直接引语变间接引语

直接引语和间接引语

引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式：一种是直接引用别人的原话把它放在引号内，这叫直接引语（Direct speech），如He said:\" It is too late.\"；另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话，这叫间接引语（Indirect speech）。间接引语相当于一个宾语从句，如，He said it was too late.

1.时态变化

1）当主句为现在时态时，直接引语变间接引语，时态不变化；

主句时态(引号外句子)是：

①.一般现在时。如：

He says, “I have finished my homework.”

→He says that he has finished his homework.

②.一般将来时。如：

She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.”

→She will say that she'll do it the next day.

2）当主句为过去时态时，直接引语变间接引语，时态要发生变化。

①.一般现在时变一般过去时：

The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.”

→The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.

②.一般过去时变过去完成时：

He said to me, “I met your father.”

→He told me that he had met my father.

③.一般将来时变过去将来时：

She said, “He will go to see his friend.”

→She said he would go to see his friend. ④.现在完成时变过去完成时：

She said. “I have lost a pen.”

→She said that she had lost a pen

⑤.现在进行时变过去进行时：

She said to me, “I’m studying Japanese these days.”

→She told me that she was studying Japanese those days.

3）当主句是过去时态时，时态也有不需要变化的情况。

直接引语中是：

①.客观真理：

“The earth goes around the sun.” said the teacher.

→The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.

②.有具体的过去年月日：

Xiao Wang said. “I was born on April 21, 1980.”

→Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980. ③.过去完成时：

She said, “They had left when I arrived there.”

→She said they had left when she arrived there.

④.过去进行时：

Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”

→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.

⑤.情态动词没有过去时的形式（ought to, had better, used to)或已经是过去时的形式时 (could, should, would, might)：

Peter said. “You had better come have today.”

→Peter said I had better go there that day. He said, “I could swim when I was only six.”

→He said that he could swim when he was only six.

⑥.一般现在时(表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作)：

He said, “I get up at six every morning.”

→He said he gets up at six every morning. ⑦.一般现在时(表示所述事实在当时和目前同样生效)：

He said, “I’m a boy, not a girl.”

→He said that he is a boy, not a girl.

2.人称变化(一般遵循这句顺口溜 “一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”)

1). “一随主”是指引号内的主语人称是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，变间接引

语时，人称要变成引号外的主语人称。如：

①.They said, “We will go there by bus.”

→They said they would go there by bus.

②.She said “My sister wants to go with me.”

→She said (that) her sister wanted to go with her.

2). “二随宾”是指引号内的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，变间接引语时，人称要变成引号外的宾语人称。如果引号外没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。如：

①.She said to me, “Are you interested in science?”

→She asked me if I was interested in science. ②.He said to Kate. \"How is your sister now?\" →He asked Kate how her sister was then.

③.She said, “Your pronunciation is better than his.”

→She told me that my pronunciation was better than his.

3). “第三人称不更新”是指引号内的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修

饰，变间接引语时，人称一般不需要变化。如：

①.His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.”

→His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.

②.Mr. Smith said, \"Jack’s brother is a good worker.\"

→Mr. Smith said Jack’s brother was a good worker.

3.指示代词变化

1).this --- that

He said, “I want this.” →He said that he wanted that.

2).these --- those

He said, \"These books are mine.\" →He said that those books were his.

4.时间状语变化

1).now --- then

He said, “I am very busy now.”

→He said he was very busy then. 2).today --- that day

Kitty said “I’ll call again after supper today.”

→Kitty said she would call again after supper that day.

3).tonight --- that night

She said, “I will come here again tonight.”

→She said she would go there again that night. 4).this week (month, etc) --- that week (month, etc)

“I will take the dictionary home with me this week,” he said.

→He said that he would take the dictionary home with him that week.

5).yesterday --- the day before

He said, “I bought a bike yesterday.”

→He said that he had bought a bike the day before.

6).yesterday morning --- the morning before

He said, “I arrived yesterday morning.”

→He said he had arrived the morning before.

7).the day before yesterday --- two days before

He said, “I saw a film the day before yesterday.”

→He said that he had seen a film two days before. 8).last week (month, etc) --- the week (month, etc) before

She said, “He left for Shanghai last week.”

→She said that he had left for Shanghai the week before.

9).tomorrow --- the next (following) day

She said, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She said that she would do it the next day.

10).tomorrow morning --- the next (following) morning

She said, “My sister will be back tomorrow morning.”

→She said that her sister would be back the next morning. 11).the day after tomorrow --- in two days’ time

She said to me, “I will visit Shanghai the day after tomorrow.”

→She told me that she would visit Shanghai in two days’ time.

12).next week (month, etc) --- the next (following) week (month, etc)

He asked, “Where is she going next week?”

→He asked her where she was going the next week. 13).a/one year (two years) ago --- a/one year (two years) before

“What happened to her two years ago?” he asked.

→He asked (her) what had happened to her two years before.

5.地点状语变化

1).here --- there 如：

He said, “I’ll come here tonight.”→He said he would go there that night.

6.动词变化

1).bring --- take

He said, “I will bring the dictionary to you tonight.”

→He said that he would take the dictionary to me that night.

2).come --- go

Peter said. “You had better come here today.”

→Peter said I had better go there that day. 3).can --- could

Tom said, “I can swim across this river.”

→Tom said that he could swim that river.

4).may --- might

Mary said to Jim, “You may go home now.”

→Mary told Jim that he might go home then.

5).must --- had to (would have to) 如：

“You must stay in bed for a few days,”said the doctor.

→The doctor told me that I had to stay in bed for a few days.

△(如果转述发生在当天、当地的事，引语中的(come, here, today, this morning, yesterday, tomorrow)等不必改变：

Bob’s wife said, “Bob, you forgot your wallet this morning.”

→Bob’s wife told Bob that he forgot his wallet this morning.

7.句型变化

①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。

She said, \"Our bus will arrive in five minutes.“

→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由 whether或if引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述语序）。

He said, \"Can you swim, John? “→He asked John if he could swim.

“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”

→He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述语序）。

She asked me, \"When do they have their dinner?”

→ She asked me when they had their dinner. ④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“Tell (ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.”句型 。如：

\"Don't make any noise,\" the teacher said to the students.

→She told (ordered) the students not to make any noise.

“Open the door, please,\" said she.

→She asked him to open the door.

⑤直接引语如果是以“Let's”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）”如：

He said, \"Let's go to the movies.\"

→He suggested going to the movies.

或He suggested that they should go to see the movies.

随堂练习

1. “I never eat meat.” he said.

He said that ______ never _____ _ meat.

2. “I’ve found my wallet.” he said to me.

He____ me that he _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ wallet.

3. “I took it home with me.” she said.

She said that _____ _ ____ __ ______ it home with her.

4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down

in the west.”

The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down

in the west.

5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.

He _____ _ me that he _____ _ met the day ______ .

6. “You must come here before five.” he said.

He said that I ______ to go _____ _ before five.

7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.

He said that he _______ bought the house 10 years _______ .

8. “Did you see her last week?” he said.

He ______ ______ I had seen her the week _______ .

9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”

He ______ Jim that he ______ sit there

10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”

He asked her mother ______ ______ ______ found it.

11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.

He asked me ______ _ ______ _ _______ been _______ days.

12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.

He asked ______ ______ knew where she ______ .

13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.

He ___ the children ______ ______ making so much noise.

14. “Don’t tell him the news.” she said.

She told me _______ _______ him the news.

15. “Are you interested in this?” he said.

He ______ ______ I was interested in ______ .

课后作业

1．He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”

2．She said: “He will be busy.”

3．She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”

4．She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”

5．The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”

6．The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”

7．The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”

8．The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”

9．My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”

10．The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”

11．He said, “We are still students.’

12．He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”

13．The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”

14．He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”

15．She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.

16．Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”

17．He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.

18．She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”

19．I said to him, “I have finished it.”

20．She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”

21．“Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.

22．“I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.

23．“Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.

24．“Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.

25．“What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.