第21讲 -ING分词
本书所讲的-ing分词（-ING Participle）包括传统语法所指的“现在分词”（Present Participle）和“动名词”（Gerund）。本讲主要介绍-ing分词与动词的搭配关系。为了更好的说明问题，有必要以不定式的相应用法作比较说明。
21.1 -ing分词与动词的搭配关系
本书介绍“动词+-ing分词”以及“动词+宾语+介词+-ing分词”这两种搭配关系。 1）能带-ing分词而不能带不定式的动词
英语中有一些动词能带-ing分词结构而不能带不定式结构作宾语。这类动词常见的有admit，acknowledge，anticipate，advocate，appreciate，Avoid，can’t help，can’t stand，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest，dislike，don’t mind，ensure，enjoy，escape，excuse，evade，facilitate，fancy，favour，finish，give up，imagine，include，keep（on），mind，miss，pardon，postpone，practise，put off，resent，report，risk，stop，suggest等。例如：
I can not resist bargaining. Carlos just missed being caught. Please pardon my disturbing you.
We appreciate your inviting us to your party.
I hope you did not contemplate coming with us on this trip. She said she had always detested seeing a bullfight.
They denied giving any further information to help the police.
I hope that by posting the final xix pages now at mid-day I shall ensure your receiving them before the weekend proper.
关于-ing分词的逻辑主语（Logical Subject），有三种情况：一种情况是，在特定的语境中，-ing
分词的逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的，因而无需表示出来。例如：
Father suggested going by bus.
谁乘公共汽车去，有多少人去，去的人中是否包括父亲在内，这在特定的场合听话人是不会误解的。第二种情况是，-ing分词的逻辑主语已在句中其他地方出现，因而也无需表示出来。例如：.
Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow？
显然，这里-ing分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语you。第三种情况是，-ing分词本身带有自己的主语，因而必须表示出来。这主要见于-ing分词的主语没有在句中其他地方出现过，如果不表现出来，往往回产生歧义。例如：
She insisted on me going.
在这一例中，going的主语是me，如果略去了me，那就成了“她坚持要去”，而不是“她坚持要我去”了。
-ing分词的逻辑主语既能采用名词通格和名词属格形式，也能采用代词宾格和物主限定词形式。例如：
John
I don’t mind John’s buying another one。 him his
在口语中倾向于用名词通格和代词宾格。
以上所列acknowledge，admit，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，deny，fancy，imagine，suggest，report以及mean（entail），mention，propose，recall，recollect，understand等动词，既能直接带-ing分词结构也能直接带that-分句。例如：
The watchman reported finding the door open。
The watchman reported that he had found the door open。
He anticipated getting much pleasure from the reading of that book。
He anticipated that he would get much pleasure from the reading of that book。 2）动词+宾语+介词+- ing分词
有一些动词不能直接带-ing分词，而必须在动词之后加宾语再加介词，着才能带-ing分词。在这里，常见的介词是into和from。例如“动词+宾语+into+-ing分词”：
He tricked her into marrying him by pretending that he was rich。 Don’t let his friendly words mislead you into trusting him。 I shamed him into returning the stolen money。
Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself。 Bob talked us into walking home with him。 She trapped him into admitting that he like her。
能用于这类结构的动词还有beguile，blackmail，cajole，coerce，deceive，fool等。又例如“动词+宾语+from+-ing分词”：
Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition. There was nothing to prevent her from doing so. What kept you from joining me ？ Don’t let me hinder you from going.
He could hardly restrain himself from shouting aloud. A sailor saved him from drowning.
这类结构中的动词的基本含义是“使……不”。有时介词from也可略而不用。例如： We must prevent the trouble（from）spreading. The rain prevented me（from）coming.
I must stop you （from）destroying yourself. We cant stop it（from）happening here.
以上是主动态而言。如果是被动态，则介词不可省略。例如可以说： It can’t be stopped from happening here. 却不可以说：
It can’t be stopped happening here.
以此类推，下面例句中的斜体部分也可归入上述结构处理： I do thank you most warmly for doing the job for us. The Head has congratulated John on coming out top. The police have accused Jim of exceeding the speed limit. 21.2 既能直接带不定式有能直接带-ing分词
有些动词既能直接带不定式有能直接带-ing分词作宾语，有的意义无甚区别，有的意义不同。以下分别介绍这两种情况。
1）能带不定式和-ing分词而意义无甚区别的动词
在attempt，begin，cant bear，continue，deserve，dread，hate，intend，like，loathe，love，need，neglect，omit，plan，prefer，require，start等动词后面既能直接带不定式也能直接带-ing分词，基本意义无甚区别，但也有一些用法不尽相同的地方，说明如下：
a）在begin，cant bear，cease，continue，dread，like，love，neglect，omit，prefer，propose，start等动词之后，如表示一般的行为，用-ing分词居多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则用不定式较多。比较：
I can’t bear living alone.
I can’t bear to see the child treated stupidly. I dread falling ill.
I dread to think of it.
He neglected checking the list of orders.
Mrs. Jones often neglected to answer the letter right away. Pill prefers doing it his way.
He prefers to go by train this evening. I don’t like watching television. I’d like to swim today.
b）在need，want，require，deserve等动词之后，可用-ing分词的主动形式表示被动意义，这相当于用不定式的被动态。例如：
This letter needs signing by the manager. This letter needs to be signed by the manager. Your car urgently required seeing to. Your car urgently required to be seen to. The house wants rewiring. The house wants to be rewired. That boy deserves looking after. That boy deserves to be looked after.
c）在begin，start之后虽然既能跟不定式也能跟 –ing分词，但若跟的是静态动词，便只能用不定式。例如：
We began to see what he meant. She began to believe his story.
在begin，start已用于进行体时，其后的动词也用不定式形式：
t’s beginning to rain.
I’m starting to work on my essay next week. 2）能带不定式和-ing分词而意义不同的动词
在forget，go on，leave off，mean，regret，remember，stop等动词后面既能带不定式也能带-ing分词，但意义不同。这类动词又可以分为以下五小类，说明如下：
a）在remember，forget之后，用-ing分词表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”之前，用不定式则表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”之后。试比较：
Cant you remember telling me the story last night？ You told me the story last night. Cannot you remember it？ You must remember to tell him all that. You must tell him all that。Don’t forget it. I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall.
I saw the Great Wall，and I shall never forget the experience. I was so busy that I forgot to see the Great Wall.
I was so busy that it didn’t come to my mind that I should see the Great Wall. Regret也属于这一类。试比较： I regret telling you that John stole it. I regret that I told you …
I regret to tell you that John stole it. I am sorry to tell you…
不过，上述第一句也可以理解为I regret that I am now telling you…
b）在stop，leave off，go on等动词之后，通常用-ing分词结构作宾语；若用不定式结构，便
不是宾语而是目的状语，相当于in order to. 比较：
They stopped watching TV at 9：30. = At 9：30 they did not watch TV any more. They stopped to watch TV at 9：30. = They paused at 9：30 in order to watch TV. He left off writing the book. = He stopped writing the book.
He left off to writing the book. = He left some place in order to write the book. She went on reading. = She continued to read without interruption.
Father said Mother had gone to hospital，and went on to say that Grandmother was coming to take care of us. =…and he added that Grandmother was coming to take care of us.
c）在try，mean，cant help等动词之后，用-ing分词结构还是用不定式结构，取决于这些动词本身的不同含义。例如：
Your plan would mean spending hours.（mean作“意味着”解） I didn’t mean to make you angry。（mean作“打算”解）
If you want to improve the taste，try adding some sugar.（try作“试着、试用”） d）在agree，decide等动词之后，可直接带不定式，但若带-ing分词，则须在-ing分词之前添加介词。试比较：
They agreed to share the remuneration（报酬）. on sharing
In the end she decided to buy a new car. on buying
e）在encourage，permit，allow，recommend，advise，authorise等动词之后，一般用-ing分词结构作宾语。但也可用带有自己逻辑主语的不定式结构。试比较：
They encouraged learning English by radio and television. They encouraged me to learn English by radio and television.
She doesn’t allow talking here. She doesn’t allow us to talk here.
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