in this case I’ll call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。

I may have to work late, and in this case l’ll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。

My father may have to go into hospital, and in this case won’t be goin

g on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。

Sometimes feta is very salty, and in this case no salt needs to be added. 有时，羊奶干酪很咸。如果这样的话，就不必加盐了。

She may be late, and in this case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。

whose, of whom与of which

1. 关系代词 whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；of whom 只能指人；of which 只能指物，有时 whose 可以与 of whom 和 of which 互换使用。如：

The girl whose hair is golden is from England. 头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。

The house whose doors are green is an office building. 门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。

2. “介词 + whose +名词” 引导定语从句。如：

I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 我爱我的祖国，为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。

3. 在下列情况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。

(1) 定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。

In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know. 房间里有很多人，很多人我不认识。

He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. 他有很多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。(from www.yygrammar.com)

(2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。

(3) 定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. 我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。

He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. 去年他栽了两棵树，这两棵树都长得好。

(4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. 它有三兄弟，李蕾是他们中最小的一个。

There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 亚洲有很多国家，中国是最大的一个。

表示部分与整体of which/whom

在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用…of which/whom或者of which/whom…都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等。

Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. 我校有80个教师，其中50个是女的。

He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 他有许多书，其中大部分是英语书。

注意：这里的of which不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的of which不同：

The room the door of which (=whose door) is blue belongs to me. 门是蓝色的那间房是我的。

“介词+关系代词”的用法

一、用法说明

介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物。如：

Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour. 瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。

Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dong’s birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim. 上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会，在会上我会到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。

She came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein. 她进入了房间，房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。

二、注意事项

(1) 有时，前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面，此时whom可用who, that代替；which可以用that代替。而且who, whom, which, that都可省略。如：

The man with whom you talked just now is our manager. —The man who you talked with just now is our manager. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。

He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him. —He handed me a pen, which I wrote down my address with for him. 他递给我一支钢笔，我就用那支钢笔给他写下了我的地址。

(2) 当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时，介词+ which一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语，于是介词+ which可以分别用when, where, why代替。但若介词+ which不是作时间、地点、原因状语，则不能用when, where, why代替。如：

Last week, I visited Shanghai, in which I have made several friends. —Last week, I visited Shanghai, where I have made several friends. 上周我参观了上海，在那儿我叫上几个朋友。

I will remember the day forever on which I won the first place in the contest. —I will remember the day forever when I won the first place in the contest. 我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天。

三、介词的选用

介词+关系代词引导定语从句时，介词往往受上下文的约束，究竟使用哪个介词时得从下面几方面来进行考虑。

(1) 从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。如：

In front of my house, there is a tree, in which some birds are singing. 我的房子前有一棵树，鸟儿正在树上唱歌。(在树上一般用介词in)

(2) 从定语从句中的动词、形容词对介词的习惯要求出发。如：(from www.yygrammar.com)

The computer for which I paid 5,000yuan is made in Shenzhen. 我花了五

千元所买的这台电脑使深圳造的。( pay 与for搭配)

(3) 从先行词、定语从句中的动词或形容词两方面同时考虑出发。如：

Do you know the girl with whom the man talked just now? 你认识跟那个男谈话的女孩吗？(talk 究竟接to, with还是接about, 这该由动词及现行词一起决定)

(4) 复合介词+关系代词。如：

Go down this road, at the end of which you can see a high building and it is our office building. 沿着条路走，在路的尽头你会看到一座高大的建筑，那就是我们的办公大楼。

(5) 名词+介词+ 关系代词。如：

He has three children, one of whose children is studying abroad now. 他又三个小孩，其中一个在国外读书。

注意：当定语从句的动词与介词是不可分割的固定搭配时，介词不能放到关系代词之前。如：

She has a little daughter, who is looked after by her grandma. 就不能写成：She has a little daughter, after whom is looked by her grandma. 因为，look after 是不可分开的固定短语。

定语从句关系词的用法与选择

■关系词的用法

关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等，其中who和whom 只用于指人，which和as 只用于指事物，whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when, where 和why，其中when表示时间，where表地点，why表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语：

A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物，在从句中用作主语)

I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物，在从句中句作宾语)

The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人，在从句中作主语)

The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物，在从句中作定语)

There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人，在从句中作定语)

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人，在从句作表语)

■关系词的选择

选择关系词可考虑以下四点：

(1) 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等)。

(2) 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why)。

(3) 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。

(4) 四看文体，即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体，是书面语体还是口语体

备考定语从句的七个错点

一、混淆定语从句与并列句

请看下面两题：

(1) He has two children, and both of _____ are abroad.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who

(2) He has two children, both of _____ are abroad.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who

【分析】第(1)题选A，第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第(2)题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。

二、混淆定语从句与表语(从句)

请看下面的试题：

(1) Your coat is still _____ you left it.

A. where B. there C. there where D. the place where

【分析】答案选A，where引导的是表语从句(=在…的地方)，而不是定语从句。

(2) Is this school _____ your father worked in ten years ago?

A. where B. what C. that D. the one

【分析】答案选D，this school为句子主语，the one 为表语，your father worked in…为定语从句。不要误认为this是句子主语，否则school前应加冠词the。比较：

Is this the school _____ your father worked in ten years ago?

A. where B. what C. that D. the one (选C)

Is this the school _____ your father worked ten years ago?

A. where B. what C. that D. the one (选A)

三、混淆定语从句与状语从句

请看下面的试题：

(1) I went upstairs ______I heard some crying.

A. where B. when C. that D. which

【分析】答案是B而不是A，when的意思是“当…的时候”，引导的是时间状语从句。(upstairs为副词，不宜用作先行词)

(2) He is _____ a clever boy _____ we all like.

A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as

【分析】答案应选B，而不是A。such … that …(如此…以致…)用于引导结果状语从句，其中的that不充当句子成分，而such…as…中的as为关系代词，用以引导定语从句并在定语从句充当句子成分。上句中第二空之所以选as，是因为它用作动词like宾语。

四、误加与关系代词同义的人称代词

误：He is a man everyone respects him.

正：He is a man everyone respects. 他是一个人人都敬重的人。

五、混淆关系代词与关系副词

有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：

This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)

This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语)

The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)

The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)

六、因逗号误判which

有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是

定语从句：

(1) If a book is in English, _____ means slow progress for you.

A. as B. which C. what D. that

(2) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating. (D19/541)

A. as B. which C. what D. that

【分析】以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。

七、混淆which与whose

两者在定语从句中都可用作定语，区别是：whose 的意思相当于 one’s，而 which 的意思则相当于 that 或 this。比较：

(1) This is Mary, whose [= and her] father we met last week.

(2) Call again at 11, by which time [= and by that time] the meeting should be over.

省略关系词的几种情形

关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系

词则不可省略。归纳起来，关系词（关系代词和关系副词）的省略有以下七种情形：

1. 关系代词作宾语时的省略

当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：

Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?

Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?

2. 关系代词作表语时的省略

当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如：

China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)

3. 关系副词when的省略

用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：

That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。

I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。

4. 关系副词where的省略

用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：

This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。

Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？

5. 关系副词why的省略

关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：

That’s the reason (why, for whih, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。