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非英语专业大学生英语学习动机研究

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山东大学硕士学位论文

非英语专业大学生英语学习动机研究

姓名:陈磊申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言文学指导教师:生文20040305

山东大学硕士学位论文摘要在外语界,动机被认为是影响学习者语言学习的关键性因素。研究表明,具有强烈学习动机的学生总是能取得学习上较大的成功。然而,到底什么是动机?有哪些因素影响学习者的学习动机?这些因素是怎样影响动机的?带着这些问题,笔者查阅了有关文献。结果发现:不同的研究者对动机有不同的观点。有的认为动机是一种内驱力或需求,它驱使人们去做能完成这种愿望或需求的事情;有的认为动机是与学习第二语言的目标有关的学习者的倾向;有的认为动机和学习者对外语学习的态度、努力程度,学习者的信心、焦虑感、注・意力以及教师的反馈有关。动机可以分为工具型和融入型、内在和外在动机及成效性动机等。总的来说,行为主义、人文主义、认知主义和社会学习理论分别从不同的角度解释了“什么是动机”。学习者的动机水平受多种因素的影响,其中包括社会文化因素、课堂环境因素以及学习者内部因素。其中最重要的是学习者内部因素,相关的理论包括目标树立理论、自我效能理论和自我价值理论。j,必)一、在我国,英语技认为是最重要的外语,因此它被列为学校的必修课。学生们为了通过高考及大学四、六级等重要考试而不得不努力学习英语。在压力面前,一些学生变压力为动力,取得了较好的英语成绩。然而,也有一些学生只是由于别无选择才学习英语,这就导致他们逐渐失去对英语的兴趣。在大学英语教学中,大多数教师都面临着同样的问题:班级由于学校扩招而变得越来越大,学生的情况越来越复杂,他们英语学习上的差距也越来越大。在这种情况下,教师需要想出有效的办法来激发学生的学习动机。我们教师怎样才能做到这一点呢?带着这个问题,笔者进行了本次调查,目的是探索动机因素之间的关系以及他们对英语学习的影响,了解男女生之间以及来自城市与来自农村的学生之间的动机差异。本研究对山东建筑工程学院的241名非英语专业二年级大学生进行了问卷调查,收集到的数据通过社会科学数据统计软件包(11.5)进行了相关分析和平均数比较分析。以下是分析后得出的结论:(1)在中国目前状况下,融入型和工具型动机都很重要;(2)课堂焦虑感分别与动机强度以及学习者对英语学习的态度呈负相关;(3)学习者对英美国家人及对英语学习的态度影响他们的英语学习:(4)兴趣在学习者的英语学习中起重要作用;(S)父母的鼓励影响学习者的山东大学硕士学位论文兴趣、动机强度及英语成绩:(6)来自城市的学生比来自农村的学生获得更多父母的鼓励,并且前者的课堂焦虑感也少于后者;(7)与男生相比,女生对英语更感兴趣,她们的学习动机也更强烈。在研究的基础上,本文提出了一些对学生、家长,尤其是对英语教师有益的启示。建议包括:创建良好的学习环境、采取有效措施培养学生的内部及外部动机,改变学生的归因倾向,提高学生的自我效能感,培养学生的融入型动机等等。总而言之,研究动机对外语教师来说是非常有用的。只有了解了哪些动机因素影响学生的英语学习和弄清楚学生之『白J的差异,教师才能有效地激发学生的学习动机,不断提高教学效果。关键词:英语学习动机理论英语教学山东大学硕士学位论文ABSTRACTMotiVationisconsideredasaVital土'actorinfluencingleamers’languageleaminginthefieldofSLA.ResearchesreVe砒thathigllly-motiVatedsnldentsalwaysacMeVegreatersuccess.Ho、veveLwhatismotiVation?Whatfktorsinnucnceleamers’moti、ration?H0wdo也esefhctorsinnuencemotivation?Witll山esequestions,Iconductedmeliteral眦ereViewresearchershavedi丘色rentviewsonlnndthatdi丘’erentasanmotivation.Motivationhasbeendefinedaninnerstateofneedneedorordesiret11atactiVatesindiVidualtodosomethjngthatwillasatis母thatdesire,astheleamer‘sorientationregardingthegoalofleamingasasecondlanguage,orcomplexconstnlctrelatedto1e啪ers’amtudetowardsthetargetla|19uage.theextentofle锄ers’effbrt,canle锄erslconfldence,anxietyaIldattenlion.andteachers’fbedback.Motivationbeclassifiedintoinstrllmentalandinte酽ativemotivation,in晡nsicandextrillsicmotiVation.achieVementmotiVation,etcGenerallv.thebehaVioml,humaniStic,cognitiVeaIldsocialleamingtheoriesfor“whatismotivation”f}0mdin爸rentperspectiVes.accountLeamers’motiVationisin主1uencedbymanyfactorsincludingsocioculturalfactorS,classmomenVironmentf矗ctorsandintemalfactorS.Whereintemalfactorsareconcemed.somewell—kno、vnrelatedtheoriesincludinggoalseningtheory,self-e伍cacytheoryandtheoryareself-啪nhdiscussed.aInChina.Englishisconsideredmemostimportantforeignlanguage.Soitiscompulsorycourseinsc}l001tStudentsaSarerequiredtoworkhardatitinordertopassthecmcialex锄s,suchcollegeen廿{mceex锄ination.CET・4,CET-6,etc.FacingthestressforpassingHowever,thereareex锄s,somestudentschangethesn_essintomemotiVeforstudynoalsosomestudentswholeamEnglishonlybecausemeyhaVeotherchoice,whichresultSintheirgraduallackofimerestinit.IncOllegeEnglishteachin&mostteachersfkeacommonproblem:theclassisbecominglargerandIargeLandthedisparityinstudents’EnglishleamingislargerandIa唱er.Under山esecircmstances,teachersneedtoworkoutefkctiVewaystoarousedleirmotiVation.山东大学硕士学位论文Howevcr,howcanweteacherSm锄getodo血is?WithtlIequestion,IcoIlductedtheonsurveyt0explore血erelationshipbetweenmotiVationalf如torsandtheirinfluencesEnglishleanling,t}lemotivationa王differencesbe“veenfbmaleandmalele啪ers,andt】1emot:iVation鲥di丘brencesbetween1eamersIbm111eci谚a|1d山osefbmthecounnyside.Thesubjectsofnlesurvey、vere24lsecolld—yearnon-Englishm旬orsinaShaIldongInstituteofArchitecturcandEngineering.Eachofthem、^懈givenTestquestionna曲,whichisanadap刚fbfnlof也eAttitude小【otivationBa瓶ⅨThecollecteddatawereprocessedbyandcomparingSPSS(11.5)and撇lyzedbyarecorrelationanalysismeans如alysis.Thefollo、Ⅳingaretlleresults:(1)botlli11tegrativemotiVatiOnandiIlsmⅡnentalmotivationimporcamtundermepreSentconditionofChina;(2)EnglishclaSs姐xietyhasanegativecorrelalion谢mmotivationalintensityand丽tllpositiveanitudestowardsleanlmgEnglish;(3)1eamers’attimdestowardsEngIish.speakingpeoplea11dtowardslean血塔English撼cttheirEnglishleaming:le帆ers’En誊ishacquisition:(4)intercstinEngliShp13ysanimportantpanin(5)parentalencoumgementafrectsleamers’interestinEnglish,t|leirmotivationaljntensityaIldEn91iShachieV锄em;(6)1ea订lersf如mmecityrcceiVemoreparemalencollragementaIld盯elessa11)ciousinEnglishclassthaIltllosefmmthecountryside;(7)fcm舶eJe踟ershaVes仃ongermotiValjDnfbrEng】jsh】e锄ingandarcmoreinterestcdinEnglishthanmaleleamers.On山ebasisofthesurvey’tllethesisprovidessomeuSe矗dimplicationsforstudents,parents,andespcciaIIyandmosHyforEngIishteachers。Thesuggestionsinclude:cfeatinggoodleamingenVironments,takjngme越ufest0deVelopstudems’intrinsicmotivationandex廿insicmotivation,reshapiIlg栅ems’am论mions,raisingtoresearchStudents’students’Selk塌cacy,fostcringsⅢents,illtegrativemoti删on,咖.Inshon’itisveryu地lfbrforei盟1锄g嗯geteachersle锄ingmotivation.OIlIya蛔knowiIlgWhatmotiVatiomlfktorsi础1uencestIldents’English耻llievement蛐dtheirmotivatio蒯di疵rencescanteacherse彘ctivelyarouses抛dents’moti咖onand证Iprovel量leirteachingeff&ts.EnglishKeywords:k删ngMotivationmoryEnglish鼬g原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律责任由本人承担。论文作者签名:二缝乙日期:趔色:。£:』关于学位论文使用授权的声明本人完全了解山东大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留或向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅;本人授权山东大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文和汇编本学位论文。(保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定)论文作者签名:二陋导师签名:驰日b、期:互盟生』』山东大学顶士学位论文AbbreviatiOnsCET・4:ConegeEnglish7restfornon・EnglishCET・6:coIkgeEnglishTeSt氨Mnon—EngIishm句ors,band4m萄ors.band6EFL:En酉ishasaforeignlanguageL2:secondlanguageSLA:secondlanguageacquisition山东大学硕士学位论文IntroductionMotivationhas10ngbeencollSideredVeryimportantinthefieldofSLA.nhast11feecomponents:an.tudestowardsleafning曲eforeignlallguage,desiretoIeamthelanguage,ande行0rtsmadetoleamthelanguage,anditsocioculturalfactors,classr00mcallbeinnuencedbyenvir0啪entfactorsandintemaltofactors.Highly・motivatedstudentsoftenachieVegreatersuccess.Soinorderenhancethetrmotivationteachersneedtoamusestudents’imerestmEnglish,encouragepositiVeanitudesto、vardsEnglishafldEnglish・spe撕ngpeople,setpropergoalsforle锄ingEn91ishandraisestudents’selfe历cacyD谢ngmyteachingofc01legeEnglish,Ifindsomestudems,especiallymaIlyboys,lackinitiativeinEnglishleaming.ManyotherEnglishteachershavethecomplaint.Thoughweknowtheweares锄eimpo咖ceofenh趾cingstudents’motiVation,yetreasonshortofefrectivemeasurestorealizeit.Themos“mponantmaybethatmanyteachershavenotenoughknowledgeaboutmotiVationtheory.InViewofthispoint,Iconducted山esurveywitllthepurposeofnndingsomeusemlimplicatjonsforourcollegeEn91.shteaching.Firstly,IreViewedtheearlypsychologicalViewsonmotivationtheory.Researchershaveappmachedmotivation丘DmdiVerseperspectiVes.IntegmtivemotiVationandinstrL吼entalmotiVationaredistinguishedtobetwom萄ortypesofmotivationinSLA.AndanotherpowerfuldimeⅡsionofmotiVationconstmctistheintrinsic—extrinsicTestcontinu岫.andSecondly,IconsultedGardner’swhichwasAnitude/MotivationBanerydesi鲷edt11equestionnairedistributedto241studems.ThecolIecteddatawereanalysisa11danalyzed咖田ughcorrelationcomp撕ngmeaIlsanalysis.Theexpectedconclusionsinclude:(1)ainstrurnentalmotivationisveryimport如tinroleinC11im;(2)intercStinEnglishplaysVitalEn鲥shIeaming;(3)parcntalencouragementishclpfulforle锄ers’languagelea兀ling;(4)leamers’attitudcsto、ⅣardsEnglish-spe出ngpeopleandtowardslearninga盯ectEnglisha触cttheirleanlingmotiVation;(5)anxi啊mayle锄ers’leanlingmotivation;(6)femalele锄ersllaveStrongermotiVationtllanmaleleamers.I山东大学硕士学位论文ThetllesiscoIlsistsoffollrchapters.ChaptermotiVation.ThischapteranemptsaonepreSentsthegeneraJstudiesofcomprehensiveanalysisofnlotivationwtlichincludesitsdefimtion,claSsificatioIl,fourgelle脚approachestoit,factorsinnueⅡcingit,a11dthe1imi诅tioIlsofmocivationstudies.Chaptcrtwooft}lesurveyincludillgdeals撕也也em酬hod。lo留andprocedure.in打oduction,objectives,subjects,instrI瑚entsChapterthreeiscenteredOn血e豫sultsanddiscussionOfmesuⅣey’whichiscomposedofiIl|1uencesof觚ilybackgroundonmotivation,motivationaldi丘色rencesbetweenmalea11dfemaleIeamerS,corrclationanalysisofmotivationaIEnglishv州ablesandachjeVement,gene嘣discussionandconclⅡsiomandimpIicationsforcoIlegeEnglishteaching.Chapterf|0urprovidessomeuse如lsuggestionsforeJlllancingstudents’motiValion。ItcOnsistsofcreating900dk枷ngenviro眦ents,takingfostering妞irintegratiVee丘’ectivemeasurestodeVelopstudents’in啊nsicandextrinsicmotiVation,reshapingstudems’a嘶butions,raisingmeirself-e镯cacyandmotivatio玎.2山东大学颤士学位论文ChapterILiteratumReviewMotivationis埘delyconsideredoneoftllemostimportantfktorsinmefieldofSLAaswellasinollrdailylife.Asforeignlangua呜eteacherS,whatweareeagcrtoknowishowtomOtivatesn埘entstoworkhardat山elaIlguagetlleyaretaught.Tblookforthe姐swert0thequestion,maIlyresearchesonmotiVationmSLAh“ebeendonerecently.IholdtheSarneiIItemion.Thisviewbe舀ns、vi也tlledefinitionofmotivation.髓dthendescribesnleclassificationofmotiv砒ion.Thefollowingisaboutthefour印proachestomotivationingeneralpsychology’AI避tllenmef她torsinnuenc血gmotiv砒ionareintroduced舶mtllreerespects.F叫ly'也elimi乜tionsofmotiva廿onsmdiesare锄alyzed.1.1WhatlsMotivation?Motivationis弛.m盯啦她ofneedordesirc也atactivatesaIlindividualtodosomethingmat嘶llsatis母(hatncedordesire.ItisapiVotalconceptinnlosttheoriesofleaming,Whichiscloselyrelatcdtoarousal,aneInioma11xie吼趿dfeedbac“re协forcemem.Di饪hentthe耐sts西vediffefentde硒i吐onsofmotiva:tion,whichrevealsthedimcultyofdefiningitinclearandsimpleterIIls.CrooksandSchmidt(1991)“nkitastheleamer’sorien伽onregardingthegoaJofle锄iIlgasecondlangl璃ge.Ⅵ,illi锄s卸dBurden(2000)als0giveapfoposeddefhlitionofmotiVation.Inmeiropinion,motivationmaybeconstrucd豁as诅钯ofco鲥tivc纽demodonalarollsal,w量lichleadstoaconsciOusdecisiontoact,andwhjchgivesriset0apedodofsustainedimellectual缸证/orphysicaleⅡbrtinordcrtoattaillap陀Viouslysetgoal(orgoals).111isdefillilionis鼯蚓嘶allyco嘶tive,butfits、Ⅳilhinasocialconstruct.vist疗锄1ewofk.AccordiIlgto也motiva垃onDccursasaresllltofacombinationofdi肺reminn鹏nc髓.Someoftll锄arem脚谢,蛐ch嬲趾证tereStintheacti、ri哆orawishtoguccecd.Othe岱a陀extemal,such∞me砌uenceofotll盯peopk.This3山东大学硕士学位论文imemal—ememaldistinctionisorlethathasplayedasignificantpaninnlanyc嗽ntmeoriesofmotivation.However,researchonmotiv甜oninSLAh髂beenheavilyinnuencedbyⅡ坨、WrkofGardner趾dllis鹤sociates.G盯dner(1985)definesmotivationasref音rringtoacombinationofe娲rtplusdesiretoachieve也egoalofle锄ingt11el趾guagepluSfhvorablea札.tudesto、vards1earlling廿lelaIlguage.Omerfactors,suchasattitudeto删sthelearningsituationandimeFativenesscaninnuenceⅡleseat衄butes.HesuggeStsmatmotivationisinnuencedbytwoorienta主iorlsto1aIlguageleamingwhichareimegra蛀veorientationandinS恤肌entalorientation.Q血nereta1.(1977)definetllemast.olIows:hltegrativere髂oIlsaredef址edastllOsethatindicateanimerestinle帆ing也elaIlguageinordertOmeetandcOmmllllicate谢thmI:mbcrsofmesecondlanguagecommmli研InstnlmemalreaSonsrefertomosereasons,诋chs仃essthepragmaticaspectsoflear】=lingmesecondlanguage,诮也outaIlypanicularmterestincommumcating衍m也esecondlaIlgllagecommllIl时(G£叫玳墨S“Iythe,&Brunct1977:244)Theyarguethat,altllou班oriemationandachiev锄entonJyindirectlyrclated,motivationandachievementaredirectlyrelatedjustbecausethee任bctsoflearners’oriemationaremediatedbytheirmotivation.Inthefollo、vingchapter’thetypesofmotivation诵IlbediscussedH恤chundoubtedlyinclude“integratiVemotiVation”aIld“jnstrumenta】motjvatjon”.1.2TheClassmcationofMotivationSincerc驴arche巧definemotivation舶mdi彘fentperSl)ectiVes,VariollshndsofmotivalionhavebeeIlidentified:inte耐ive,iIls讯髓ental,intriIlsic,ex仃insic,etc.1.2.1Inte伊ativeandIIlsmHnentalMotivation4山东夫学硕士学位论文Integrativemotivationisch眦cterizedbythelearller’spositiVeanitudestowards出elargetlangmgegroupandcomesimoplaywhen0nedesirestobecomeapartofacommunitytIlatusestheta唱etlaIlguageinsocialsitIlations.Itisthoughtthatstlldentswhoaremostsuccess血1whenlea玎lingatar。getlanguageare也osewholikethepeopletllatspeakmelang阻ge,admiretllecultureandhaveadesiretobecomefamiliar嘶moreveniIltegrateintomesocie哆inwhicht11elanguageisused(Falk1978).TmsfomofmotiVationisknownasintegrativemotivation.Whensomeonebecomesaresidentinanewcommunjty也atusesme协唱etlaIlguageinitssocialinteractions,integrativemotiVationisakeycomponentinassistingthele锄ertodevelopsomeIeVelOfproficiencyin也elanguage.Itbecomesanecessi职inordertooperatesoeiallyinthecommunjtyandbecomeoneofitsmemberS.ItisaIsotheorisedthat‘‘imegrativemotivationtypicallyu11derliessuccessfulacquisitionofa、vider鼬geofregistersandanatiVeiikepronunciation,’(FinegaIl1999568).1.2.1.2InstmmentalMotivationIncontrasttointegratiVemotiVationistlIefomlofnlotlVatlOnret.em掘toasinstrumentalmotivation.Thisisgen。raIlych锄c々erizedby如edesiretoobt墨nsomethingpracticalorconcrete矗ommestudyofa∞condl趾guage(Hudson2000).Itistypicalofsecondlanguageacquisitionwhere1ittleornosoc试integmtionofthe1eaHlerintoacommunityusingthetargetl锄gua萨takesplace,蛐ch船inaforeignlanguageclassroom.witllinsmⅡnentalmo在vation也epurposeoflanguage8cqIlisitionismorepractical,such髂meetingare掣lir黜mforsch00lorulliVers时gmduation,叩plyingforajob,requeStinghi曲erpaybasedonI龃guageabmty,readingtechnicalmaterial,translation、vorkorachieVillghighersocials诅tus.hseemsthatinstrumentalmotivationisamuchmorepowemllprcdictorofL2achievementincontcxtswhereIe蛳ershavelitdeornointe糟Stinthetarget・languageculmreafIdfewornO0ppommmestointemct、^,i山itsmembers.FOrexample,inChina,somany{山东大学硕士学位论文collegestudents咖dyEngIish试出蛙lepuIposeofpassingtoCET.4,趿d出eylackimerestinEnglishandhavefewopponunitiestospeakEnglish0utDfclassm哪andinteract、vitllmembersofEnglish-speakingsocie够1.21.3ImegrativevsIJlS扪】mentalMotivationWhjlebothintegratiVealldins∞ⅡnentalmotiVationsuccess,itisimegrativewhenareessentialekmentsof。successm州vationw11ichhasbeenfo眦dtosustain10ng-temlle帅ingasecond1a119llage(.r匆loLMeyIlardaIldRheault1977;E1lis1997;Crookes£tal1991).InSomeof也eearlyresearchconductedbyG矗rdnerandintegratiVemotivationwasviewcd嬲beingOfmoreimportanceinenVirDnmemaL锄benfonnal1ea兀1ingtl啪iIlstnlmentalcontinuedtomotivation(Ellisl997).IIllaterstIldies,integratiVebemotiVationhaSemph觞ized,althoughnowtheimport卸ceofinstr峨entalmotivationisals0strcSsed.Instnlmentalmotivationhaso川ybeenasaacknowledgedsignificamfktorinSomeresearcll,where髂integrativemotivationiscontinuallyIinkedtoansuccess似secondtolanguageacqIlisition.Thosewhodosupponareime铲atiVeapproachlangllagestudyllsllallymorehighlyInotiVatcdafldthatbothovefallmoresuccess剐inlang岫geleaming.Brown(2000)maintainsintegrativemOtivationandinst燃ntalonemotiva垃onarenotnecessariIymutua王Iyexclusive.Le啪erSlaJlgl璩ge,butratherrarelyaselectf0玎nofmotivationwhenleamir塔asecondcombinationofbot上lofthem.Soteachersshouldbeabletoidcnt姆bo出山etypeandcombinationofmotiVationthatma_魄rsinthesuccess觚secorldlang_uageleanl幻g.1.2.2IntrinsicandE畦rinSicMotiv{砸onCogflitiveps”hologistsdrawadistinctionb晾ⅣeeniIltriIlsicaIldex砸nsicmot.vatio矗acc觚d证gtodi懋Irent诧3sonswhyollractio地arechosen.Thedi弧嬲ionhasbeeninfluential恤也esl:udiesofmotivatiOn.6山东大学硕士学位论文t.2.2.1In蛹nsicMOtivationAccordingtoCsikszennnihalyiandNakarnura(1989),in伍Ilsicmotivationoccurswhenthele锄erdoessomethingtogeneracein衄℃standenjoymentandthereasonforperfomlingtlleactivityliesin吐leactivityitsel£ImrinsicmotivationisalsocalledSelhnotiVation,wllichisstimulatedbyt11einheremnatureoft11eactivityitsel£by也eprocessitselfaIld、ⅣiⅡ1noextemalre、vards.Inotherwords,in嫡nsicm毗ivationisintemaldesiretopedbⅡnapaniculartask.Withimrinsicmotivation,theleamersparticipateinacenainactiVi妙fortlleiro、Ⅵlpleasure.Theresultofmeactivitycana髓ctmeStrengthoftlleindiVidual’smotiVation.matitmeallsisthatifthesubjectsfeeltheywillsucceedintheirtaskbeforetheyattemptit,血enthe.rmotivationwillbehi曲becausetheywanttodowellandthinkthattheywill.Andoncetlleirmotivationis11igIl,t11eirpe响rnlaIlce¨11bebe犯LThatistosay,hi曲lyintrinsicallymotivatedstudentsarecenaintodobetterincl嬲sroomactiVities.SoitisimponantforteachersmotiVatestudentsimrinsically.Teachersmustmakeagreate丘brttoarousestudents’curiosi吼Stimulateafldmaintaintheirinterest,aIldch00setheappropriatematerialsfort}lem.1‘2.2.2ExtrinsicMotivationCsikszentmihalyiandNak锄ura(1989)definesthatextrinsicmotiⅥ晡onwhentheIearnerperformsanacttogainsometllingoutsidetlleactiVityitself’aspaSsinganexam,orobtainingfmancialrewards.Theyaredoing∞ex锄,orfinancialrewardsnotbecausetheywamto,butbecause也eyfeeltheyneedfeelitisusemlbecausetherewillbeanoutcome.InotlIer、№rds,ex廿insicisencouragedbyoutsidef.orceorbehaviorisperfbnnedbecau辩oftheofanoutsidere、vard.As、veknow’ex砸nsicrewardscaIlbeabusedtosomeOnet0dosometllingt11atmeywouldnotdoontlleirown.Therefore.motivationhassOmeweaknesses.Oneismatexmnsicrewardsdonotproducepem锄emchanges.AccordingtoKohn(1993),ex矾11sicmotiVa呈iondonot7totcachingoccurssuchobtainingtO.Theymotivationexpectationpersuadeextrinsic山东大学硕士学位论文alter也eattitudesmatunderlieourbehaviors,Theydonotcreatea11end嘶ngcommi廿11enttoleaHlingbutmerelyandtempor撕1ychaIlgeWhatwedo.AndDeci(1975)explainsitinthjs、张y:1eamerswouIdlosemotivationto1ea玎lortodosomethingwhenrewardsarenolongavailable,Forinstatlce,inChinesecolleges,oncepaSsingCET一4,studems讯10arein丽nSicallymotiVatedgOonworkinghardatEnglish,whilethosewhowereonlytopassCET・4showlowmodvation趴devencompletelygiVeupleaHlingEnglish,Despitetheweaknesses,extrinsicre、Ⅳardsarestilluse血1duringteaching.T色acherSwillhavetofostertheirextrinsicmotiv砒ionbypmvidingthemwithextemalrewaIdswhenstudentsdonothaveintrinsicinterest.1.2.23111eLinkbet、veenIntrinsicaIldExmnsicMotivationInconsideringt11erelativeimponallceofex伍nsicaIldin廿insicmotiVationtoJeam,itisIikeIythatmoStteachcrs、vouldagreethatbothhaveapantoplayaIld眦inf缸tIinked。Motivationisaverycomplexsubjeck、;viththeresultthatwedonotalwaysknowwhyexactly、vedocertainthings.0urreasonscanbebothconsciousand吼consciousorsub-con∞ious.ORenmotivationstartsofrbeingextrinsica11dbecomesintrinsic.Thatistosay'ex试nsicmotivat.oncanbetraIlsfomledintoin砸nsicmotivation.Forex跚ple,youmayleamaSecondforeignianguagetofindajob(thatisex硒nsicmotivation).Lateronyoumaybegintoenjoy“somuch曲【atyougoonlearnjngiteven也ou乒youdonotneeditinyourpresentwo噍(thatisin翻nsicmotivation).AndiIlteachjngenviro姗ent,iftheteacherpmiSesalaner、villg如hself-co血denceandm纠becomei曲删ino鼬nstudent,thethesubjectstepbystep.B毗praiseshouldbeapprop『iately舀Venbecause,ifitisovefs恤ssed,itmayreduceSnldents’in仃insicintere啦Prai∞shollldalwaySbcgiv吼tothose砌loworkhardtomakeapmgressinordertof&llst}leiranemiononef茹nstlleyhaVemade.Therefore.1eamersneedbo山iI嫡越c锄dextrinsicmmivati锄tOleamsecondIanguagewell.Fofthoseunder∞hi“ingandrelu曲mts叫ents,做耽he心shouldg主vethemextemal聆inforcememsuchasrewardsorpraise.WhenthesestudentsareR山东大学硕士学位论文motiVacedin也isway'whattllete∞herwilldone)(tsllolddbet0takeeVerypOssiblemeasuretoarouseandsustailltlleiriIlmnsicn枷vation.1.2.3AchievementMotivadonOnecl髂si矗c融ionofmotiv撕ondi丘b删a把samongactlievemem,power,锄dsocialfactors(McClell趾d,1985;M衄鼍y'1938,1943).h吐地areaof扯hje咖entmotiV撕。皿mewo血ongoal-血∞ryh嬲diffh即tia倒曲托e∞p删etyl圮sofgoaIs:msterygoals(8lsocalledI∞nlinggoals)whichl-ocusongainingcompetenceorm如tefinganewsetofk∞wkdgeor嫩Us;pc哦l孤蛐cegoals(alsocalledego-inVolV锄entgoals)whichfbcuson∞hie“ng∞哪虹Ve・ba辩dstaIl删s,dOingk啦erth觚。也ers,0rdoingwell、Ⅳitlloutalotofell孤;跚ldsocialgoalswllich矗)cus0nrel撕onsllips棚ongpeople(Ames1992;Dweck1986;Urd锄&MaeIlr1995).IIln”contextofschoolleaming,聃蚵chinvolV∞operalinginarel硝vely蛐mcnlredenvironment,smdcntsw曲masterygoalsoutpe—.0衄stI|d蚰tswitIleitllerpcm衄啪ceOrsOcialgoals.However’inlifesllcc既s,it黜mscriticalm砒individuaIshaveallt圭l】旧e卯esofgoaIsinordert0bevefysucce锚m1.OneaspectoftIlisth肋ryistlIatindividualsa陀motivatedtoeitlleravoidf.ailure(rnofcoRenassociated、Ⅳithperf.omlancegoals)or觚hievesucce蟠(moreoften豁socialed谢mmstcry90als).Innlef0瑚ersinJation,凼eindi“dualismorelikelytoselecte船yordi伍clllttasl【s,tllerebye油eracllieVillgsucce豁orhavingagoodexcuseforwhy觚lureoccun它d.Illtllelancrsituation,thei戚“dualismo托likelytoselectmod鲋Itelydi筒culttaskswllich们llpmvide姐intere武ingchajlenge,butstillkeeptllellighe靶ta蛀onsofsucce豁.1.3Ge腿ralApploach黯toMotiva硒n1.3.1BchaviomlA即ro∞hestoM砸vali∞E鑫chofthem面or也∞州cal印珥∞cI燃inbeha悯l曲咄nl∞ry刚ts9山东大学硕士学位论文a硼r曲ryfktorinmoti硼on.Cla筠ic船sociatedconditioIliIlgstalesmatbiologicalresponsestost洒uliene蟛zc蛆ddirectbekⅣioLOpemtleamingsta毫estlleprimary凸哦orisconsequences:tlIeappli删onof糟mforcerspm“desince而vest0incre雠behavior;tIleapplicationofpullisherspro“desdisillcentiVes吐latresmt证adecre勰einbehavior.1.3.1.1Cl鹳stcCond砒ollingCl髂siccOnditioIliIlgmostpopIllaroccurswhenan覃Itllml化nexre卵枷stoaStimuluS.Theorevenex锄pkisP“loV’sobserv蚯on也atdogssaliVa土cwhenmeyeatpe叩leafeSee蜘d.Es∞嘣ally,姐imals跚dstimulus、ⅣiUabiologically‘、“red,’sothatacenainp蜊luceaaspecificresponse.Toalterasathe“nanⅡ硝’rel撕onship蚰t、Ⅳ£enstimmusandreactionwasviewedm面orbreal蜘ughint}LestIldyofbebavioLl-3.1.2OperantCondi蛀on主ngandB,F.S虹脚occursBehaviomloropemntconditiollingwhenaresponsetoastimulusisoffeinforced.BasicallKope删condmoIIingisaasimplefeedb∞ksystem:Ifarewardfeinfbrcementfollowsthe豫spon∞tostinml璐,妞n也eresplonscbecomesmoreprobable谊mefuture.The也eoryofle;}dingbel强Ⅳio五stB.F.Skim砖fisbasedupontheid髓也atleamingisa如nctionofc11angeinofanovcrtbehavioLc|啪g嚣.mbehaViorareoccurthefesuItindividual’s地spon鸵toaev∞招(stimuli)thatasin也eaenvim姗em,Aball,orsoIVingarespo璐eproducesc。nsequencesuchade位Iir,ga喊hi劬[19bchavi嘶smma也pmbI眦.Wben∞毗d),吐圮iIldividualReinforcen聆mis吐嶂keyInp删砌盯Stimtllus-勋岬噼(S.R)panemiscon删onedtore:;l脚吐Tbedistinctiveclla眦tel{stictoisreinfbrcedofoper孤lc∞dit沁ningrelatlvepf州ousfdfmstoismat也eorg枷smc锄emit陀spons髓in蛐}adofomyelic洫ngr鹤p∞∞d∞to蛆ex僦豫lstimul崛el锄e眦inSl【in嗽'sS-RtlI∞阱A增info亿盯is趴y也ing坐查查兰堕主兰竺堡苎thatstrengthensmedesiredresponse.ItcouldbeVerbalpraise,agoOd斟adefeelingofincreasedaccomplishfnentororasatisfaction.Thetheo叫alsocoVersneg龇iVereinforcers—anyisstimulusthatresultsintheincreasedfkquencyofaresponsewhen“withdra、m(din’eremf如madversestimuli—_punis№ent—whichresultinreducedresponSes).AgreatdealofattentionwasgiVentoschedulesofreinforcement(e.g.inte_r、r“versusratio)andthehe髓ctsones姐blishingandmaintainingbehaVior.OneofthedistinctiveaspectsOfSkinner’stheoryisthatitanemptedtoproVidebeha“0ralexplanationsf.orabroadrangeofcognitiVephenom。na.Forexample,Skinnerexplaineddrive(motivation)inte肿sofde皿Vationandreinforcementschedules.Ski彻er(1957)triedconditioningtoaccoumforverballean血ge娲rtandlanguagewithintheopefantparadigm,althougllthiswass仃onglyrejectedbylinguistsa11dpsycholinguists.Ski衄er(1971)dealsw浊theInaissueoffreewillandsocialcontml.word,Skinnervie、vedthathumanbeings’behavioriscausedbyope豫ntconditionjngmechanisms.1.3.2C09nitiveAppmachestoMotiVationAccordingtobehavioristtheory.motiVationandstudybehaViormaybecontrolledbychallgingexteriorreinforcementandstimulus.HOweVer,ase矾yas血e1920’s,peoplebegantofindlimitationsinthebehaVioristapproachtounderstandinginthe1ateforties,andleaming.Andtheso—calledcognitiVereVolutionbegancognitivismbehaviorismbec锄easthedominantforceinpost・1960spSychology,replacingthemostpopularparadigmforunderstandingmental劬ction.alsoacknowledgemeaSa‘’Cognh如e也eoristsrecognizethatmuchlearninginVolvesassociationsestablishcdthroughcontigu时andr印etition.Theyreinforcement,althoughtheywhileacceptingasimpon_anceofHo、vever’stressitsrolemotiVatoLcognjtiVeevensuchbeha、哇州sticorcorlcepts,t上leoristsviewleaminginvolvingtheacquisitionrcorganjzationofttlestorecogn试vesmlcturesthroughwhichhurnanp∞cessafIdinfon】1atjon.”(GoodandBrophy1990:187)11山东大学硕上学位论文Thereareseveralcognitivemotivationalt11eoriesthattracettleifrootstotheinfornlationprocessingapproachtole删n晷Theseapproachesfocusonthecategoriesa工ldlabelspeopleusetohelptoidemi分thoughts,emotions,di印ositionsandbehaviorS.1,3.2.1CogllitiVeDissonaIlceTheoryThefirst印proachisco四itivedissonancetllcorywhjchisinsoInerespectssimilartodisequilibriuIninPiaget’stheoryofcog疵iVeands诅testhatWhen她reisadiscrepancybenⅣeent、vobeliefs,t、Ⅳo∞tions,orbet、veenabeliefandanaction,wewillacttofesolveconn破anddisc姊ancies.Theimplicationismatifwecancreatetheappropriate锄oulltofdisequilibri啪,tllis讯llintllⅡlkadtotheindiVidualchallginghisorherbehaViOrwtlichinmm、villleadtoachangeinthoughtpanemswhichint啪leadstoInorech卸geinbehavioL1.32.2AtmbutionTheoryAsecondcognhiveapproachisa矧b砸on廿臻ory(Heider1958;Weinerl974).Anattributionisanindi“dual’sperceptionoftllecauSesofhisorhersuccessorfailure.AnributiontheoryhelpsexplainwhyindiVidualsrcsponddiff色rentlytothesameoutcomes.Themostcommona嘶butioIlsfbracademicperfomanceareability(“IdidwellbecauseI’msman,’orIdidp00dybecmJSeI’mnotc印able”)aIlde肋rt(“Istudiedhardfort11etest”orIdidnotstudyhardenough’,).Ho、vever’stIldemsoRenmakeother删butionssuch罄“I、榴luckyoruIllucky,…‘Thet船k、Ⅳaseasyorhard,¨‘1wastired,…‘IdidnotfeelwelI,”or‘m他ins打uctor、Ⅳasun瞄rTheseattributionsafeeitllerintemalorexternalandareeitherunderconnDlornotu11dercontr01.Thefollowingchartshowsmefour砌butioIlsmatresllltfromacombinationofintemalorextemallocusofcoIl订ol锄dwhetherornOtcon打olispossible.山东大学硕士学位论文IntemalExtemalNoconnDIAbilitvLuckComrolE舫rtTaskDi街cultyThetheorygivesteacherssomegoodimplications.IfthepersonhasanaC晡butionofability(inteⅡm1,nocontr01)assoonasmeheorsheexperiencessomedimcultiesintheleamingprocess,heorshewilldecreaSe印propriate1eamingbeha“or(e.g.,I’mnotgoodatthis).If也epersonhasanextemalanribution,thennothingthepersoncalldowillhelphimorherinaleamingsituation(i,e,,responsibilityfordemonstnltingwhat}Lasbeenleanlediscompletelyoutside也eperS0n).Intllisc髂e,thereisnothingtobedonebytheindiVidual谢lenlearIlingproblemsoccuw曲ler(1986)belieVesthathowstudentsperceivethecausesoftheirpriorsuccesses锄df甑luresisthemostimportantfactordete嗍ininghowthey谢llapprOachapaniculartask,andhowlongtheywmpersistwithit.ThosewhoanributetheirpaStsuccessest0thcirabmtyaremorelikelytowelcOmesimilarchaJlengesinthefun工rebecaIlsetlleyanticipatedoingwellagain.Conversely,studentsarelesslikelytobeoptⅫsticaboutf岫诅sksiftheyan曲utetheirpfiorsuccess如lperfo拍anceS£oluck,orgenerosityoftheinstmctoLStudemswhobelievemeirfailuresareduetotheiro、mlackofefrortarelikelytotryharderin血turesituationsandpersistwithdimculttasks.Also,studentswhobelievethatsuccessisaresultoftheirowndoing(i.e',controllable)aremofelikelytodothethingsthatarenecessalytoattainsuccess.Therefore.inateachin∥1e锄ingenviro姗enLitisimportanttoassisttheleamertodevelopaself.砌butionexplanationofe髓rt(internal,contr01).1.3.2_3Expect蛆cyTheoryA也irdcogmtive印proachisexpectaIlcytheoryWhichals0holdstl’attheconsidemtionoftheindividualpersOnisessentialinllllderstandingandp陀dictingh哪aIlactions.Thefollo诵ngaresomepfom妇mmeoriesinthisfidd.T0lm锄(1932)w豁oncofthcearliesttheoristswhoreco印izedt11ato唱跚isms山东大学硕上学位论文engagcinpurposive(goal—directed)behavioLInhisopi芏lion,o唱aIlismsarec印ableofaIlticipatingbehavioralcoIlSequences趴dofadjustingsubsequemactionsb∞eduponperceiVedexpect锄cy(mealls—ends-readiness)aboutthecausalconnectionsbetv忙enbehaviorandenviromentale妊bcts.Roner(1954)proposestllreem巧orantecedentSofbchavior,whichareexpectaIlcy,reinforceInemvaluesa11dthepsycholo西calsituation.E)(J)ectancyisconcemedwitlltheoccurrenceofspecificoutcomes(subjectivepmbabilities);reinforcementValues缸epositivelyornegativelyasS0ciatedwith0utcomes(subjectiVeutilities);thepsychologicalsituationpresentsthepossiblecourSesofbehaviortoaperSon.TheexpectancyaIldrcinforcementvaluesdeterrn血eaquant晦calledthebehaVioLThereisaIlassumptioninthis幽eorywhichisthataperson晰llchoosetllealtematiVeactiontIlathast11ehighestbchaviorpotential-A【kinson(1957)considersmotivationtoachievesuccessasapmductofthesubjectiVeprobabilityofsuccess蜘dtheincentivevaI∞ofsuccess,andmotivationtoaVoid黼lureasapmductofthesubjectiVeprobabilityoffailure.Heh船developedmotiVationmeoriesinhisfolloWingworks。Atkinson(19“)suggeststhefollowingfonnula:MotiVation(M)=Perceivedpmbabilityofsuccess(Ps)。IncentiVevalueofsuccess(Is)ThisiscalJedanexpec诅ncymodel,Orexpect锄cy-ValencernodeI,becauseitlargelydependsonaperSon’sexpec诅tionsofreward(LockandLa山am1990).Accordingtothetheo戳individu矗ls’motivationtoachieVesom啦ingdependson也ep∞ductoftheirestimationof也eirchaIIceofsuccess(perceivedprobabil时ofsuccess)a11dtheValuetheyplaceonsuccess(incemivev“ueof辄ccess).111emotivationforsuccessisassumedtofepresentindiViduais’hopefofsucccss鞠drcflect也eir“capac毋toexperienceprideinaccomplishmem”(AtkiIlsonl9“:214).Studemscallbedividedintot、v0帅es:mestudentwhoislli曲inmotivefbrsucc船saIldlawinfc盯offailureandthestudentwhoishi窑11illfe缸off越lllre锄d10w试motiveforsuccess.ThefbmerwouldbehighlyengagediIIac|Iievement卸tivities弛dnotbeallxiousorworriedbyperfb册ance,wlIiletheIanerwoIIldbeVeryallxious锄danempttoavoid14山东大学硕士学位论文蹦lurebyprocrastinatingaIldusingothertoself-h如dic印pingstmtegies.111esetwomotiVes(tosucceedaIldaVoidf.ailure)representedⅡleimemalandperso眦lcomributiontomotiVation.Themirdcomponemofmotivationinmismodel、vastheincentiVeValueofsuccess、Ⅳhichwasdefinedasanefrect,specifically,prideinaccomplishrnem.Thei11centiVevalueoftothesuccesswasassuIIledtobeinverselyrelatedprobabilityofsuccess.GiventheinVerserelationbet、Ⅳeenince嘶vevaluea11dmeprobabilityofsuccess,Atkinson’smamem砒icalmodelpredictsthatmotivationwiIJbehighestwhentasksBesidesareofaninte玎nediatel“elofdimculUanAtkinso玑Vroom(1964)alsopmposesequationaboutmotivalionwhichisthefollo、Ⅳing:MotiVation=PerceiVedProbabiIi哆ofSuccess(Expectallcy)×CorulectionofSuccessa11dReward(Instmmentality)。ValueofObtainingGoal(valance,value)Sincethjs、hlallceorf0彻uIaValuestaceschatthethree白ctorsofExpectancyIInstmmen扭jity,andaaretobemultipliedbyeachotlleLlowValueinonewillresultinalowValueofmotiVation.Therefore,alltllreemustbepresentinorderformotivationtooccuLThatjs.ifanindivjdualdoesn’tbelie~reheseeaorshecaIlbesuccessfulatataskOrtheindiVidualdoesnotconnectionbetweenhisorheractivityandsuccessort}leindiViduaIdoesnotValuetlleresultsofsuccess,thentheprobaKlityisloweredthatthejndjVjdual州llengageintherequiredleafnjngactivity.Fromthjsfornlu】a,a儿threev捌ablesmustbehighinorderformotiVationaIldthercsultingbehaviortobehi曲.T0summarize.expectancytheo叮isimportantanditgiveste解hcrSsomeusemlimplications.Duetot11eimponanceoft11eindiVidual’steachersshouldmakeexpect砒ions.anexpec孤1cyforsuccess,attempttohelpstudemsmaintainrelatiVelyaccuratebuthigh1.3'3HmnanisticApproachestoMOtiVatiOnAbra}l锄M硒low(1943,1954,1970)wasoneofthemostinnuential15山东大学硕士学位论文psychologistsint11ehumaniSticareaofmotivation.HistheoryofmotivatiOns协testhatindiVidualshaveahier盯chyofneeds.nlescbasicneedsare:physiologicalneeds,safetyandsec埘吼belongin印essaIldlove,esteemaIldself-actualization.Thefirstfourneeds盯ecalleddeficiencyneedswhicharebasicneeds血athumansrequireforphysicaiandpsychOlOgicaJweIl・being.Theneedsfbrself-actuajizationarecaUedgm眦hneedsorbeingneeds.whenaneedislHl砌filled,theindividual埘11bemotiVatedtomlfillthatnced.Oncelowerlevelneedsaresatis6ed,hi曲erIevelneedscanbeaddressedaIldtheindividual、villbemotivatedtosatis母moseneeds.ItshouldbeparticularlynotedthatifoIleofmelo、verneedsissuddenlynotsatisfied,tllisneedwillsudden】ybecomethemostimportan£needuIItilitisagainsatis矗ed.Inunusua】circumstances,however,individualsfeelas仕ongmotivationmatforcesthemtoforegoothcrneedsthatappeartobemorebasic,Maslow’sworkleadstoadditionalanemptStodevelopa璺andtheon.ofmotiVation,whichwOuldputallOfmef如torsinnuenc证gmotivationintoonemodel.Forex锄ple,Leonard,BeauVais,andScholJ(1995)propose局vefacforsasthesourcesofmotivation:1)InstnⅡnentalMotivation(rewardsandpunisherS).2)IntrinsicProcessMotivation(enjoyrnent,劬),3)GoalIntemalizalion(selt’-deternlinedValuesandgoals).4)IntemalSeIfConcep岫弱edMotivation(matchingbehaviorwithinteHlally-developedidealself),5)ExtemalSelfConcept.baSedMotiVation(matchingbehavior谢thextemally・developedidealsel士).IndiVidualsareinnuencedbya王lmcfiVefactorS,moughinvaryingdegreesthatcanchangeinspec访csituations.Factorsoneandfivearcbomextemally.oriented.Themaindjffbrenceisthatindividuals谢loareiIls捆皿1entallymotivatedareinnuencedmorebyimmediateactionsint11eerlvironmem(e岳operantconditioning)wherc踮indiVidualswhoareself.conceptmotiVatedafeinnuencedmorebytheirconStmctionsofextemaldemarldsandidea王s(e.g.,socialcog枷on).Factortv∞,mree,缸埘fourareintemally-oriented.In山ecascofin沛1sicpmcess,thespecifictaskisinterestingandproVidesimmediatei11temalreinforc哪ent(e.g.,cognitiVeormeory).Theindividual、ⅣithagoaI・访temalizationoriemationismoretask-oriented(e.g.,humaniSticorsocialco卿tion.【heory)where豁tlleperSonwitllaIl1^morehumanistic山东大学硕上学位论文intemalself.conc印torientationisnloreinfluencedbyindividualcons仃uctionsoftheidealself(humanisticorpsychoanalytictheory).Maslow’stheOryofneedsgivesteachersanimplicationthtitisnecessarytoestablishagoodrelations}Iipwithstudemsinordertomakethemfeelsafea11drcspectedtofulfill也eirdeficiencyneeds.MotivatingstudentsneedstheteachertoarOusetheirin哦nsicmotiVation,toencouragetheirsenseofcompetence,autonomyandseIf.acnIal;zation1_3.4SocialLeamingApproachestoMotivationSociallearningtheorysuggestsmatmodeling(imitatingothers)aIldvicariousleami艘(watchingothershasconsequencesappliedtotheirbehaVior)areimponalltmotiVatorsofbehaVioLSocialcognitiontheoryseesreciprocaldetemnnationaSaprimaryfactorinbothleamingandmotivation.InthisvieW,tlleenvironrnent.anindiVidual’sbehaVior,andtheindiVidual‘scharacteristics(e.g.,knowledge,emotions.cognitiVedeVelopment)influenceoneatlotheLInBandllra’s(1986.1989,1993)theoⅨmotiVationisgoal-directedbehaviorinsngatedandself-emcacyforperfb矾ingthoseactions.GoalsettingisanimportalltmotiVationalprocess.Studentswithagoalareapttoexperienceasenseofself.emcacyforanainingit趾dengageinactivitieswhichtheybelieVe讪1lleadtoanainment:anendingtoiIlstmction,rehearsinginfbHnationtobcremembered.expendinge脑rt.a11dpersisting.Self‘e币cacyisSubs£antjatedaslearnersobservegoalprogress.whichconVeystheyarebecomingskillful(D、veck&Leggett1988).Heightenedself-efficacysustainsmotivationandimprovesskills.Outcomesexpectations,orexpectedoutcomesofone’sacdons(Bandum1986)areimportantbecausestudentSanticipateoutcomesforactionsandacttoattaintheoutcomest11eyValue.AcademicallymotiVatedstlJdentsbelieveiftlleystIldydiligentlyt11eywillmal(egoodgrades.Givenmattheyvalue}lighgrades,theyarelikelytostudyhardandmerebyValidatetheirexpec诅tions.Thebehavioml.humallistic,cognitiVea11dsocialleanlingtheoriesaccoulltfor‘、vhatismotiV撕on”f而mdi腕rentpefspectives.Undoubtedly’eachofthemI7山东大学硕士学位论文contributesalottoacomprehensiveunderstandingofhumanmotivation.1.4FactorsInnuencingMotivationMotiVationtoleanlisthekeyelememiIlsuccess血lIallguageleaming.Asarelanguageteachers,、veshouldk110wwhatfhctorsinnuencemotivation.ThercmanytheoriesfollowingarewhichinvoIvethefhctorSthata赶bctstudents’mOtivation.Thesomeconsideredimportant.1,41SocioculturalFactorsTheattitudes,beliefs.andexperiencesstudentsbringtocollegebasedt11eirsocioculnlralexperiencesinnuencetheirmotivationandbehavioLfoundthatnrst・generationaIldethnicminoritystIldentshaveaonRatclifr(1995)moredi佑culItimeadjustingtotocoIlegethafldosecond—orthird・genemtioncollegestudents.TransitionbedifficultforaIlycollegecaflstudent。but埘lenallindiv讨ualhas缸nilyormembersawhohaVeexperiencedthistmsition,heunsuresheislesslikeIytofbellostinneworunfhmiliarenVimImlent.oraboutwhatquestionstoask.canSocioculturalfktorsalsouDrkItwasonceinnuencehowStudentsapproachacademicstudentsarereponedthatsuccessAsiall.Am鲥canmorein矗uencedbyfheirparents’desireforthaIltheirnor卜Asian—Americallpeers.ThedesirebycreatesAsian・Americansmdentstomeet如eirparents’academicexpectationsneedtothesDendmoretimeonacademictasksandIesstimeonnormcademicacti“ties.1.4-2ClassroomEnvjronmentFactorsManyclassmomenvir0啪entalf如torsiⅢ1ucncestudentmotivatiOn.TheseincludetypesOfassigImlemsgiVen,instmctorbeh“ior,aIIdins缸Ⅵct;onalme小ods.isreiatedtothequaIityareR矗tclifr(1995)reportedthata鲫ccessmItmsitiontocolIegeofcl蹈smomlife.InpanicularIstudentmotiVationandacllievement18greaterwh∞.些查查兰堡_圭兰竺堡兰觚mctorscommunicatehighexpec诅tionsforsuccess,allowstudentstotakegreaterresponsibiIityforthei“eaming,andencouragevariousfonllsOfcollaborativele啪ing(i.e.,peer】e锄ingorgroup1eaming).Althou班itisimportantforstudentstounderstandthattheclassroomenViro姗entcaninnuencetheirmotiVation,theyneedt0takeresponsibilityforthe打ownbeh“ioLWhensomestudentsreceivedalOwexarllmark,theycomplainedthatnleydidnot1iketheinstmctor,implyingarelationshipbetweenme10wgmdeandtheirdislikeoftheinstmctoLHoweveLaSt11eirteachersatldparems.weneedtotellthemtheyhaVeto1eamtodowellinaUtypesofsituaIions.Thatistosay,theintemalfactorsaremo『ejmponalltforlhemtogethj曲achievement.1.4.3IntemalFactorsStudents’goals,beliefs,feelings,andperceptionsde把rnlinetheirmotivatedbehaViOrand,int啪,academicperfb胁ance.Forex锄ple,jfstudentsvaIueataskandbelieVetheycanmasterit.mey盯emore1ikelytousedi行爸rentleamingstmtegies,tryhard.andpersistunIilcompletionofthetaskIfstudentsbelievethatintelligencechangesoVertime,theyaremorclikelytOexhibite丘Iortindi街cultcoursesthanstudentswhobelie、’eintelligenceisfixed.1.4.3.1GoalsandMotivationEducatorShaVedeleHninedthatstudemshavediⅡbrentreasonsorpurposesforachieVingindiffbrentcouI’ses.Dwecka11dLeggett(1988:256)believethattheachieVementgoalsstudemspursue‘‘creatememlmeworkwitmnwhichmeyinterpretandreacttoeVents”.TheyhaVecometomal(eadistinctionbet、】veenthet、votypesofgoaloriemation,whichhaVebeendescribedasleamingandperfoⅡnancegoals.Aleaminggoalisorientedtowardkarningasmuchasposs.bleinacoursefofthepufposeofse推improvement,in_;espectjveoft11eperfbnnanceofothers.AperfbmancegoalfocuSesonSociaIcomparisonaIldcompetition,稍mthemain19山东大学砸L学位论文purposeofouterperfo砷ingothersonmedeskDweck(1985)suggeststbatpeople’schoicesofgoalsreflectboththeirbe【iefsabouti毗euigence觚dabil时,andtheirtypicalbehaViorpat【emsinachievementsituations.ThosewhoterldtochOOsetopcrfommcegoalsareconsideredtendtoviewintelligenceinmeirownassometllingfixed锄dunchangeable.Students、柏oseifthereisnothingt11eyinthe.rcaIlcon蜘encetoabilityislow、villtendto∞tasdoimpmvet11eirpe怕册a11ce.However,iftIleirco血dencesuccessabil时ishigh,theywillaccountforinte册soffixedintelligence.IngeIleral,mose埘血perfbrnlancegoalsdonotthiIll【dboutwIlattheya11dquickle锄,butratllerlookforshoncutsgoalstendtobelieVepayo凰.Incon恤stto“s,山oseorthatinte】ligenceistoabilityisadj蝴IeawhopursuelearI曲gandthate娲rtis,也erefore,wonhwh溉Thatsav,t11eyaremorelikelytohavepositiveattit“letowardthetask,monitortheirowllcomprehension,usemorecompkxlca兀lings心ltegies,andrelatenewly1eamedmaterialwithpreviouslyLockandtole锄edmaterial.goalsettingtheoD|.GoalsettingrefersL砒am(1990)d“eloptheorestablishjngq哪titativeqllali乜tivestalldardsoftope—bmaIlce.They山inkarethatde矗nedanddimcultgoals1eadeasytoachieve.Thelli曲erperfornlanceth柚goalst11atVagueandintensityandco咖itmentofthegoalswiHdeternlinethe锄ountpersistence锄dsⅡategicactionstowardsgoalofet协rtexpendedandencomgeachievement.Studentsaremorclikelyto、∞rktowardsascle戤Spec洒c,moderatelydimcultgoals,becauSetheyperceivethemgetsomeimportantchallenghgbutat七a]妇bk。Soteachersshouldimplications舶mtheabove90a1.baSedtheories.Weshouldonestablishthepropergoalsforstudentsandencouragememtofocuslea丌lingimproving,notjustpe最渤iflgwelL1.4.3.2BeliefsinSelf.EmcacySelf.e衢cacyrefersarIdexecute20coursesto‘伽opIe’sjudgmentstooftheircapabilitiesoftoorganizeofactionrequiredattaindesi印atcdt"唁sperfb衄allces”山东大学硕士学位论文(Bandum1986:391).Thekeyquestionthatdetemlinesself-emcacyis:“AmIcapableofsucceedingatthistask?”Peopleacquireinfbnnationtoappraiseself.e伍cacy舶mtheiractualperformances,vicarious(obsen’ational)experiences,fomlsofperSuasion,a11dphysioIogicalsyrllptoms.Firstly’peoplee&ctsassessthee疵ctsoft圭leiractions,姐dtlleirinterpretationsoft}lesegenemllymiseself-emcacydemonstratedthatinfluencetheahelpcreatetheiremcacybeIiefs.Successeslowerlifeand蹦luresit.Secondly,Schullk(1981)hascansignincammodelinanddirectionthatone’shelpinstillself-beliefSmatwillcancoursel潦、viUtake.Thirdly,persuaderSplaya11importantroleinthedevelopmentofanindividual’sself-beliefS.POsitiVepersuasionsma、,encourageandempowerself_beliefs.whereasnegatiVedefeatthem.Founhly,a11ystrongemotio眦lreactiontoarousaloronesmayweakena11dasatasksuchanxie吼stress,failureofthefatigue.callprovidecuesabouttheamicipatedsuccessor0UtCOme.Bandura(1977)hypothesizedthatself-emcacya丘.ectschoiceofactiVities,ef№rtaJldpersistence.ThetheorypredictsthatwhenseIf.e衢cacyperceptionsa豫high,individualswillengageintasksthatfosterthedeVelopmentoftheirskillsaJldcapabilities.butwhenselt’.emcacyisIow,peoplewillnotengageinnewt髂ksthatmi曲thelpthemlcamtoexertnewskills.Students、“thstrongemcacybeliefsaaremorelikelyef南ninthefaceofdifficultyandpersistwithtaskwhentheyhavethearerequisiteskills.Thoseumoplaguedbyself.dOubtsajldhave哪kertoperceptionsofe筋cacylikelytobegiveupeasilywhcncon舶medwilhdimculties.EmcacybeliefsalsoinnuencetheamourItofstressandarⅨietyindiVidualsexperience弱theyengageinataskandnlelevelofaccomplishInenttheyrealize.HighSelf.emcacyhelpscreatefeelingsof∞renityinappfoacllingdifficult诅sksandactj“ties.Conversely’】owself-e历cacyfostersstressanddepression,whichmakepeoplebelievethattllingsaretoug}lertllaIltheyreallyare.Inbrief’smdents、Ⅳithhi曲efficacyaremorelikelymaIltheircounterpanstochoosedifficulttasks,expendgreatere行ort,persistlonger'usemorecomplexle删ngstr砒egies,andexperiencetolessfcaraIldanxietyrcgardir培academictasks.Therefore,teachersneedsmdentsd“elopahelphighsenseofself.emc扯y.21山东大学硕上学位论文1.4f3.3SelfWonhandMo石vatjonSelf.womlisatlindi“dl】al’sevaluativeappraisalofllimorhj娜elfwhichissimilartosuchtennsaSself-esteemorself_respect.Self-、Ⅳonhmeory(CoVington1992)maimainsindividualsleamthatsocietyvaluespeoplebecauseoftlleiraccomplishments.Ifaperson颤lsinatask,thefeedbackevokesthepossibilityofalackofabiI蛔aIldcreatesfeelingsofunwomlinessandself-叫ection.Therefore,whenindividuaisarefaced、vi血thepossibiIityof伽1ure,t}ley、villaVoidthesituationordevelopstrafegiestoprotectaga王nsta11yinfluencesona1ackofthehabm吼CoVin昏on(1992)alsoiderltifiedanumberofthesestrategies:Pmcrastination:IfanindividualfStudiesatthelastmirnneanddoesnothaVeenoughtimetoproperlyprepareforanexam,f甑lurecallllOtbeattdbutedtoIackofability.Unattainable:lfa11individualselectsverydi衢cultgoals,failureisoRenassured.However,failureinsuchtasksrevealslinleaboutone’sabil时becausemostindividualswOuldfail.Underachievers:Ifa11individualavoidsanytestofhisorherabil时byjustdoingthem蕊mumtogetb奠heorsheeanmaintainaninflatedopinionofabil主ly:“Icoulddoit,ifIreaUytried.”A11xiety:Ifanindividualarguesthatone’spoorpe响rnlanceistheresultoftest.ta姑nganxie吼thenonecaIl’tblametheperfo玎nanceastheresultoflowability.Inother、№rds,“Itisbettertoappearanxious也anstupidj,(CoVi理∞n1992:88)ASweknow'anxietycaninfluencebe}谢ViorbydisruptingmentalprocesSes,producingpsychologica】dis订ess,misdirect.mganention,andcauSingin印prop—alebehaviorSsuchasp∞cr豁d雎tion.Ithastwodimensions:worryand锄otjonalj够WbrryhastheStrongeStnegatiVerelatiOn埘th觚meVementbecallSeitinterfbres埘t11storagea11dremevaIofinfonnation.Itisbecausethatstudentsrea王izemispoint.theyc}100setouscanxjetyasoneof出eirstmtegiesinordertoprotecttheirself-esteem・Wecanseethatself.wOnh吐1eoryo腩rsadi跪rentexpI强ationoffailu豫.22山东人学硕士学位论文ManystudentsaremotiVated,butfortlle、vrongtoreasonrmeydrivenbyarernoremotiVatedtoprotectavoidfailure血arImotiVatedsucceedlTheyarecirc响stancestomeirself-esteem.Asateacher,Iofcenmeetsuchk址dofsituation:aco衄OnpracticedoingtheinEnglishIntensiveReadingclaSscsistoaSkstudentstot出瓣t啪sexercises.AsImoVedovmmerowaskingstudentsafenotonestudentaReranomertodo,a11xiousarepayingattemiontoeachquestion.Instead,theycountir培downmerowtolocatemequestiontheyw订lhaVetoanswerandbeginpracticingit.DuringmistimetheyhaVemissedthediscussion0fallthepreViousquestions,whichgreatlyreducestheamountofknowledget}leyshouldattain.Theya陀moremotivatedtoavoidfhilurethanmotivatedtomasterthecontentoft11elesson.Self-Wornltheoryhelpsteachersunderstandthebehaviorofastudentanditistheteachers’taskaretodevclopsOmeStrategiestomotiVaIestudentstomaSterwhattheyleamingbutnottoavoidfailLIre.1.5TheLimitationsofMotivationStudiesThereisonnodoubtthatmotiVationpIaysanimponalltroleinSLA.ManystudiesthissubjecthavebeenmadeandsomeusemlresuItshaVebeenreveaied.HoweVeLthesestudiesalsohavesomelimitations.Firstlyldiff毫remresearchersgiVedi行erentclaSsificationofmotivation.GardnerandLambert(1972)proposetheimegrativeanda11dinstr哪entalmotiVation,w11ileDeciRyan(1985)provideim咖sic.extrinsicconstmct.Oneciassmcationofmotivationdig奄rentiatesamongachievem。nt,power’afldsocialklors(McClellandmotiVation1985:andMurray1938,1943).Grall锄(1984)proposesmachiavellianassimiIativemotivation.Secondly’di疵rentintegrativemotivationandconductedbyGardnerrese盯chersholddi仃erentVie、vsonthesigmficanceofinsm瑚en协lmotiVation.Insomeoftheearlyresearchintegm“vemotiVationwasa11dL锄benViewedmoreimponantinstudiesafomallea丌lingenviro咖emtllaninstnmlemalmotivation.Inotherinstn必en掘lmolivationb勰beenacknowledged私asignjficaIltfactorjnL223山东大学硕士学位论文k叽ing.Brown(2000)maimainsmatbo也inte乒atiVemotiva士ion姐din咖埘entaImotiVationarenotnecess撕lymutuallyexclusiVe.Thirdly,theself.reportquestio姗aireusedinthestlldiesofmotivationhassomeWeakpoims.011ereta1(1981)showusthreeofmeseweakpointS.011eis印proValmotiVe.SubjectstendtogiVetheiranswersreferringtoothers’respo璐es_—-廿”yapproVeofwhatomersapproVeo£Thesecondoneisself-nattcrywhichmeallsmeysometimesacceptaIlopinionwhentheythjnktheyshouldacceptit,noman盯whetllerreaIIyagree、ⅣithitOrnot.Themirdoneisresponseset,TheytendtokeepmeiropinionsconsisteminrespondingtothequestionnaireOncetheyhaVegiVentheiranswers.Thatist0sa弘tlleValidityofmestudiesto’somedegreedependsonstudems’self.awarenessandcandour.24mey山东大学硕士学位论文ChapterIIMethodology2.1ImroductionMotiVationplays蛆import锄taroleinforeignonlanguagele帅ing.l972:Manyteachersa11dlinguists11avedoneandmostofthemarelotofresearchestheroleofmotiv撕on,influencedbytheclassicalmodel(Gardn"&L锄bertGardner1985).Thesestudiesfocusandinst几Jmentalmotivation.on咖帅esofmotivation:抵grativemotivationSincethe1990s,manyresearchersinSLAhaVeeXploredmOtiVatiOnfbmdiVerseperspectiVessuchasbehaViorism,cognitiVepsychologyandsociology.Somenew糟searchesdealwithsomenewf’actorswhichinnuencemotivationinc王udinglearningsituation(DOmyer1994),self-emcacy(Tkmblay&Gardneron1995).typesofself.wonh(CoVington1992).Thesestudiesfocusmoti、rationcaIlcausele舯ingresults—讪at900dleamingresults,andhowmotivationwith印titude,aIlxietyandleamingstrategiesaffbctsleamingresults.InChina’wetreatEnglishasaforeignlaIlguageasanotasecondlaIlguage.AndaremostChinesec01legestudentsleamEnglishrequiredtocompulsorycourse,aIldtheypassCET・4inordertogetmeirbachelor‘sdegree.ButdotheyonIyhavetrueinsomeinstmmentalmotivation?Itseemsstudies,itisstudies(Hua2000;Shi2000).Intheirthou曲tthatintegratiVemotiVationisnotVeryimportantforEnglishleanlinginChinesecontextand“cenificatemotiⅥ岫on”ismepreViousstudiesonm萄ortyJ)e.ManyotllerChinesestudentS’EnglishleamingmotivationexplorethepositiveetrelationshipbetweenmotiVationa11dleamingresults(Ga0et81.2002;Wena1.1996).AndsomeChineSe陀searchersfocussnldents‘EnglishontheextemofeⅡbrtwhenexploringle锄ingnlotivation(Wu&Liu1993;“u&Wu2000).Besides,fewresearcherstryt0explOretllecomplexrelationshipamOnglearningresults.causalan舶ution。interestFollowinginEnglish,辩lf.e硒cacyandgoaIorien诅tions(Qin&wen2002).G矾ner’scl弱sicalmodel,IintendtoexploreChineSecollege山东大学硕士学位论文students’EnglishleafIlingmom砒ion.Andwhatisexpectedisthatthere诵llbealittledi廊rence丹omonlers’.2.2ObjectiVesMaJlyteachersfindmatsomestudems,especiallymostgirls,arekeenonstudyingEnglish,butmallystlldentslack恤iIlit枷vetolearllEngliSh.劬dhi曲lymotiVatedstudentsmaynotbemoreintelligemthant110sewholackmotivation;however,thegradesofthefo衄erareoRenmuchbetter也anthose0fthelatteLSowtlatmotiVationalfactorshaveme豫lationship谢血megrades?讹at盯ethedi行brencesbct、veenthemalel戢赫粕dtllefemalele锄er?Therefore,thepurposesofmis咖dyare(a)toiden“母whatmotivationalfactorshaVesignificamcorrelation、vi血Englishacllievement(gradesofCET-4)atldwhethertheSef如torssignmcantlycorrelate、vitlloneaIlothe‘(b)toexpIorettlediff色rencesbetweenstudentsf幻mt11ec时甜dtllose矗Dm出ecoun廿yside,(c)tomakeadistinctionbetweenmalestudentsandfemalestudents.2.3SubjectsThesubjectsinmisstudywere24lcollegenon-EnglishmajorsWhowerestudyinginShandongInstituteof心llitec眦蛐dEn西nceringa11d舶mthfeedin'erentd印ar协1ems.111eywereenrolledin200l卸dtookpanint11eCET-4inJune,2003.Mostof恤mc锄e舶m血eco蚰trysidc’aIldboysWeremoretllaIlgirls.Theiragesrangedfbm2lt024姐dmostofthem、ve他22.1’heystaItedlear面ngEnglishinjuniormiddlesch001.Theinstituteisacommonone访ShandongProvince,锄ditis、vell・l£110wnthatthescorelinetoe“tef岫iW髓iti髓inthisprov如ceisfelativelyhi曲inChjna.Duetounder蚍mdabk嘣Iso璐,Ihaddi币cuhyinchoosingthesubjectsf而mseVeralcolleg豁.Ybt,司血ought】1ey、转ref如mtlles锄einstitute,t】1enumberofthem、V船bigenoughasas锄ple.Inaddition,mostoft11咖w盯ernysmdents锄deVerhada900d∞lationship埘tllme,w11ichmaymakememrespondtothe26山东大学硕士学位论文questiollllairecautiouslyandresponsiblv.Consideringtlleaboveaspects,thesubjectsnIay'onmewhole,represe血theaveragecollegestudentsinollrcouIlt阱2.4InstmmentsT、Ⅳodatacollectioninstnlmems、Ⅳereusedinmestudy:thequeStionnaireforstudems姐d血eCET.4gradesgOt行OmtheirdepanmentOfficesrespectiVeIyThequeStionnairew蹈designedaccordingtotlleAttitude,MotiVationTestBaneryorAMTB(Gardnerl985:177—84).butsomeitemshadbeenchallgedtobeappropriatetOthepanicularsituationunderresearch.Itwascomposedof66itemswhichwereputintoeiglltsubscalesincludingattitudestowardsEngIish・spea“ngpeople,interestinEnglish,attitudestowardsleamingEnglish.parentalencouragement,integratiVeoriemation,instnmlentaloriemation,EnglishclassanxietyandmotiVationalimensity.In0rdertomakethemunderstandwell.alltheseitemswereputim0Chinese丽thsomebackgmundinformationincludingname.gendeLcIaSs,wheretheyarefbm(countrysideorcity).whentheybegantoleamEnglish(miildleschooIorprimarysch001)andtheirscoresofEnglishincollegeentranceex锄ination.SincetheytookpartinCET.4inJune,theirgradeswerekeptintheirdepanmentomces.andIgotthemwithoutdifficult7.2.5PmcedureThegeneral印pmKhusedinthisstudywastoc01lect血equestionnairedata舶mcollegenon.EnglishmajorsontheirmotivationforEnglishleanling.ThequestiollIlairewasmadeupoft、volargepans.TodothefirstpartwIlichincludes46items.students、vcreaskcdtowTiteoneofthefiveletters(Ajs缸_0nglydisa铲ee.B=sli曲tlydisagree,c=neutral,D=sli曲tlyagree,arIdE=stronglyagree)beforeeachitemtoshowtheirn仳opinions.Thesecondpanwasdesignedtotesttheirmotivationalimensity'whichincludes20itemsinmuhiplechoicefo彻at,T0finishmispan,theywereaskedtochooseonefromthethreepossibleaJlswrstoeachitem’1山东大学硕上学位论文tOshowtheirtmesituations.Inadditiontothequestionnairedata,meirCET4gradeswerealsoc01Iectedbyrgfcrringtotherecordsk印tinnleird印aftmentomces.ThedatacollectedwerearIalyzedbytheStatisticalPackageformeSocialScieIlces(SPSS11.5).FirSt,comp弧ngme姐sanalysiswasusedtodistinguishthemotivationaldi感:rencesbetweenstudents丘omthecitya11dthose矗omthecountrysideas、ⅣeUasbet、veenmaleleamersa11df己malele锄ers.Second,thetwomainsectionsoft11equestiorulairewereanalyzedbycoⅡelationanalysisinordertoidenti母meircorrelations、vitllt11eCET-4grades.山东大学硕j:学位论文ChapterIIIResultsandDiscussion3.1InnuenceofF锄ilyBackgrourldonMotivationComparingmeallsa11alysisisusedtocompare山ediff音rentmotivationalfactorsbetweenleamersf如mtheci可andtllosef如m恤ecoun订yside.Table1revealstheresults,Thble.1ComparisonofLeanlersfmmDif&RntFamilvBa£kground胁nilybackgroundat【itudestoⅥ7ardsEnglish.speakingpeopleIntereStⅡ1posltlVene空atlveparentalencourage—mtegratlVeOnentanonaItitudestowardsanitudestowardsEnglishmentleamingEn空Iish30.471466.46619.531465.107leamingEngIish14.391465.39621,221464.912Meanl2l,751464.38l14.581463.489NStd.Deviation(countryside)MeanN21.8l9530.849520.599514.33955.20522.469514.5795Std.Deviation4.8895.9925.1104.2923,869(city)MeanNStd.Deviation21.7824l4.57830.622416.27319.9524l5.12414.362415131021.7l24l4,70814.5824l3,636(total)山东大学硕士学位论文’I.able.1(contiⅡued)lf缸lilyinstlumentalEn舀ishclassmotiva1宣onalCET一4gradeslbackgroundorientationanxie够IntenSltvIMeall12.1815.1442.9755.55lN146146146146Istd.DeViati。n2.8664.3186.97513.699’(coun毛ryside)Meall11.9814.3143.8057-87N95959595Std.Deviation2.7174.5088.17311.907(ci谚)Mean12.1014_8143.2956.47N24124l24l24IStd.Deviation2.8044.4037.46513.046(total)TablelsuggeststhatleamersfbmthecityhaveahigherscoreinparentalencouragementthaIlthosefbmthecountryside,andthedi矗'erenceiss逗nificant(产2.069,p<.05).Thatreflectsthegapineducanonbetweengeneralcitizensa11dcommonpeasants.AswekJloW,inourcount融urbanareashaVebeendeVelopingmuchmorequicklythanruralareas,aIldthelatterisalwaysbackwardinmanyneldsincludingeducation.Consequently.parentsliVinginthecOuntnrsidereceiVedlesseducationwhichmadethemknowIittleaboutEn91ishanditsimportancetotheirchildrenorlacktheabilityofinstructing吐1eirchjldren’sEnglishIe弧ing.WhileparentslivinginthecitywereeimerwelleducatedtohaVeknowlltheimportanceofEnglishorsubconsciouslyimpactedonbytheinfomlationthatEnglishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportam’mtoday’ssociet)『.Inaword,nom艄erwhat也eydo,theydoholdastronghope—theirchjldrenwillhaveanadV锄tagein吐le如turcprofessionandlifemrou曲agoodcomm锄dofEngIiSh.Some血hpafentsinmecityeVen啪nttosendtheirchildrentostudyabroadaftermeirgrad咖onf如mtheuniVersityTherefore,theimportanceofEnglishismorest咒s辨dbythem.HoweVer,theirchil出en’sCET一4gradesarcnotsigllific趾nyhighcrt11aIl山oseofstuderltsfromthecoumryside忙1.39,p>.05).wecallSeetllat,alnlough咖dents筋m恤cityhadthebetterstudyingenviro姗entbeforetheyemeredthcuniVers对andmeirparcntsgaVe山东大学硕士学位论文themmoreencomgememandconduction,theydonothaVetheclearsuperiorit),inEnglishStlldynow,comparedtotheirpeers矗omt11ecoun仃yside.OneimportantreaSonisthatt11esuperiori毋of也eirfhmilybac№rouIldleadstotheirlackofmotiVeforceforstudy.Tablelalsorcvealsthatstlldentsfromthecountryside缸emore卸xiousinEnglishclassthallthose行omthecity.A1thou曲medi行erenceisnotsigni6callt(t=1.42,p>.05),yctthisstillgiVesusanimplicationt11atstudems疗Dmthecountrysidetendtolackself-confidenceinEnglishle啪ing,especiallyinclass.Duetot11eunders乜ndablereasons,theyarepoorintheirspeakingalldlisteningskills,whichmal【esthemafraidofbeingaskedtoanswerthequcstions.Whattlleyaremostwomedaboutisthatothersmaylaughatthem.Accordingtotheresults,teachersarerequiredtodirectthemindiffbrentways.Teachersshouldencouragestudentsfromthecitytobringtheirsuperiority(i.e.haVingbetterbasisofEnglish)intoplayandaskthemtogainindiligenceandhardworking.Andteachersneedtomakestudentsfromt11ecountrysidehaveathOroughunderstandingoftheimportanceofEn91ishandtohelpthemdeVelopself-con士’dencegraduallyinleamingEnglish.3.2MotivationalDif&rencesbetweenMalea11dFemaleLeaHlersComparingmeansanalysisisusedagaintocompmetheitemstocomparethemotivationaldi丘色rencesbetweenmaleandfemalele锄erS.T曲le2presentstheresults.3山东大学硕士学位论文1’abIe-2ComparisonofMaleandFemaleLearnersattitudestov,ardsIntereSt1npOsltlveneganVeparentalencourage’memintegmtiveattitudestowardsleartlmgEnglishattitudestowardsorientationlgenderEnglish—speakingpeopleEnglishleamingEnglish13.067l4.71123.2871!MeanN23.11714.56232.997l21.487l15.4571llfstd.Deviation4.9244'3724.3633.644(female)MeanNStd.Deviation212217029,6317019t3l1705.29014.911705.46321.051704.70214.2l1704.48l6.5203.580(male)MeanN21.7824l30.6224l6.27319.9524l5.12414.362415.31021.7124l4.70814.582413.636Std.Deviationftotall4.5787Ihble-2(continued)Englishclassanxiety15.077l4.444genderinstI砌entalOrientationmotivationalIntenSltvCET.4gradesMeanN11.94712.70445.667l60.077l13.386Std.Deviation7.032(female)MeaIlNStd.Deviation12.161702.85l14.701704.39542-311707.43754.9617012.639(male)MeallNStd.Deviation12.1014.8l2414.40343.292417.46556.4724l13.04624l2.804(total)32山东大学硕士学位论文。I曲le2reveals岫thcrearesOmedi行毫rencesbetweenmale姐dfemalekan他rs.Female1eame—meaIlismgherincasesofinterestiIlEnglish(凫male-32.99,male=29.63)aIldmotivationalimenSity(female=45.66,male==42.63).And也ed硪rencesaresi卿ficant(t=4.369,p<.ooI;目.314,p<.01).撇isto蝴femaleshaves仃DngermotiVationtole锄English趾daremoreimerested’mEnglishleanling.Consequently'itisnotsufprisingⅡmt矗珊ales’scorcsiIlCET-4aresignjficantlyhigherth趾males’(户2.746,p<.01).THble2alsosuggestsnlatfemaleleamerShaveasigIlific柚tIyhigherscoreinime筝atiVeorientation山锄malele锄ers(睨.420,p<.05)。Besides,anotllcrobviousresultc缸beobtained丘Dmmistable也atisfemalepanicipantsreceivedmoreparentalencouragementthaIlt王1eirmalecounterparts,arIdtllediff毫renceissigllificant(t=3.534,p<.001).ThereSultsofthestudyprOVideeVidencematfemaleghld饥tsscorellighermanmalestudentsinCET-4.WecanalS0findsomereasonsfbmmetable.Oneist11atgirlsshowgreatinterestinEnglish.Asweallknow,“interestisttlebestteacher,’,sotheyenjoyleamingEngliShandcollSiderm嬲teringEn宙ish踮asymboI出atthcyarenotinferiortotlleirmalecollIlterpanswhoa陀alwaysthoughtmoreimelligent.Thisself.e每cacydoeshelpthemmakcmoreand啪reprogressin她irE喇sh.111esecondreasonmightbematgirlsdisplaya11ime鲫iveorientationforle锄ingEnglish.SinceGardn盯madethedistinctiOnbet、Ⅳeenintegrative觚dinstnJlnentaIorienta_tionsinmotiv砒ion,manystudieshavebeendoneundertlle抽nuenceofhissocio・educationalmodel.nwaSorig砌lyfoundthatim昭ralivemotivationco盯elateswitllhigll盯acllieV锄entint11e1卸g啪IgeleadiIlgtome鲫ggestiont11attIlisisamoreimporcamfoⅡnofmotiⅦtion.(地erconclusioIlsincludetll砒integradvemotivationismoreilIlpo砌ntinasecondla瞳g岫gec∞text’卸d髓i璐眦姗talorien雠ionbeimponantinothersitllati∞s轴ch鹊lear】斑唱EIlglishinafo∞i髓langmgemy蚰-ld品im则iVei璐嘛Ⅱtalori衄嘶oniss订oIlgly∞l锄edt0motiVatiolla王orient撕onh部becnfoundtobeaslighuywea】(ertorne船lⅡemotivatio∞linte船ityalt|10ughitisal∞con℃lated、访tllomerfh鼬。巧.So“tlliIl姆鲫dVeoriemBti∞gmsw眦tokllawmo糟a_bout。33pefhapsmaycontext.IIlinte惦i吼wbjlep阳dictormotiValioIlal山东大学颈士学位论文theEnglishculttlmandEnglish・spe出ngpeople.Theymay酊tocatcheverypossibleopporhmityshowgreatAUof6nallyt0commuDjcate、vitllforeigntc∞hers姐dsnld∞ts龇ldsomeof也emtoemhllSi踟forlistenjngEn百ishsollgs缸d、ⅣacchjngEnglishmo们es.thc辩actM廿esiIllprovetlleirEnglishs舯凼ngandlisteningskills,whichhelp也em8chievehigherCET-4grades.Theall埘rea蛳is也atgms’pafentssociety也atgiVetllcmmoreencollragement.Thereisarefktinourfemale倒uatesdiscrim协atedagaillstwhenlookingareforjobs.Andinarnorethosefemalegraduates丘Dm出escienceandengineeringiastitlltetryingsimation.Sobeforetheytogmduate,tIleirparentserlcoumgetIlemtoma妯er硒m柚yskills鹊pOssibleiIlordercompete诵mfaVorablet1]Icirmalerivals.Englistl,鼬doub锄ly'becorIlesalsobecause吐ley也inkmoseparcnts’asubjecttocncouragetheiradaughters,notonJybecau∞EnglishplaysVitalroleinlookiIlgforjob,butgirIshaveareaninnate“gi盘fortolanguages’,whichmeansifgidsworkhardatbenerinEnglish,也eytoIdbo蚰dperfbrnlEngIi出thanboys.The1ast嘲sonbyme协bleisthatgirlshaVesign沁cantly_highermotiⅥl廿onaliIIte璐itym姐boys.Boysat出bu协arelativelydegreeofimport如cetoEnglishhi曲iIls饥吼entaIgoals.Theyl解kinterestbuttendtoanachle锄ingtoflll舢ing也eacademicrcquifementswhilegirls骶morein戚nsicallymotivatcdow.mgattitIldestomeirs仃ongintereStinE叫ishandhjghlypositivetow矾sleanlingEnglish.And山engirls’motiⅥ瞳ionaJintensi哆isco仃espond沁lydi艉帆t.S毗emotivationalproVidedbythetabIe,IreferstoarIinte璐酊issignificalltlycorreI砒edWithtoleamers’ac圭lievement,gir}sscoredhigherinCET-4.Inadd试onthereaS011sco璐ider蛆otllerf如torveryimpona眦whichone’sisimelligence.Itindividtlal’scogIli廿vecap∽ity访cludingareobservation,attention,memori五ng.memory明dimaginmion.GmsAndtllisI锄guage蛐g,tobelievedtobegoodalaimitation龃dsor聆degree,isprDlce鹞ofiIIli诅ting趴dmemori五Ilg.Sois锄adv觚tagefbInalestuldc】cIlsposse黯inEnglislll咖ning.arou辩IllaleInconsideringtheaboVereslll协,te∞t蚵晤slloⅢtal【emeasIH℃stothemtostudents’int嗽stinEnglishandfo鼬盱thcirin龇icmot碱on.Fofteache玛shollIdfemalestude吣,encourage姐dhelpmake削lu∞oft量leirsul砷rioritytoachieve妒eat轧瞄e鹞.mE鹏lishl髑rnj唱.34山东大学硕士学位论文3.3Co盯elationAmlysisI趴alyzedgenderdi侬黯ncesinmotivationanddi腩r∞tiIlnuences如mdi彘rentfhilyback伊Oundcorrelatiollsonarnong甜i札desanitIldest0删stowardsnlotivationintheabovepans.NowI、Ⅳill柚alyzetl忙Engliskspeakingpeople,interestinEnglish,pos“ive/negatiVele啪ingEnglish,parentalencouragemenLintegmtiVeoriemation.ins们肌entalorientation.Englishclassanmety,motiVationalintensiWandCET.4野ades.1rable・3NDescriptiveStatisticsMinimum7Maximurn35Mean21.78Std.DeviationanitlIdestowardspeople24l4.578En曲sh—speakingpositiveinterestinEngIjshanitudes24ltowards2413’一403730.6219.956t2735.124Jc丑mingEngiishnegativeattitudestowards24113014-365.310IeamingEnglishparentalencouragementinte留ativeoriemationinstnⅡnentalorientationEnglishcIassanxie妙motivationalintensityCET・4gmdesValid24124124l24l22513l252025578421.7l14.5812.1014.8l43.2956.474.7083.6362.8044.4037.40513.04624l24l241319N(1iSt谢se)山东大学硕士学位论文Thble-4ComIatiOnAttitudestoⅥ,ardsIfIterestPos证veNegativeParemaIEn91ish-speakingInattitu(Ies删tudesencOumge。peopleEnglishtoⅥ砒dstoⅥ,amsmentle盯ningle删ngEnglishEnglishattinldesto、^咀rdsEnglish—speal(ing1peOpleinterestin.465++lEnglish.000positiVeanitudes.4754+.551towardsIearning.000.OOOlEnglishnegativeattitudes..363+’..639++towards1eaming.000..452+’.0001EngJish.000parental.267+4.394++.397++..179车十lencOuragemem.000.000.000.005Integratlve.397+’.463++.406++..340++.40944onentanOn.000.000.000.000.OOOinstmmentaI..170++.225’+.176+{..115.283+{orientation.008.000.006.077.OOOEnQlishclaSs.037..081..193”_317+・.051anxietv.566.211.003.000.433motivational.400+幸.487++.593¨..535++.246+十intensity.000.OOO.000.000.000CET一4grades.201++.279’+.313+・一.303+‘.138+.002.000.000.000.033PearsonCorrelationSig.(2-tailed)N;24l¨Co玎elationissignific枷atmeO.0llevel(2-tailed).+CorrelationissigllificantatmeO.01leVel(2.试led).山东太学硕士学位论立ThbIe・4(continued){Integratlveinstmmenta.1EnglishmotivationalCET.4Orientation0rlentatloncIaSsintensi“哪deSanXletVfattitudestowards|EngliSh。speakingIpeoplelinterestinlEnglishIposltlveamtude8ftowardslearningjEnglishlne£ativelanitudestowafdsf1eanlingEnglishlparentaliencouragementiintegratlVellorientation}jnst九Ⅱnental.250・+lor主entation.000Englishclass..019.166+lfanxietj.771.010motivational.458++.050。’,7十}lIntenSlt、.000.438.000CET一4grades.106.046..105-34l++l.102.475.103.000PearsonCorreIationSig.(2一tailed)N=241++CorreIationissignificamattheO.叭leVel(2-tailed)+Co盯elationissignmcalltattheO.叭1eVel(2一tailed).(a)Table4showstllatEngliShcksa11)(ietyhasanegaliveandsignmcantcorrelationwithpositive’attitudestowardsleamingEngIish(r=・.193,p<.01)andapositivea11dsign讯calltco仃elation¨thnegatiVeanitudestowardsleamingEnglish(F.317,p<.001).nlecorrelationsaresignificantrespectiVelyatp=O.OlaIldp=O.001.37山东大学硕士学位论文Thatistosay,iflearnersholdpositiVeanitudesaretow羽scareleamingEnglish,血ey谢llatpaymoreattemiontowhatt11eystud),ingandlinleabouttheirownfeelingsnotclass.SincetheydowaIlttOmaster也elanguage,t11eydohesita_Cetoanswer山equestions,whichmakesmemhave1essanxietyinclass.ConverSelv’ttloseholdiIlgnegatiVeanjtudestowardsleamingEnglishdonotliketostudyEnglish,sotheyunwillingtoarespeakEnglishinpublicandal、vayswoHyaboutbeingaskedtoanswerthequestionsbyteachers,whichmakesthemhavemoreaI】xietyinclass.ThetabIe越sojndjcatesnlat姐xje哼co兀.elatesnegatiVe】ywitbIe锄efs’motiVa£jonalintensi姆。(F一227,p<.001).A11dthecorrelationissignificantthatasatme0_oolleVel.ThissuggeststhemotiVationbecomesstmnger,theanxietybecomesweakeLTherefore.inteachingprocess,toredllcestudents’anxietydegree,teachersneedtostanwitllhelpingtochange血eirnegatiVeattitudesto、VardsleamingEnglishintopositiVeonest11rou曲someefrectivememods.Andwhatshouldbedonenextistomaintainandcans仃engthentheirextrinsicandintrinsicmotivation.OnIyinthiswaythosewimhighanxie妙inclassachieVethefinalaimmatistoteachersheIple锄En鲥shwell.a(b)1hble4alsoindicatesmatintegrativeorientationhaspositi、’eandsigni疗cantcorrelationwithmotivationalintensity(r=.463.p<.001).Sothecorfelationissignificalltatthe0.001level.AndintegfatiVeoriem“onsigni行cantlyandpositiVelycorrelateswithleafners’attitudestowardsEn91lsh—speakingpeopleandtheirinterestinEnglish.ThecO丌.elationcoemcientsarerespectiVely.397and.463.CorreIationissignificantattheO.00llevel.Thatistosay.anintegmtive-orientedIeamerhasinterestinapositiVeattitudeto、VardsEnglish—speakingpeopleandshowsaagreaterEnglish.MoreoVeLimegratiVeorientationhaspositiVeandsignmcantcorrelationwithIeamers‘positiVeattitudestowardsleamingandaEnglish(r=.406,p<.001)negative趾dsi髓ificamcorrelation¨thleamerS’negativeattitudestowards1eamingEnglish(I=一.340,p<.001).Thisindic£【testhatimegratiVe・orientedstudentstakeapositiveattitudetoⅥmrdsleamingEnglish.Inaddition,iII把gratiVeorientationpositiVelyandsignificamlvcorrel砒eswitllparentalencourageme眦(F.409,p<.001).beinnuencedbytheirparents.whichshowsthatintegrative—oriemed蚰JdentsmayThoseparentsmayhavereceived38hi曲cducatjon跚dknow出athaVingak托er山东大学硕士学位论文understandingofmecultureof山eta唱etlallguageandcOmmunicatingwiththenativepeoplewillhelpalotto1e锄meta增etlanguage.SotheyencoIlragetheirchildrentomaintainimegratiVemotiVation.Asteachers,、Ⅳeshouldencouraget圭losestudentstointeractwithfore噜ners,readmoreEnglishnoVelsaIldlistentomoreEnglishsongstokeepmeirimerestinEngIishaIld血eirdesiretole锄Englishwell.(c)ThetableaIsodemonstratesthatinstmmentalorienta_tionpositivelyandsignmcantlycorrelates、ⅣimattitudestowardsEn91ish-speal(ingpeople(F.170.p<.01).interestinEn91ish(F.225,p<.001),pos“iVe甜itudestowardsleamingEnglish(F.176,p<.01),parentalencou瑚瞎ement(F.283,p<.001)a11dintegrativeorientation一.250,p<.001).TheresulttestmesBrown’sideat11atbotllintegrativemotiVationa11dinstrumentalInotivationarenotnecess砥lymutuaUyexclusive.LeamerSrarelyselectonefonllofmotiVationwhenle锄iIlgasccondlaIlguage、butmtheracombinationofthetwo.ItisveryobViousthatinmisstudythepanicipantsh“ebothintegratiVeandinstnlmentalmotiVation.Atpresent.、viththeadVanceofChina’srefonIlandopening,Chinahasbecomemorea11d瑚rcunited丽tlltheworld.soChinesecollegestudentshaVebeguntoleanlmoreabloutforeigncountr{esandforeignpeople.whichwillpossiblybenetlt也emmtheirfuturelife.English.undoubtedlyIist11eirmostpossiblea11dbestchoicetorealizetheirideasduetoitsspecials诅tusamongallthelaIlguagesintheworld.ButinviewofChina‘spreseTlteducationalsystem,cOllegestudems,unavoidably,holdtllerelativelyrealisticideas.suchaspassingCET.4,lookingforagoodjobaRergraduation,goingtostudyabfoad,etc.ThisisatypicalinstrumentalmotiVation.(d)ParentalencoumgementhaSbeenfoundtobecorrelatedpositivelyafldsignificamly谢tllanitudesto、ⅣardsEn百ish-Speakingpeople睁.267,p<.001),interestinEnglish(F.394,p<.001),posmVeanitudestowardsleanlingEnglish(F.397.p<.001),motiVatiollal洫tensity(严.246,p<.001)a11dCET-49rades(r=.138,p<.05).IfastudentreceiveshisorherpareIns’encomgeInent,hcorshemayhavepositiveanitudestowardsEnglish.speakingpeopleandleamingEn鲥shandshowgreaterinterestinEnglish.HisorhermotiVationalintensityaIldEnglishachieVement,也erefore,maybeKgher.Inotherwords,duringtheprocessofleanlingEnglish,39山东大学硕士学位论文paren诅lencouragementisrameri芏1fluentialtoastudem.(e)MotiVationalintensitycorrelatespositivelya11dsignificantly砸thlea玎lersanitudesto、VardsEnglish-speakingpeople(F.400,p<.001),interestinEnglish护.487,p<.001)a11dpositiVea仕itIldesto、va旧slea嘣ngEnglish睁.593,p<.001).AnditcorrelatesnegatiVelyaIldsigIlificantlywithleaⅡlers‘negativeattitudestowardsleamingEn91iSh(r=-.535,p<.001).Accordingtotheresult,wec柚concludethatifastudemhaspositiveattitudestowardsle啪ingEng王ish趾dtowardsEnglish却e拍ngpeople,heorshewillhaVemuchstrongermotivati。ntolcaHlEnglish.Ontheotherhand,iftheat【“udesarenegatiVe,memotiVationalintensitywillberelativelyweaketMoreoVeLifheorsheshowsgre砒iIlteI。eStinEngliskasmdentiscertaintohavestrongmotiVationtole锄English.Therefore,teachersshoulddevelopstudents’interestinEn西isha11dmeirpositive蚍itIldestowardsnativespeakerSofEnglishinordertoenhaIlce也eirmotivationforEnglishle锄ing.(f)Lea丌lerS’academicachieVementsofEnglisharepositivelyandsignificantlyco玎elatedwimanitudestowardsEnglish・speakingpeople睁.201,p<.01),interestinEnglish(r:.279,p<.001),positiVea牡itudestowardsleamingEnglish(F.313,p<.001)a11dmotiVationalimensity(F.341,p<.001).From也isresult,wemaydrawaconclusionthatmotiVationaIldachieVememinteract、vitheachother-AhighlevelofmotiVationdoesstimulateleanlin舀butperceivcdsuccessinEnglishlearningcanhelptomaintainexistingmotiVationandeVendeVelopmotivationofthosewhodono【haVeit.Thatiswhygoodle姗ersusuallyhaVestrongermotivationforEnglishleaming.3.4GeneralDiscussionInthjspaft,1wmsumupthemsultsarlddiscuss吐啪genemlly‘Atfirst,bomintegratiVemOtiVationandiIls恤瑚entaImotivationareimponanturlderthepresentconditionofCllina.Accord.mgt0theresult,inte孕砒iVeorientationalmostcorr_elates、vitllaUtheV撕ables,suchaS甜“udestowardsEnglish.speakingpeople,mte陀st证Englisll'motivationalintensi吼parentalencouragement,etc.There_10山东大学硕:七学位论文isnodoubtt11atintegratiVe—orientedstudentshaVegreatinterestinEnglishandtheyusuallylikeEn91ish.speakingpeopleaIldthatthoScwhohaveadesiretobecomef抽iliar州t11oreVenintegrateintothesociet)finwhichEnglishisusedtendtosucceedinleamingEnglish.Ho、vever,althou曲tllecorrelationcoe伍cientsarelower'instrumentalorien谢onalsocorrelates、vithmostvariables.Thistellsust}latinstmmentalmotiVationisalsoimpor七ant.hChina,En91ishis订eatedasnotasecondlallguagebutaforei舯language.Almoughitiskno、ⅣIltomostpeopletllatEnglishhasbecomemorearldmoreimport锄t,yetowingtod.丘毫rentreasons,theyseldomchoosetogoontoStudyEnglishorbegintoleamEnglishifitisnogreatuseintheirpresentwork.ThatistOsay.thereisshOrtageOf山eenVimnmentforspeakingaIldlisteningtoEnglishinthesociety.Andinthecommoncollegestherearefbwfore蟾nerS,sonon・Englishmajorshavenotmanychancesofcommunicating、vith出em.ButtlleyarerequiredtopassCET一4beforetlleirgraduationandtheyareawareoftheimportaIlceofEnglishfortheir如tllre.Sotheybecomeinstmmental-orientedle锄ers.AnywaHforteachers.itisimportanttodistinguishⅡleirstudents’motiVation呻esalldguidethemtosustainlong—teⅡnsuccesswhenleamingEnglish.Secondly.EnglishclasSa11xietyhasanegatiVecorrelationwithmotiVationalintensityarIdwithpositiVeanitudestowardsleamingEnglish.Inotherwords,positiVeattitudesto、伽d1eamingEnglishandpositivemotivationto1eamEn鲥shareassociatedwi也lackofanxietyintheEn酉ishclaSsroom.Tbreducestudents’anxiet弘teachersmayaltertheclassroomclimatetoksSenthetension.mcludinginitialpublicco兀℃ctionsofmistakes,morepeertutoring,individualizationofiIlStnlction,ormoregroupactivities.Whent11eyarenotanxiouSinclass,theymaybecomemoreaIldmoreinterestedinEnglishandchaIlgetheirnegativeattitudestowardsle锄ingEnglishintopositiveones.Andtllen也eirmotiVationalintensit),willbecomehigh.Finally,山eywillachievehigherEnglishgrades诵也tllestrengtlleningof出eirmotiVation.Thirdly,le姗ers’anitudesto啪rdsEnglish-speakingpeopleandtowardsleamingEnglishaf凫ctmeirleamingmotiVation.Accordingtotheresults,ifstudentshavepositivea仕itudestowardsIearningEnglish,they撕llshowgreatinte袱建inEnglish,holdstrongmotivationforEngIishlearningandhaVehighEnglish4l山东大学硕士学位论文achieVement.Thecoe伍cientsisarerespectively.551,.593,and.313alldthecoI代Iations培nificantat0.oolleVel.Besides,attitudesto、vafdsEnglish—speakingpeoplealsocorrelateswith证terestmEnglish(r=.465,p<.001),motivationalintensity(产.400,p<.001)andCET-49犯des(F.20l,p<.01).Ifleamcrshavefavomble甜itudestowardsEn91ish・speak证gpeople,they、villbeinterestedinEngIishleamin昌havehi曲in试nsicasmotiVationtoleamEnglish,andfinallysucceedinleanlingEnglish,Soteachers,weoughttodeVelopstudents’positiveattitudestowardsEnglish—spea虹nglearIlingEnglishduringpeople肌dtoWardsteach吨English.a11Founhly,imercstinEnglishplaysimportampaninleamers’En91ishlea玎1ing.InterestinEnglishcOrrelateswithalrrlostalltheotllervariables.IfstudentsshowgreatinterestinEnglish,theyandtendtohoIdpositiveanittldestowardsEnglish—speakingpeopletowards1eamingEnglish,andtheirmotivationalarouseintensityarldEnglishachieVementswillbehigh.Tbstimulatetheirin埔nsicmotivation,whichdoesstuaentslimerestmcanstohe王pinIanguageJe删ng.Theret、o峨forEnglishteachersshouldtakeanypossibIemeasurestoamuseandfostertheirinterestinstudents’c嘶osityEn甜ishle锄ing.inEn剑jsh.theirourF洎^Iy'球雌ntalmotiVationaIcountry’sencouragem髓t艘cts】e锄ers’inIerestintensit)randEnglishachievemem.Wimthedevelopmentofrefb蛳arIdopening,moreafldamorepeoplebegintorcaliZemesignincaIlceofhavjnggoodconlma|1dofEnglish.A】thoughsomeoftbemdidnDtJe啪Engljshthrou曲before,yettheyencouragemeirchildrentoworkhardatEnglislllearIlingproVidingmem、ⅣithmoneyspentonanymaterialaboutEnglishleaming.SomeparentswhohavesomeknowledgeOfEnglishmaytrytotheirchjldrenthfoughchildrentole锄Englishtogetherwithordertour萨t11ecomm谢cating丽也eachotherinEnglishinpafentSevenleamEn斟iShwell.Andsomewealthyabroadif也eymasterpromisetosendtheirdaughtersorsonsEn西ish.Incanall,paremalencouragememdoesbenefitmeleanlerS’Englishlearlling.Ithelptofosterstudents’interest,maintainandands仃en舀hen也eirin试nsicandex确nsicEnglishlearning.motiv撕onfinal王yachi“esuccessin山东大学硕士学位论文3.5ImplicaliollSoftheSurveyforForeignLanguageTeachinginChinaThissun,eyreVealsthatt11eredifreremaresomefactorS世bctinglearners’motivationandinfluencedbyle锄ershavedi丘breIltmotivationalimensityandcaflaredi脆rentmotiVationalfactors.TeacherssurVeyfgetsomeusemlimplic撕onsfbmtheresultsoftheFirst,sincestudentsarebotllintcgrativelyaIldinStrumentallymotivatedtoleaHlasEnglish,tcachersshouldnotoIllystren垂hensomeinstmmentalmotives(suchmotiVesforlookingforagoodjob),butalsoencouragethemtoparticipateinmoreEngiishactiVitiesandtocommunicatewithforeigIlers.Second,teachersoughttopayspecialanentiontohowtoarousestudents’interestinEnglishasinterestplaysavitalroleinEnglishleaming.Third.teachersneedtocreateenVir0IlfIlentinwhichstudentsn0acomfortableleanlingcanjongerfeelaflxiolIsaIldtheirpotentiaibebrou曲ttothe静eatestdegreeintoplay.Founll,teachersshouldtakedi豌remmeasurestodeVelopdi丘-erentleamerS’leamingmotivation,Forgirls.teachersneedtoencouragetbemtomakegooduseoftheirsup谢orityinlanguagestudyingt0maimaintheirintrinsicmotiVatiOnandhelpthemadOptbetterleamingstrategies.Forboys.teachersneedtofostertheirintrinsicmotiVationt11rou曲chatlgingthciranitudespeopletowardsEn91jshlearninga11dto、vardsEn酣s11-speakinggradual】y.StudentstofromthecountrysideneedtobeencouragedtoopentlleirmouthstospeakEnglishoVerco眦theiranxietya11draise也eirself_emcacyw11ile吐losef如mthec时shouldbeguidedto、ⅣorkharderinOrdertodeVeloptheirskillsoflisteIling,speakir喀,reading,、mtingand订孤slatinginEnglishleamin吕山jj;大学硕士学位论文ChapterIVSuggestionsforEnhancingStudents’MotiVationforEnglishLearningMotiVationisanimportantV撕ablewhenex啪iningsuccess如lsecondlanguagethepreVioIlsparts,IreVie、№dnlemotiVationtlleoriesandinvest逗atednlemotivationalfactofsinfluencedoneanotherandfoundout讲hatfactorsaff毫ctIeamers’achievementinEnglishlearrling.BaSedon廿1elite啪rereviewa11dthefindingsofmesurvey,I’11providesomeusemItechniquesarldstrategiestomotivateworkhardatEnglish。CreatingGoodLeamingEnvironHle“tsAccordingtotheliteratl】rereviewa11dtlleresultsoftllesurvey,snjdents‘leamingcallbeinnuencedbysocioculturalf砬torsandclassmomenvironrnentf&tors.Thefefore,creatinggoodlearninge耐ronmentsisveryimportanttoenhaneestudems’motiVationforleaming.FaVorableleamingenVironmentsarctheextemalconditionswhjcharenecessaryinarousingstudents’le删ngmotivationandhelpingthembccomeuse&lpersons.Pu:t乏ingIear舱rSin沁a6nekamingenvifonrnentc觚developtheirgoodcharacterS,州chhelps幻maintains乜ongleanlingmotivation.4.1.1CreatingaGoodSocialEnviro肿emEnglishisstill骶atedasaforcignIallg吼geinChina.Althou曲wehavesucceededingemng也erightforholdingme0lyTnpicG锄esin2008,yetunlikeBe巧ingcitizens,somepeopkiIIothercitieshaven’tthoroughlyrealizedtheeme唱encyofle枷ingEnglish.UIllesst11eya陀reqlliredtop硒ssomeseld蝴stuHayEnglishactively.Thcreis蜘of也eexarns.龇yoccasionsonwhichstudentscanspeakandlistentoEnglishoutsidethecollege.nissaidthatSchoolsinwhichstudcntsaresucccss柚arctllosetllat}m、redeveIopedandcapitaIizedonrel砒ionsll主ps“acquisition.IIlhowstudentsto4。lmotiVation坐查查兰堡主兰垒兰兰..withparentsaswellas、ⅣimcommuIlity-bas酣agenci鼢busjness,andotherorganizations.Thatistosay,ifparemsandcommunjtymembersbacktlleed_ucationoftheschoolthrou曲pr0VidiIlgfmancialsuppon,givingStudentsoppon吼itiesforintemshipsandemployment,paVingthe啪yforsmIientStopursuepost-secondarystudies,a11dhelpingschoolsbenerrespondtostudems’needs,students’leanlingmotiVatiOncanbeenhanced.Therefore,everypersonshOulddevotehimsdforherselftoestablishingagoodatmospherefbrEnglishleaming.Forcommonpeople,what山eyshoulddoatfirstistoshowt11eirrespecttoknowledgea11dteachersinordertodeVelopaeVerybOdy.want.to・le锄atmosphere.ThosehaVingsomeknOwledgeofEnglishmaytrytheirbesttopanicipa_teinanykindofEnglishactiviti幅suchasgoingtothepublic“EnglishComers”regularlytomaketllembecOmemorc锄dmorepopulaLwhilesomewealthybusinessmenmaysponsorsomeEnglishcontestsandactiVitieseVeryyeartoamusepeople’sen血usiasmf-orEnglishle锄ing.Ithasbeensaidthatmostlea丌lingtakesplaceoutsidemeclassroom.Agoodsocialle啪ingenViror吼entcallproVidestIldents奶t11moreoppommineStopracticeandle锄English.4.1.2CreadngaFineF姗订yLe锄ingEn“mmentAccordingtoBrophy(1987),motiVationtoleamisacompctenceacquired”throughgeneralexperiencebutstirnIlla_tcdmostdirectlythroughmodeling,communicationofexpectations,anddirectiIlsnllctionorsocializationbysigni丘c蛐totllers(especiallyparentsandteachers).”Cllildren’shomeenViromentshapestheinitialconstellationofaninJdestlleyd“elOptowardlearning.WhenparentSnunuretIleirchildren’snaturalcuriosityaboutt11eworldbywelc咖ingtheirquestion%encouragingexplo豫tioIl’锄dfhmiliarizing山em、衍thresollrcesth砒caneIlla唱etheir、Vorld,mey盯egiVingme-rchildren也emessagetllatle锄ingiswontlwhilea11d疔equentlyfunand豫tis母ing.whencllildrenareraisediIlahomet11atn咖esasenseofseJf-wo劬,competeI)ce,a11tonomy,锄dse】f.e历cacy’lhey谢nbemore丑plloaccept也erisksinl】【ereminl锄嘶ng.C0nvefsel弘whenchildrendonotview45山东大学硕士学位论文tllemseIVesasb嬲icallycompetentandable,tlleir矗eedomtoengageiIlacademicalIychallengingpursllitsa11dc印ac时totolerate如dcope稍thfailurearegreatlydimillished.卜qsurveyalsore、他alstllatparentalerlcouragementcon_elateSpositively“mstlldents’attitIldesto啊帕learIlingEnglish粕dtheirinterestinEnglish.nmtistosav.parcntalerlcouragementplaySara出erimponantmleinc11ild糟n’slallgIlagel洲n鲁Thercfore,inordertoe11ll彻cestudents’mOtiVationforEnglishlearIlin&creatingafinefhmilyleanlingen、,im姗entisalsonecesSaryP盯entscanencourageandurgemeirchildrentoleanlEnglishthroughpmViditlgthem州t11llSe如1learningmaterials,offeringthemmeaIliIlgfLdrewards,垂vitlghighexpectatio【lS,etc.Ina11.paremsneedtoletmeirchildrenbeawarethat也eyhopet11emtoleamEnglishwellandwillsupporttllemiIleVeryrcspect.4.1'3C陀atingaFavorableClaSsroomEnVirorlme呲MacIntyrc(1999)pointsout也8ttenseclassroomcl洒atecanundermineleami哗anddemotiVateleanlers.Thatistosay_ifleamerssnJdyinasafeclassroomatmosphere.theirmotivationforleamingwillbestrongbecausetheycanexpresstheirideas曲elyanddon’tfi光lanxious.AsDeborahStipek(1988)notes,‘叮aaver、la警edegree.蛳ldentsexpecttolearniftlleir谳lche玛expectmemtol髓m.”Tcacher’roloinarousiIlgandmaintainingstIldents’leamingmotiVationisreallyimportallt.Soitisteacherswhoundertakethetaskofcreatingaf矗Vor;abkclassroomenvi∞nment.Inorderto如lfillthetaskteachersneedtohaVeent量lusiasmforte觚h抽g,deVelopagoodrelationshipWitllstudents,andadoptsometlsemlteachingtcchlliquestoreducegnldents’anxie每level.4.1.3.1BeingEnthusiasticaboutEn91ishThche璐’entIlusi踟isacnlcialfactorinstudents’motivation.AccordingtoD忸vis(1993),supposeyoua托at∞cher’ifyoubecomeboredorapatlletic,students46出东大学《上享u啦』will,too.Typically,ateacher‘sen也usiaSmcomes疔omconfidence,excitememaboutthecomem,aIldgenuinepleasureinteachillg.IfyoufindyourselfunimereStedinthematerial.thinkbacktowhatattmctedyoutot11efielda11dbringthoseaspects0ftksubjectmanertolifefor”urstudents.YoualsocanchaJkngeyourselftod“isethemOstexcitingwaytopreSentt11ematerial,h0、veverdullthematerialitselfmayseemt0yOu.TbbeagoodEnglishteacher,youmustloVeleaminglanguages,especiallyEnglish.Sincethereisnolimitationforlanguage1e锄i119,teachersmemselVesshouldalwayskeepenthusiasmforacquiringnewk110wledgeinEnglisha11dinteachingmethOdology.4.1.3.2DevelopingaGood1’eacher-StudenlRelationshipStrong,personalteacher.studentrelationshipsarekeytostudentS’success.Thefinerelationshipbe帆enteachersandstudentsmaymakestudentsfeelsafeandcomfbrtable,whichhelpsalotin也eirforeignlan昏蝌薛leaming.Teacherscalldevelopagoodrapponwimstudemsbysharingpartsoft11emsel、’eswithstudents,especiallythoselittlestoriesofp∞blemstheyexperiencedandmistakestheymade.Suchpersonalizingofthestuden价eachcrrclationshiphelpsstudentsthinkteachersasapproachablehumallbeingsandnotasaloofauthorityfigures.Youllgpeoplearealsoquiteinsecure,andtheysecretlywelcometheadmissionbyadultsmatinsecurityandermrarecommontoeVeryone.Studems、订UattendtothewordssaidbyanadultwhoappearStobea“realperS0n,”whohadproblemsasayouth(ormorerecently)andsuⅣiVedtllem.Anotherwaytoestablishafavorablerelationship、vimstudentsistorememberstudents’naInesasmanyaspossible.Wi山theemargememoftllecollege.thereislackofteachingpersonnel.O、vingtothesituation,Englishcl髂sincollegeshasbecomela昭era11dlarger,Ⅵ,hichmakesitdi佑cultforteacherst0rememberstudents‘n锄es.Howevcr,teachcrsshouldtrytheirbesttoovercomettledimculty.TheycallrememberseveraJn锄esduringoneperiOdofclass,alldt量lenaRerteachjngfora47山东丈学颤f学位论文wholete订n,theymayremembermoststudents’names.DoingthisisVerywonhwhiletomaintainstudents’motivationbecausecaJlingthembynamesinclass谢11makestudencSfeeIc卸耐a11dtlley撕IlbeamoreresponSibIefortheirbehavioLItisaIsogoodideatobeapproachablepersOnallyHavingfke—to・f她etaIksshortenthedistancebetweenstudentsandteachers.Supposeintervalsoronwims扎dentsacanyou龇aboutteacher.d嘶ngt11eanypossibleoccasiOns,show吐latyoucareyourstudentsbyaskjngabouttheirconcemsandgoals.WhatdothcyplaIltodoint11e士luture?Ⅵmatt11ingsdot11eylike?Dotlleyhaveanydiffic山tyintheirstudyandlife?Suchateacher晰llbetnlStedaIldrespectedmore山aIlthatestablishingthemaonewhoisa11business.JustasAlison(1993)statesthelea玎lersbystudentstorelationShipaofmutIlal(nlstaIldrespectwithatalking晰thonpersonalleVoIiskeyelementtoattractengageinleamingt越ks.4.1.3.3功ingtoReduceStudentS’SeVereAnxietyBecauSeleamingrequireschangesinbeliefsandbehaviotit’noHnallyproducesmildlevelofaanXie够ThisiSuse凡l弧motiv础塔也eindiVidual,HoweV鼠SeVercdegreeofs仃essisinherentinsomeeducationalonanxietyisincapacitating.Ahighsituations.Ifa11xietyissevere,theindiVidual’sperception0fwbatisgoinghimoraroundherislimited.TeachefsmustbcabletoIearning.Theyalsohaveaidenti每anxietyandunderstanditsavoidcausjngseVereeff&tonre|’ponsibil匆toanxietyinleamerS,InOrdertoreducesnmen博severea11xie吼itis油port。lIIttoproVide印prop^atewait-timeforstudemswhenaShng也emtopanicipateinnlediscussionsinclass.Donotfo唱etthattheirfirstl锄gIl砸reisnotEnglisKwhichmayfromarequiremorewait・timebecauseofmeprocesSesinvOlvedinlanguage.shimngnativelang∞getoasecondTeachersshouldalsotrytoavoidcreatinginteIlse_becauseintenSecompetitionproducesanxiety,whichmustreduceSn珂ents’tendenc王escooperative4Rcompetmon锄onginte疏『e、vithtostudents,cantocomparet栅eIVeslearning.Theyothersandpromotcle帆ingmclass.Bl蛐(1971)r印on5t吼stlldents矾moreanentivc’山东大学硕士学位论文displaybettercomprehensiomproducemorework,andaremoref如orabletothcteachingmethodH血entheyworkcoopemtivelyingroupsratherthancompeteasindiViduals.vygosky(1978)holdsnles锄eopiIlionthatcommuIlicationandcollaborativegmupworkcaIleIlllanceindividuals’thinkinga11dleanling.StudemscanshareleamiIlgs仃ategiesaIldperSpectivewimeachotllcrthmu曲socialinteraction.Inthecollaborativeleamingprocess,studentsoReninspireeachotheLAnddiscussin舀creatinginagroupratherthaninawholeclasscontextcanprovidealessanxiety—-produc证gcomext.Soteac}1ersshouldeⅥduateandrewardthegroup‘sachieVement眦her血aIlindiVidualachievement,becauseaccordingtoDriscoll(1994)=collaborationseemstoworkbestWhenstudemsdeperldoneacho廿lertoreachadesiredgoal,when也erearerewardsforgroupperfbmallces,aIldwhenstudentsknowhowtOworktogemereff毫ctively.Teachersshouldemphasizemastery趾dleaⅡlingmt}lert}lall擎ades.especiallytheyneedtoavoidusinggradesaSthreats.AsMcKeachie(1986)pointsout.thet11reatoflowgradesmaypromptsomestudentstOworkhard,butotherstlnentsmayresorttoacademicdishonesty,excusesforlate、Ⅳork,锄dothercoullterproductiVebehaVioLTheyareW0rriedaboutbeingdisdainedduetotheirlowgrades,wllichleadstome.rcompletelygivingupleaming.Sincesomestudents盯eaIⅨiousinclassinfbarofmal(证gmistakeswhenans、垤ringquestionsorexpressingtheirideasingroupdiscussions.Consideringthis,emrcorrectionshouldbeavoidedwhereverpossibledu血goralcommLHlication.OnlyintIliswaycallstudents11aveconfidenceingoingonspealcingEnglish.Besides,errorcorrectionshouldbeuSedcautiouslyin、砌tten髂si鲷ment.W1推nrespondillgtopapers,exams,aIld0也erstIldent、wrk,ke印abalallceonreco弘izingwhatwascorrecta11dwhatw晒incon.ect.Confi栅ngwhatw镐donewellisamorcpowermlteachingtooltllanlistingerrorS.Andovenerrorcorrectionshouldneveroccur,becauseitc锄1eadtofhstrationallda默ie吼afldtherefore,impede咖dents’pmgressinlallguage1eaming.SoteachersneedtoadoptSomeuse削tecllIliquestotreatstudents’errDrs.1’akerespOndillgtosmdents’、砌石ngforexample,teachersshouldn’tconcentmteone仃orcorreclingbutf殛usontheideasofeachcomposition.Theymay4q山东大学硕士学位论文correctonlythefcwerrorspubliclyWhicharecorminedbymostleaHlers越ldencouragepeerorgroupreading,whichmakesthemleamflmmoneanotherandbecome1essanxiousinclaSsandmoreresplDnsiblefor也eirownleaming.4’2TakjngE髓ctiveMeasurestoEnhanceStudents’IntrillsicMotiV撕onAccordingtothe1iteraturerevie、Ⅳ’weknOwintrinsicmotiVationplaysasigni6c趾troleinle锄ers‘L2le锄峙H碘imrinsicallymotiVateds州entsareboulldtodObenerinclassroomactivities.Soitisimportantforteacherstomotivatestudentsin伍nsicallybyarousingstudents’c耐os咄stimulatingandmaintainingtheirinterest,helpingthemsetpmpergoalsforleanling,etc.4.2.1ArousingStudents’Curiosi妙Curiosityisa11importampartof、v:hatresearcherscalliIldnsicmotiVation.Deci&Ryan(1985)definesitaspositiveemotionstowardasubject.FifStly.c谢osityislikelytosupportenhallcedlearningandachieVementjustbecauseitcallhelptoactivatestuden心priorknowledge.Students、Ⅳillbeabletomakebetterconnectionsw“hnewma£erialiftheire戚osityisaroused.Secondly,c谢ositynotonlya鑫'cctswhatstudentsleam,butalsotheinlensi哆a11dduraliOnofthele锄ingactiVities(Pintrich,R00ser'&DeGroot1994).Researchersprovedthatthestudentswithcuriositytryhardenou曲tolc锄锄dmakeconsistente惫mtoreachle锄inggoals(simon1967).Thirdly'c谢os时promotesstude们’involvementinschoolactivitiesthatresultinpositiveamtudesto训1eaming.Researchersbclieve也atcuriositygives订setOanhdesthatleadto1ifelong1eamin岛t11edevelopmentofcOmpetence,andachiev哪ent(n∞m豁&Oldfather1997).R启levaIlcemaybethernostimpo叮tantmotiVationalsn丑tegythatStimulatesstlldents’curiosityintryingtocomprehendsubjects.mstmc石onneedstofocusoncontentmatisatle硒tpotcntiallyrclevanttostudentsa11dapplicabletotheirliVesoutsideofsch001.RelevammediaS,ex锄plesorcasestudiesareneededto蜘山东大学硕士学位论文incorpOrateintothelessonsfbrincreasing山erelevance0fthecomentto也estudents’presentexpefienceand如tureexpectations.asTe8cherSalsoshouldusepracticaleVefydaymaterialssuchnewspaperanicles,magazines,ref毫renceb00ks,teleVisionshows,mdioprogr锄s,andtheIntemetwh蜘teachingEngiish.aAdding1mlen0VeltytocompletingaIlOrdinarylessonisalsohelp缸ltoarOusestudents’c皿os蚵Thispresentationofastrateg),ispanicularlyusefulintlleinmalperiodofForexample,beforeteachingatopic.newlesson,teacherssometimesmaychoosesOmecap曲leVolurlteerstoplaytheroleofateach盯toteach.Then,duringtheprocessofpreparation,lhoseVolunteerS1eamAndwhenthenewclassisgoingon,therestalotabouttheasubject.smdentswmholdonstrongcuriosityabouttheirpeers’pef向n11锄ce.ConsequentIy,theywⅢfocIlsthenewlessonafldbemotivatedtoworkhardbyme订classmates’goodperfornlance.4.2.2StimuIatingandMaintainingStudents’InterestImerestisinterestinoneoflhemaineJementsot.motiVation.’11】esurveyreVeaIsttIatpositiVelycorreIateswithstudents’attitudestowardEnglishEngIish—speakingpeopleandtowardleamingEnglish,motiVa£ionalintensi秒andEn蛐hachievementOtherreaearchersa王so矗nd也eimpoftanceofintefest.Forexample.QinaIldwbn(2002)iIldicatesthatitisthemostinfluentialmotiVationaIf.actorinChinesestudentS’intemaistn工ctureofEFLmo蛀vation.Soitisnecessa盯fofteacherstostimulateandmaintainstudents’interestinordertomotivatet}1emtoleamEnglish.Firstl弘roleinteractionscanplaying,debates,discussions,galne—likeactivitiesandpeerbeusedt0preventclaSs瑚mleanjng舶m8sensebeingmonotonousandaroutine,Secondly't船chershadbe牡erdevdDpcharacterinteaching.AteacherwimanentionwithtoasenseofhumOrwhichiscanuse削ofhumoreasiIyattractstudents’awhathesays.studentstcndtolikeEngIishify叫arcEn西ishteacherasenseofhurnoLThirdly,teachersshouldt叫toneverusebriefa|1dVividlallguagesinareclass。Englishte扯hersshouldfo曙etthatChinesestudemsnOtnaIiVe5l山东人学硕:E学位论文speakersofEngIish.TheyhaVedi伍cultyinkeepingfocusingonⅥmattheyhearinclass,becausemOstofthecontemsteacherSareuSual】yexplainedinEnglish.SoEnglisht0oughttoaVoidusingcomplicated姐dobscurewordsindaSsinordermainta血snJdents’interestint11esubject.FourthlKteachersshouldincreasemearousedi墨cultyof也em啦rialasthesemeStcrpro伊es费s.Inordertostudents’interest,at血ebeginllingofdles锄ester'teachersareshouldgivememopportullitiestosucceed.Ⅵmenstudentsfeel吐1eyabletoSucceed(i.e.,when血eygaintoself.confidence),teacherscallgraduallyincreasethedifficultylevelinorderonesmaintainmeirinterest.Tboeasytasksandtoodimcultbeingstimulated.AslongasbomcanpreVentinterestassi鄹mentsandaex弧sincludeeasierandhardersuccessasquestions,everystudentwill}laVechancetoexperiencewellaschallenge,whichwmhelpmaintainthe扫intefestingubject.4.2.3HeIpingSmdentsSeta11dMaintainRealisticGoalsforLearningGoalsseⅣeasthebasisofmotivation.withoutgoaIsitisdi街culttobemotivatedtoachieve.Thegoalsyousctforyourselfinfluencewhatyouattendtoandhow}lardyoutrytomaximizeyourperfonnallce.Whenyouworkgoalyouandevenareonataskwithouta1ikelytoallOwyourattentiontodd袅.becomemofeeas“yimemlpted.stopworkingwithoutcompletingt11etaskaWhenyouhaVeagoalinmind.youhavetomoreclearlydefinedpoiminmeperfbm瑚ncethatdefineswhenitistimequitorwimdraw丘ommeta:sk(i.e.,whenthegoalisatEained).Thatist0sa*goalsinnuencehowweallocatewitllaour甜ention,howhardwework,andhowlOng、vepersistcaIltask.SmdentSmaydevclopunrealisticgoalsH,hichseedisappointand胁stratet11em.Ifstudentstothattheyaresuccessfullyreac撕ng廿1eirgoals,mey、们llcontinueareworktowardthem.Iftheyseet11eirgoalssIippiIlgoutofreach,也eya11likelytobediscouragedaIldlower血eirexpectations.Soeff&tivete鼬hershouldhelpstudents姒andmaintain也ekindofrealisticgoalsnlatke印t11emmotivatedtosmdyhard.Atfir啦teacherSmayask娟mentstolistthcirpe髂onalgoalsandlet也emdiscussthebcnefitsof∞hievingt11em.Gmdes52c强beacceptI掘硒90als,but山东大学硕士学位论文performallcegoalsshouIdbefocusedon.ThatistosaXteachersneedtoencouragestlldentstofocustestoronmeircontinuedimproVemem,notjllstshouldontheirgradeonanyoneassi口ment.Secondly,teachersemphasizepositivegoals.Ifstudemssetimpropergoals,theyoughttobegiVendirectionmtherthanshoulddoistosuggesthowstlldemsthcmtostopcriticism.Whatteachersmi曲tstudyortakeclearnotes血steadoftellingpmcraSti舱tingordaydre嬲ing.Thirdly’specificgoalsshouldbeused.Tcachersneedtosetrecitethefirstthreeaexpec锄oninconcretetennssuchas“readthesepagesandisp啪graphs”ral瞳1erthalluse“studyhard”.Fourmly,ifthegoalas10ng-temonesuchhavingagoodjobaf时graduation,teacherSoneneedtohelpthestudentmanageit.EveryoneHrantstoreachthefinalgoalinstep,butinrealityit6nallong・teⅡngoaIisimpossible.Therefore,teacherSshouldhavestudentsdescribeandthenlistatleastthreestepstheywillha ̄eteachersneedtoatorcachalongt11e啪y.Andthengivepmperresponsestotheiride鹊.Finallv,teachersmayencouragestudentstocombinetheirinterest嘶th出eirgoals.AswediscussedinthepreViouSarcpan.studentstendtobemoremotiVafedtoachieVegoalsinwhichtheyinterested.4.2.4RelatingLeamingtoStudents’NeedsAttendingtoneedsatisfactionisintrinsicallymOtiVated.classroomStudentsaprimarymemodofkeepingstudentsincemiVesforleaminginale锄best、v:hensatisfytheiraso删motiVesforenrollinginmecourse.Students’basisneedstohavebeenidentmedforpOwercOuldbethingshaveasurvival,love,power,向naIld丘eedom.Anendingsirnple鹊allo、vingstudentstopics,t、ⅣoormenecdorastochooseamOng柳othreetodo—t、voormree、州tingmreIeactiVities,etc.IⅥanystudentsneedtohavefhninactivewavs.Inotherwords,tlleyneedtobenoisyandanexcited.TeachersshouldfIllfilltlleseneedsbydesigIlingthanalWaysavoidingOreducationalactiVityrathersuppresSingthem.Besi(1es,Someoftllespecificneedsstudentsmaybringtotheclassroomincludetheneedtotole踟somethinginordcrtocompleteaParticulartaskoractiVit、T.theneedseeknewexperiences,tlleneedtoperf&tskills,theneedtoovercomecMlcllges,‘1山东大学硕士学位论文tlleneedtobecomecompete咄t11eneedtosucceedanddowell.theneedtofeelinVolVedandimeractwithotllerpeople.Satis母ingsuchneedsisrewardinginitsel£aIldsuchrewardssustainleamingmoreefI'ectivelythanFadesdo.Therefore,把Khersshoulddesignassignments,in—claSsactivities,anddisc_【lssionquestionstoaddressthesekindsofneeds(McMillaIl&Forsytll199l:citedinDavis1993).4.31酞ingEfrcctiveMeasurestoEnhanceStudents’ExtrinsicMotivationAltlloughexmnsicmotivationisconsideredlessinlponantthanintrinsicmotivation,yetstudemsneedbomofthem.AccordingtotheliteraturereVieⅥextrinsicmotivationcanbetraIlsfomledintoin仃insicmotivation.Teacherscan矗nallyenhallcestudents‘in啊nsicmotivationtllI.oughbeginningwithstimulatingtheirexl矗nsicmotiVation.1willdiscusstwopoimscOncemingenhancingextrinsicmotiVationinthefollo惭ngpan.4.3.1ProVidingClearandRealisticExpectatjonsResearchhasshownthatateacher’sexpectationshaVeapowermle矗’ectonastudent’spe怕nnance.SuppoSeyouareateacher'ifyouactasthou曲youexpectyourstudentstobemotivated,hardworking,a11dimerestedinthecourse,theyaremorelikelytobeso.SoWhenmaldngassigllrnents,giVingpresentatiOns.conductingdiscussionsa11d酽adingex锄iIlations,teachersshouldsetcleara11drealisticexpectationsforstudents.Whattheyneedtopayanemiontoisthattheirst姐dardsareh培henou曲tomotiVatesnldentstodo也eirbestworkbmnotsohighthatstudents嘶llinevitablybef晒tratedintryingtomeett110seexpcc谢ons.Forex锄ple,agirlWhoisgoodatoralEnglishmaybeexpectcdtochairadiscussiongroupwhiieaboywhosespokenEnglishispoor,maybeexpectedtoopenllismouthtoexpresshisideaingroupdiscussion.4.3.2GivingCorT七ctiveFeedback54山东大学硕士学位论文TeachersshouIdgivestudentsfeedbackinordertohelpthemunderstandthepmcesstheyareinvolvedin.Gene嘲gradesjustindicatequalitybutdonottellstLldentswllattheyaredoing.StudentsneedtoknowwhatStepsmeydid、vellarIdwhat0nestheyhadpmblemswim.TeacherSneedtogivccommentstoprovidecleardirectionsonwhattodo(andnottodo)togetimprovedintheirlang硅agele锄ing.Inaddition,teachersneedtogivestudentsfeedbackasquicklyaspossiblesuchasretumingteStsaIldp印erspromptlyandrew砌ngsuccesspubliclyaIldimmediately.BothpOsitiVeandnegativecommentsinfluencemotivation,butresearchconsistentiyindicatesthatstudentsaremoreaff酏tedbypositivefbedbackandsuccess.Rewardscanbeassimpleassayingastudent‘sresponsewasgood,witllanindicationofwhyitwasgood.ormentioningmen锄esofcomributorS.Praisecanbuildstudems‘self-conndence,competence,a芏ldself.esteem.Ifastudem’sperfonnanceisweak,teachersoughttomakeitcleartlla_ttlleybelieVeheOrshecaJlimproVeandsucceedoVertime.Ifteachersdoneedtogivenegativefeedback,meymustmaketheircommentsrelatetoapaniculartaskorperfIoHl加ncenottot11estudentasaperson.4.4HelpingStudentsAttribmeFailurestoLackOfEf蕾3norLackofStrategiesAccordingtotheIiteraturereView,an砒r|butionisa11indiVidual’sperceptionofthecausesofhisorhersuccessorf越1ure.Themostcormonattr。ibutionsareabilityandef孙n,studentsalsomal(eOtheratt抽utiollssuch船luckandtaskdi衔culty.Ifstudentsan曲utesuccesstotheire行.ort,they、vilIbemorelikelytoincreasetheire髓rtatfuturelearIling.TheirseIf-confidenceandselksteemwilIco玎espondinglybeincreased.Studentsw}Iobelievet}leirfailurcis山letotheirownlackofel=fbrtarelikelyto姆harderin如turesitl】ations柚dperSistindimculttasl(S.Butiftheyanributefailuretolackofa_bility,theymayfeelembar【鹤辨dand硒h锄edwhichcanleadtoleamedhelplessness.The吲Fore,whatteachersneedt0doistohelpstudentsa僦bute妇irfailuretolackofe筋rt.Theymavprov池students讲出leamingtaskswhichareneithertooeasynortoodi历cult.Inthis、vay'studentscanfkquentlyexperiencesuccess锄dimpmvementwhjchwij王jead∞theincreaseofchejr55坐查查兰塑主堂壁堡兰self.confidenceaIldseIf-efficacy.D面ngmetheyworkharder,tlleymeareprocess,nley谢Ilbecomea咄matifbo吼dtomakeaproFess.Thatisto姐y,they谢llanributehigherpreviouS黼luretolackofe助n.Realizingnothispoim,theymayhavemotivationforEn91ishleamingsincetheylongerf醣1aSh帅ed.Ⅵlenstudentshave仃ied也eirbestintlleirlanguagepe墒肌a11cesreasons.1ke舵ctive.soor1e删ng,butstillhaVepoortogainlowachiev哪ents,teacherS0u曲treaS0nhelpt11emlookforthemostpossiblemightbe吐IattheleaⅡIingstrate西esarenottoitisimportamforteacherstohelpstudentsdeveloplearIlingsn锄e西esenhancetheirmotivation.4.5HelpingStudentsRaiseTheirSelf-EfncacySelf.emcacylitemtureisaIltotheofde【ernlinermotiVation.AccordingpositiVeimportantrevieⅥhi曲self.emcacyhelpscreatefeelingsofserenityindealing、“thfostersstressa11ddepressiond蕊culttasksandactivitiesWhilelowselk硒cacywhkhmakesnldentstlli【墩t够ks缸emorcdimcultthanthey咒allyare.Therefore,teachersneedtohelDstudentstomisetheirself-efficacyinordertomotivationforlea玎正ng.Doingthis.teachersca口abiIitieslang陇唱ecancane妇et量leirmakesnldentsfeelthattheirsuccessbeincreasedandtheyarecapableofachieVingintheirle锄ing.oppommitiesofacMeVingsuccessc8nFirstly,teachersmayprovidestudents、Ⅳitllduringtheirlearningp∞cesS.S椎dentsexper至enceandbecomeawareoftheirincapabiliticsifmeyfrequennygetsuchopport嘶tiesistosetaV舐ouskiIldsoflearningtasks・Seco删y,a110廿leruse伽memodmavstimulate也e主rownsuccess如lex锄出Somesrud咄ownself.esteembyself-coⅡ五dence锄deImance也eirobservingthebchavio格ofotllerswhohavethe曲nnarleamingc印ac畸toIeanlEn昏ish.Thirdly,teachersmayhelpstIldentssetcriteriatobecompared谢mtheirownintheprogress.Inmisway,studemsc趾notomytastetheah印pinessofsuccessals0haVeprocessoftl他irmakingprog陀ss'but5^benerutlderstandingoftIleir山东大学硕士学位论文leanlingcapacityfbmmechangesint11emselVes.4.6FosteringStudents’hlte鲈ativeMotiVationMysurveyrevealsmatimegratiVemotivationcorrelatespositively¨thmotiVatiomlintens咄attitudestowardEngIish—speakingpeople,anitudestowardleamingEn91iSh.interestinEn西ishandparentalencouragemem.AIlotherresultisthatins㈣entalmotiVationalsocorrelatespositiVelywithanitudestowardEnglish—speakingpeople,anitudesto、^忸rdleamingEnglish.imerestinEn91ishandparentalencoumgement.Thatistosav.mostChinesecollegestudemschooseacombinationofintegratiVemOtivationandinstrumentalmOtiVation.Thesun,eyalsoindicatesthatgirlshaVestrongerimegratiVemotiVa£ionandachieVehi曲erscoresinCET一4.AIltheresultstellusthatinChinatest—orientededucationsystemisstiJldominatingthewholeeducationalsyStem.Mostc01legesrequirestudentstopassCET-4inordertogetthcirbachelor‘sdegrees.ThatiswhyalmosteVerystudenthaSinstrumentalmotivation.Thereisnodoubtthatitisuseml。however,itisconsideredreIatedtoshort—ternlgoals.Withinstm【nentalmotivation.studemsmaysmdyhardforashortperiodtime.ThehighergradesachieVedbythegirIsmakeusbelieVethatintegrativemotivationismorebeneficialinSLAcomparedtoinstrumentalmotiVation.SinceStudentshavebeenbearing也estressf吣mtheexams,thereisnoneed衙teacherstos廿engthentheimponamceoftheex锄s,whichispossibletoaddtheirleamjnganxietv.Whattheteachershoulddoistofostert11eirintegrativemotiVation.Inordertofosterstudents’imegrativemotivation,teachersneedtointroduceEnglishcult眦inclass.Cultureleanlinghelpsopenstudents’eycstomcsimil撕ties趴ddi丘brencesinthelifeofv撕ousculturalgmups,increaset11eirintereStinEnglishlearnin&a11ddevelopapositiveanitudeto、vardEnglish・speakingpeople.Itisimponanttochoosepmper柚dauthenticmaterialscontainingculturalaspectsofEngljshf而mnovels.newspapersandmagaZiflesassupplementaryreadingmater;als.ARerreadingthem,aheateddiscussionmaybeheld-studentsma,rbeaskedto57山东大学硕卜学位论文expressmedifrerencesfbmourcultllre.W11ente舵hmgmetextb∞koncemeetingthekeywords,semencesandimport柚tmstoricalfiguresoreVents,teachersshouldneVerfo唱ettoencouragestudentstolearntheassociatedculture,andmenhaVeadiScussionwitht11eminordertoshowthemtheproperinterp陀诅tion.Altllou曲teacherscandoa10tinclasstofosterstudents’integratiVemotiVation,yettheclaSsle锄inghoursarevery1imited.Soteachersshould仃ytoencouragesmdentstodosomeout.of-claSsacti“tiestohaveaben盯understandingofEnglishculturea11dEnglishpeople,which晰Uhelpfbstertheirime鲫iVemotiVation.Theseactivitiesinclude:rcadingorigiIlalnovels,EnglishmagazinessuchasEnglishLanguageLeaming,aIldnewspaperssuchasChmaDaily卸dEnglishCoachingPaperattendinglecturesgiVenbyEnglishnatiVespeakers,seeingorigiIlalmoVies,watchingprogr锄sinCCTV一9(theEnglishch锄elinCCTV),liSteIlingtoVOAandBBC.organizingandpanicipatinginEnglishcomers,Englishparties,EnglishsaloonsandVariousEnglishcontests,do、WlloadinggoodEnglishpassages行omtheIntemettoread.havingon・linechatSwithotllerSinEngliSh,etc.AlloftheseactiVitiespulstudentsintoanEnglishatmosphere.maketllem、Ⅳ姐ttobeoneofthemembersofEngltshcomnlunityandgreatlystimulatetheirinterestinEngIishleaming.SomeofthemcanincreasetheirskilIsofcommunicating、ⅣithothersinEnglish.ThetraditionalwayoftestistomainlyteStsmdems’masteryoflinguisticknowledge.butne91ectthecommunicativefUnctionofEnglish.Nowmanyteachersandeducationalexpensha、erealizedmisdisadvan诅ge.Ref.omsofCET一4arcgoingtobeenforcedinthenear血ture.ThepanforteStingstudents’1isteningcapacity诮11probablyaccoumforlargerpercentageandmetestforspokenEn91ish、villbeusedmore州dely.Therefore,fosteringgtlldentrintegrativemotiVationnotonlyhelpsthemachieVettleshon—temlgoalssuchaspassingCET一4,butalSohelpsth哪keeplong-te咖intereStinEnglishlearnin舀which谢llbcnefit血emin也eirWholelife.山东大学硕士学位论文ConclusionResearche巧卸deducators、Ⅳidelycollsidermotiv撕0nsuccessfIlIasakeyf缸torinactai姗entofL2le锄ing,althoughtheyaccountforwhatism甜Vation舶mdi虢remperSpect沁es.StudeI船诵thhigh盯motiVationsuccessalwaysachieve乎eaternoirImeirL2le锄in舀whjlemosel∞kingmotiVationmakeattemPtinnleprocessofL2notle啪ing锄doRen筋lmeex锄s.Amongunderst柚dingofmotivationcollegenon-Englishmjors,fbwofthemhavepoormotivationtoIeamEnglish.The豫fo豫,teachersoughtt0a11avebenertheory姐dofstudentS’indiViduaIdi疏rencesinordert0enhallcemeirmotivatiOn.neorigi叫i小entionof削删ingtheEnglish自eac王ling.motiⅥ瞳onalfktorsandtl垤sisistonndoutsomeusemlimplicacionsfoI。cQllegeTheresultSofthesurveyrevealⅡletheirinfluencesoncorrel砒iDn锄ongstudents’Englishleaming,andmotiVatioIlalasdi旋rencesbet、"enmalestudents舡ldfema王escudents丹ommeI.wdlasbetweensmdents聂_{omthecityand出oseinclude:nlotiVationarecoull町side.T0sumup,t11em旬orfindingsBo血inte舒ativernotivationaIIdins仉吼entalimportalltm试er如eDresentcondilionofChina.2.EnglishclassaIlxietyhasanegatiVecorrelationwithrnotiVationalimens耐and谢thpositiVe3.attitudestowardsle锄ingEnglish.peopk缸dtowardsLeanIe心a甑tudeslearningEnglishantowardsEngiiSh-speakinga脆ctmeirEnglishachieVemem.4.InteI℃stplaysParentalimponantpartinleame心EnglishIeaming.5.encouragemem世bctSIe踟ers’intercstinEngIish,theirmotiv砒ioIlalintensity姐dEnglishachievement.6.Leamers硒mthec时receivemoreparentalencouragememandaI-eanxiollsinEnglishcIaSsthanthosef如mmelessco姗tryside.are7.FemalelearnersllavemoremongermotivationforEn91ishkarnjngandin㈣stedinEnglishmanmaIeIeaHlers.chaptcJ‘伽e.the1Iherearesomelimitationsin也esurvev.ThegenerallimitationisunaVoidablenowthatthequestionnaireisusedinthesurve、.Asdiscussedjn山东大学硕士学位论文seI‘reporcquestionnairemaynotprovidetlleimpanial耻ldbecauseofobjectiveresponseitS恤es姗eweakp0证ts(印provalmotive,self-nanery觚dresponse鸵t).AnotllerlinlitationmaybeliesinthcsampleuSedintllesurvey.Theallfbmthep删cipantsareinstitute,sotheymaynotmllyrepresemallChinesenon・EngIishm面ors.DespitethelimitatiollsOfthesurvey’itstillprovidessomeusefIllinlplicationsforcollegeEnglishte觚hin参andtllemesisforer山ancingstudems’motivation,wtlichgoodandalso西vescansomeconsⅡ1lctiVesuggeStionsaSbeSlmmlarizedfoIlows:creatingle劬genvir0蛳ents,takiIlgexⅡinsicmotiva:【io巩meaSurestodevelopstudents’in重五nsicmoti删onstudems’res}mpingstudems’a衄butions,misingetc.selfefficacy,fost鲥ngstuden留integrativemotivatiomHo、ⅣeVer,Englishteachersshou“notfofgettllatmotivationinSLA.Thereareisnott11eonIyf砬torsomeotherf.actorssuchas1eame—learningstyle,leamingstra_teg弘influencemeirleamingprocessandpersonali阢langIlageamitIIdc,etc.,whichleamingresults.W1lileteachjn&址ordertakeintoaccoumalltlleSef如tors也usmasterEnglish.tot0enhancestudems’motiVation,weshouldachieVethefinalpurpose—tohe培弧妇ents—~些垄奎兰堡:!兰堡丝苎APPENDIXQu鹤tioⅡnairePersonalInfo咖alionN跚e:Age:Gender(mal“female):LiVingplacebeforeenteringuniverSity(ruralarea/urballareal:Timeofstaningle啪ingEngIish(primarysch001/j吼iormiddlcsch001)FolIo、Ⅳingareanumberofs扭temems研thwmchsOmepeopleagreeandothersdisagree・Therearenorightorwmnganswerssincemanypeoplehavedi任brentopirIions.wcwouldlikeyouto砌cateyouropinionabouteachstatementby州tingtheletterbeforethealtematiVe砌chappe掷most印plicabletoyou.wewould崛eyoutobeasaccurateaspossiblesincetllesuccessof也isin、,estigationdependsuponit.Thankyou南ryourco.0peration.A2stronglydisaFeeB=sli曲tlydisagreeC=neutralD2slightIyagreeE2stronglyagreePartI:towardthenativesp鞠kersofEnglish1.TbenatjVespeakersofEnglishareaverysociable,w锄-heartedandcrearivepeople.natiVespea:kersofEnglisharen.ustwDnllyanddependable.3.ThenatiVespeakersofEnglishareVery衔endlyandhospitable.mostp积,menatiVespeakersofEnglisharecllcerfIll,a铲eeableandgoodhumOured.haVeal啪ysadmiredthenativespeakersofEn鲥sh.liketogettoknow出enativespeal(ersofEngJishbefteL6lAttitlIdes2-The4.For血e5.I6.1、Ⅳ0uld山东大学硕上学位论文7.ThemoreIle锄a1)outtlle曲tivespeakersofEnglish,也emo糟Ilikemem.InterestinEngUsh8.Iflwerevisitingacour岬spe描ngEngl浊,1wouldliketobeabletospeal(Englisk9.Eventhoughc11inaisrelativelyfhrfromcoun砸esspeakingEn鲥sIl,“isimponaIltforChinesct0leamEn91ish.10.I、vishIcouldSpeakEnglishpe出ctly.11.1wanttoreadmeEnglishliteratureintheoriginallanguagerathertllaIlatranslation.12.IoRen、vishIcouldreadnewspapersandmagazinesinEnglish.13.Ienjoymeeting姐dlisteIlingtopeoplewhospeakEnglish.14.StudyingEnglishisa11enjoyableexperience.15.There船OnwhyIle锄EnglishisthatIlikeEnglishsongs.moviesandliteratures.AttitudestowardleaI。ⅡingEngIishPosit.velywordeditemsl6.LeanlingEnglishisreallygreat.17.IreallyenjoyleamingEn甜ish.18.Ialw8ysa11s帕questiolls扯tivelyafldtakepanin山eactiVitieSinclass.I9.Despitemakingmistakes,Ialwaystrynewly・leanledwords.phrasesandexpressions.20.Ial、vavsdo珏lyEnglishhomeworkind印endently'21.IplaIltole锄踮muchEnglishaspossible.NegatiVelywordeditems22。IhateEn酿ish.23.Le蛳ingEnglishisawa蜘oft妇.24.ItIlinkthatlearningEn磐ishisdull.25.1tisaburdenformetoleamEnglish.26.IdonottlIiIlkIhaveagiftforlearningalangllage.27.Inever锄swerthequestionsactivelyincIaSs.^2些查查兰望!兰垡堡苎Parentalencouragement28.My29.Myp砌ts6鬻lthatbecauseEn91j曲isVe9imp。rt8避IshoujdleamEngJish.parentsencouragemetopracticemyEnglishasmuchaspossible.to30.Myparentsdon’tknowEnglish,buttheyreailyencourageme31.Myparemsu唱emetoie锄English.catchmoreopportunitiestocommunicatewithEnglishteach盯s,especiallyforeignteachers.32,Myparentsshowconsiderableinterestinanylhing33.Myparents谢shthatIfu【ure.Integrativeorientationtodo州也myEnglishcourses.le锄Englishwellsothattheyc锄sendmeabroadinthe34,StudyingEngIisheasecanbeimponanttomebecau疆it试玎anown狞幻bemore毅witllthosewhospeakEn91ish,can35.StudyingEnglishbeimportalltformebecauseitwillenablemetobetkrunderstallda11dappreciateEnglishandAmericana九andliterature.36.StudyingEnglishcanbeimportalltformebecauseitwillallowmetobenerunderstandpeoplewhosenatiVelangu延eis37.StudyingEnglishcanE虺lishandtheircultures.beimponantformebecause1wiUbeabIetoparticip甜emofefkeIyintheEnglishactiVi畦es.Instrumentalorientation38,StudyingEngIishCareeLc姐beimportantfo『meonlybecau靶r’iin£edit如rmy缸cuw39.StudyingEn91ishcanbeimponantformebecauseitwillmakemeamoreknowledgeabIeperSDn.40.StudyingEnglishcanbeimportalltfor41.StudyingEngiishn帕re.canmeonlybecauSelneedtopassCET一4.beimpomn£f。rmebecauseothefpeo烈ewillrespectmeEngIishclassanxiety42,Itembarrassesmet0volunteeranswersinourEnglishclass.in。ufEnglishclass.43.I爬ver传eIquitesureofmyselfwhenIamspe酞ing44.Ialwavsfeelth毗theothers_【udentsspeakEn91jshbetterthan』do.63山东大学硕士学位论文45.Igetnervousandcon如sedwhenIamspeakinginmyEn曲ishclass.46.I锄afraidtheotherstudems埘ll1au曲atmewhenIspeakEnglish.PanIIItemsforthescaIesusingthemultiplechoiceformatMotivationaliⅡtens“y1.IactiVelyt11inkaboutwhatIhavelea玎ledinmyEnglishcIass:a)Veryfkquemly2.IfEnglishwerenotb)hardlyeVerc)onceinawhiletaughtincollege.1would=a)pickupEnglishineVe叫daysituations(i.e..readEnglishbooksandnewspapers,trytospeakitwheneverpossible,etc.).atb)c)notbotherleamingEnglisha11.tfytoobtajn1essonsinEnglishsomewhereelse.a3whenIhaVeI:problemunderstaIldingsomethingweareleaminginEn曲shclass.a)immediatelyasktheteacherforb1onIyseekhelphelp.justbeforeit.theexam.c)justfo唱etabout4.Whenitcomesa)toEnglishhomework.I:asputsomee每)nintoit.butnotmuchasIcould.b)workVerycarefully'mal(ingsureIunderstandever”hing.c)justskimoVerit.5.ConsideringhowIstudyEnglish.IcanhonestlysavthatI:a)dojustenou曲、vorkb)willtogetalong.passonthebasisof妇rluckorintelligence_becauseIdoverylittleworktoc)real】ytryleamEnglish.anextra6.Ifmyteacherwantedsomeonet0doEnglishaSsig衄ent,I、vould:a)dennitelyb)defjnitelyc)onJynotvolunteeLVolunteer.doitiftheteacheraskedmedirectlv.7.ARerIgetmyEnglishassignmentsback.I:斛山东大学硕士学位论文a)alwaysrewrite也em,coⅡ加gmym妇【a:kes.b)justtIlrowtllemiIlmydesk缸dfo唱etmem.c)100kthemover,butdon’tbothercoITeclillgInistakes.8.whenI锄inEn班ishc1鹞s,I:a)volu眦eerallswers舔much懿possible.b)柚sweroIllytllee船ierquestioIIs.c)neVersayanything.9.IfthereWerealocaIEn91ishT.V.s诅tion,1wD山d:a)never啪tchit.b)tumitonoccasionally.c)nytowatchitoften.10.WhenIheararIEnglishsongonmemdio,I:a)Iistentothemusic,payiIlgatten60noIllytotheeasywoms.b)listencaremllyand时tounder啦mdalIthe、Ⅳords.c)changethestation.D鸭intoIearnEnglish11.DuriIlgEnglishcl勰s,1wollld1ike:a)toh“eacombin撕onofEn出ishandchineSespoken.b)tollaveasmuch鹊CIli腿se器possiblespoken.c)tollaVeonlyEnglishspokelL12.IfIhad位opponunity叭spealcEllglisIloutSideofsch00l,1would:a)neverspeakit.b)speakE咄ishmo吼of也etime,lIsingcKneseo嘶if删lyneces哪c)speal【“occasi衄ally,llsingC11ine辩wh朗everposSibk.13.Com耻dt0myotllerco眦锻,Il汝English:小tI托mosL¨tIle鬟涨asall吐峙。也efs.c1J龆stofa11.川fm嗽w峨蹰EIlgl曲Cl曲inmycollege.I啪llldI.坐变查兰竺圭兰竺笙苎a)a仕endmeetingsonceina、vhile.b)bemostinterestedinjoilling.c)definitelynotjoin.15.IfitwereuptomewhetherornottotakeEnglish,I:a)woulddennitelytakeit.b)、vouIddropit.c)don’tknowwhetller1wouldtal(e“ornot.16.IfindstudyingEnglish:alalj.a)notjnterestjngb)nomoreinterestingthaIlmostsubjects.c)Veryimerestir培.17。IftheopponuIl姆aroscandIknewenou曲En酉ish,1would、^,atchEngliShTVprogrammes・a)sometimes.18.IfIhadtlIeb)aso最enaspossible.c)never.oppornm畸tosee趾EnglishpIay,1would:a)goonlyifIlladnotllingelsetodo.b)definitelygo.c)notgo.19.fftherewereEngIish.speakingfamiliesinmyneighbourtlood,I、vould:a)neverspeakEnglish¨thtllem.b)speakEn西ish诵tll血emsometimes.c)speal(Eng】jshw{t11t11em20.IfIhadmeasmuchaspossible.oppomm时a11dknewenoughEnglish,1wouldreadEn91ishmagazines锄dnewspaperS:a1b1asoRenasIcould.neveLc)notVeryonen.山东大学硕士学位论文BIBLIOGRAPHYAlison,J-1993.Notbomered?K娥谢ingreluc跚laIIg吼geleamersin哪stage4.LondOn:CⅡJ.Ames,C.1992.Classroomgals,smlcnlres,andsnldemmotivation.JounlalofEducationalPs”hology,84(3)’26l-27lAtkinson,J.w.1957.MotiVatiomldeteminantsofrisk-takingbehaviors.PsychologicalReview'64,359・372.1964.Ajlin仃oductiontomotivation.Princeton.N.J.:VanNOstrand.Bandura,A.1977b.Self.e衢cacy:Towarda1lIli匆ingtheoryofbehavioralcJlangePsychoIogicalR“iew’84:19l一215.——.1986.Socialfoundationsofthou曲tandaction:Asocial・cognitivetheor弘UpperSaddleRjVer,NJ:Prentice—Hall——.1989.Socialco鲥tivetheoⅨrNRvas甜(ED):A衄a】sofchi|ddevelopmem(、bl6,p1.60.).Greerlwich,CT.JaiPressU’D.1993.Perceivedself-emcacyincOgnitiVedeVelopment扎dfunctioning.EducationalPsychologist(28):l17・l48.BIigh.D,A.197I.Mlat’stheuseoflecnlring?Devon,EngIand:TeachingServicescen仃e,Univers畸ofExeter.Brophy.¨987.“Synthesisofresearchon蚰tegiesformotivatingstudentstoIearn.”EducationalLeadership(October):40-48,EJ362226.Bmwn,H.D.2000.Principlesofl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rk:wiIliams,M.&Burde皿&L.2000.Ps”hology如rianguageteacherS.Beijing:FOrei弘L锄guageTe∞hjng锄dResearch高一虹、赵媛、程英、周燕,2002,变化的关系。华惠芳,2000,Press.大学本科生英语学习动机类型与自我认同18.24国外外语教学(4):试论英语学习动机与策略的研究。2000,中国英语教育研究。北京;2002,外语界(3):44.47刘润清、吴一安,秦晓晴、文秋芳,外语教学与研究出版社非英语专业大学生学习动机的内在结构。外语教学与研究(1):5I.58石永珍,2000,大学生英语学习动机调查报告。1996,国外外语教学(4):8.11外语文秋芳、王海啸,学习者因素与大学英语四级考试成绩的关系。33.37教学与研究(4):吴一安、刘润清,1993,中国英语本科生素质调查报告。外语教学与研究(1):36.46ACKNoWLEDGEM[ENTSI锄greatly砌ebtcdtomysupeⅣisor,AssociateProf.ShengWh,Who11asgivenmemuchadvice柚dspema10tOftime∞破bg锄dcorrecting也e让Iesis.I锄alsogmte削toallmeo也ersprofcssorswhohaVetau出meinSh鲫dongUniverSity锄dtoalltllemendswhogavememanyusemlmaterials姐dsuggestionsdl时ngnlyprep撇tionoft11et11esis.FinallyIo、Ⅳealottomydearp锄:ntsandmyhusband.Withouttheirhelp,supportandencollragement,methesis、vouldbeimpossible.山东大学硕士学位论文攻读学位期间发表的学术论文及出版的著作译著:《儿童聚餐蛋糕制作》山东科学技术出版社2001,lO第l位编著:《大学英语》(全新版)综合教程导学2003,2副主编,第2位论文:《如何在外语教学中传授文化》航空教育2003,4总第88期:lOl独立完成学位论文评阅及答辩情况表专业技术职务姓名●所在单位对论文总体评价。论文评阅人争缎,‘副般援山东所肆勉撂面I勉援驯篪乙睇张也君山东绛蹦所在单位备注山反太簪姓名主席专业技术职务霆丑圈龇携.面7勰掺答辩委员会成员觥山系穴带山东太.哮纭起君委玉?貔缝函l瓶物白f貉格山东黼婚山乐太多扫鹞一/阜缴拓员幽袭_7圆答辩委员会对论文的总体评价。备注答辩秘书答辩日期沙争j6、}※优秀为‘‘A打;良好为“B”:合格为“c”;不合格为“D”。

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