StandardTestMethodfor
RubberProperty—DurometerHardness1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD2240;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.
1.Scope
1.1Thistestmethodcoverstwelvetypesofrubberhardnessmeasurementdevicesknownasdurometers:TypesA,B,C,D,DO,E,M,O,OO,OOO,OOO-S,andR.Theprocedurefordeterminingindentationhardnessofsubstancesclassifiedasthermoplasticelastomers,vulcanized(thermoset)rubber,elas-tomericmaterials,cellularmaterials,gel-likematerials,andsomeplasticsisalsodescribed.
1.2Thistestmethodisnotequivalenttootherindentationhardnessmethodsandinstrumenttypes,specificallythosedescribedinTestMethodD1415.
1.3Thistestmethodisnotapplicabletothetestingofcoatedfabrics.
1.4Allmaterials,instruments,orequipmentusedforthedeterminationofmass,force,ordimensionshallhavetrace-abilitytotheNationalInstituteforStandardsandTechnology,orotherinternationallyrecognizedorganizationsparallelinnature.
1.5ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.ManyofthestateddimensionsinSIaredirectconver-sionsfromtheU.S.CustomarySystemtoaccommodatetheinstrumentation,practices,andproceduresthatexistedpriortotheMetricConversionActof1975.
1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:2D374TestMethodsforThicknessofSolidElectricalInsu-lation
D618PracticeforConditioningPlasticsforTesting
1--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---D785TestMethodforRockwellHardnessofPlasticsandElectricalInsulatingMaterials
D1349PracticeforRubber—StandardTemperaturesforTesting
D1415TestMethodforRubberProperty—InternationalHardness
D4483PracticeforDeterminingPrecisionforTestMethodStandardsintheRubberandCarbonBlackIndustriesF1957TestMethodforCompositeFoamHardness-DurometerHardness2.2ISOStandard:3ISO/IEC17025:1999GeneralRequirementsfortheCom-petenceofTestingandCalibrationLaboratories3.SummaryofTestMethod
3.1Thistestmethodpermitshardnessmeasurementsbasedoneitherinitialindentationorindentationafteraspecifiedperiodoftime,orboth.Durometerswithmaximumreadingindicatorsusedtodeterminemaximumhardnessvaluesofamaterialmayyieldlowerhardnesswhenthemaximumindi-catorisused.
3.2TheproceduresforTypeM,ormicrohardnessdurom-eters,accommodatespecimensthatare,bytheirdimensionsorconfiguration,ordinarilyunabletohavetheirdurometerhard-nessdeterminedbytheotherdurometertypesdescribed.TypeMdurometersareintendedforthetestingofspecimenshavingathicknessorcross-sectionaldiameterof1.25mm(0.050in.)orgreater,althoughspecimensoflesserdimensionsmaybesuccessfullyaccommodatedundertheconditionsspecifiedinSection6,andhaveaTypeMdurometerhardnessrangebetween20and90.Thosespecimenswhichhaveadurometerhardnessrangeotherthanspecifiedshalluseanothersuitableprocedurefordeterminingdurometerhardness.
4.SignificanceandUse
4.1Thistestmethodisbasedonthepenetrationofaspecifictypeofindentorwhenforcedintothematerialunderspecifiedconditions.Theindentationhardnessisinverselyrelatedtothepenetrationandisdependentontheelasticmodulusandviscoelasticbehaviorofthematerial.Thegeometryofthe
3ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD11onRubberandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD11.10onPhysicalTesting.
CurrenteditionapprovedAug.15,2005.PublishedSeptember2005.Originallyapprovedin19.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asD2240–04e1.2ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.
AvailablefromInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO),1ruedeVarembé,Casepostale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland.
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FIG.1(a)TypeAandCIndentor
indentorandtheappliedforceinfluencethemeasurementssuchthatnosimplerelationshipexistsbetweenthemeasure-mentsobtainedwithonetypeofdurometerandthoseobtainedwithanothertypeofdurometerorotherinstrumentsusedformeasuringhardness.Thistestmethodisanempiricaltestintendedprimarilyforcontrolpurposes.Nosimplerelationshipexistsbetweenindentationhardnessdeterminedbythistestmethodandanyfundamentalpropertyofthematerialtested.Forspecificationpurposes,itisrecommendedthatTestMethodD785beusedformaterialsotherthanthosedescribedin1.1.5.Apparatus
5.1HardnessMeasuringApparatus,orDurometer,andanOperatingStand,Type1,Type2,orType3(see5.1.2)consistingofthefollowingcomponents:5.1.1Durometer:
5.1.1.1PresserFoot,theconfigurationandthetotalareaofadurometerpresserfootmayproducevaryingresultswhentherearesignificantdifferencesbetweenthem.Itisrecom-mendedthatwhencomparingdurometerhardnessdetermina-tionsofthesametype(see4.1),thatthecomparisonsbebetweendurometersofsimilarpresserfootconfigurationsandtotalarea,andthatthepresserfootconfigurationandsizebenotedintheHardnessMeasurementReport(see10.2.4and5.1.1.3).
5.1.1.2PresserFoot,TypesA,B,C,D,DO,E,O,OO,OOO,andOOO-S,withanorifice(toallowfortheprotrusionoftheindentor)havingadiameterasspecifiedinFig.1(a,b,c,d,e,f,andg),withthecenteraminimumof6.0mm(0.24in.)fromanyedgeofthefoot.Whenthepresserfootisnotofaflatcirculardesign,theareashallnotbelessthan500mm2(19.7in.2).
NOTE1—TheTypeOOOandtheTypeOOO-S,designatedherein,differintheirindentorconfiguration,springforce,andtheresultsobtained.SeeTable1andFig.1(eandg).
5.1.1.3PresserFoot—flatcirculardesignsdesignatedasTypexR,wherexisthestandarddurometerdesignationandRindicatestheflatcircularpressfootdescribedherein,forexample,TypeaR,dR,andthelike.Thepresserfoot,havinga
centrallylocatedorifice(toallowfortheprotrusionoftheindentor)ofadiameterasspecifiedinFig.1(athroughg).Theflatcircularpresserfootshallbe1860.5mm(0.7160.02in.)indiameter.Thesedurometertypesshallbeusedinanoperatingstand(see5.1.2).
(a)Durometershavingapresserfootconfigurationotherthanthatindicatedin5.1.1.3shallnotusetheTypexRdesignation,anditisrecommendedthattheirpresserfootconfigurationandsizebestatedintheHardnessMeasurementReport(see10.2.4).
5.1.1.4PresserFoot,TypeM,withacentrallylocatedorifice(toallowfortheprotrusionoftheindentor),havingadiameterasspecifiedinFig.1(d),withthecenteraminimumof1.60mm(0.063in.)fromanyedgeoftheflatcircularpresserfoot.TheTypeMdurometershallbeusedinaType3operatingstand(see5.1.2.4).
5.1.1.5Indentor,formedfromsteelrodandhardenedto500HV10andshapedinaccordancewithFig.1(a,b,c,d,e,org),polishedoverthecontactareasothatnoflawsarevisibleunder203magnification,withanindentorextensionof2.5060.04mm(0.09860.002in.).
5.1.1.6Indentor,TypeOOO-S,formedfromsteelrodandhardenedto500HV10,shapedinaccordancewithFig.1(f),polishedoverthecontactareasothatnoflawsarevisibleunder203magnification,withanindentorextensionof5.0060.04mm(0.19860.002in.).
5.1.1.7Indentor,TypeM,formedfromsteelrodandhard-enedto500HV10andshapedinaccordancewithFig.1(d),polishedoverthecontactareasothatnoflawsarevisibleunder503magnification,withanindentorextensionof1.2560.02mm(0.04960.001in.).
5.1.1.8IndentorExtensionIndicator,analogordigitalelec-tronic,havingadisplaythatisaninversefunctionoftheindentorextensionsothat:
(1)Thedisplayshallindicatefrom0to100withnolessthan100equaldivisionsthroughouttherangeatarateofonehardnesspointforeach0.025mm(0.001in.)ofindentormovement,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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FIG.1(b)TypeBandDIndentor(continued)
FIG.1(c)TypeO,DO,andOOIndentor(continued)
FIG.1(d)TypeMIndentor(continued)
(2)ThedisplayforTypeOOO-Sdurometersshallindicatefrom0to100withnolessthan100equaldivisionsthroughouttherangeatarateofonehardnesspointforeach0.050mm(0.002in.)ofindentormovement,
(3)ThedisplayforTypeMdurometersshallindicatefrom0to100withnolessthan100equaldivisionsatarateofonehardnesspointforeach0.0125mm(0.0005in.)ofindentormovement,and
(4)Inthecaseofanalogdialindicatorshavingadisplayof360°,thepointsindicating0and100maybeatthesamepointonthedialandindicate0,100,orboth.
5.1.1.9TimingDevice(optional),capableofbeingsettoadesiredelapsedtime,signalingtheoperatororholdingthe
hardnessreadingwhenthedesiredelapsedtimehasbeenreached.Thetimershallbeautomaticallyactivatedwhenthepresserfootisincontactwiththespecimenbeingtested,forexample,theinitialindentortravelhasceased.Digitalelec-tronicdurometersmaybeequippedwithelectronictimingdevicesthatshallnotaffecttheindicatedreadingordetermi-nationsattainedbymorethanone-halfofthecalibrationtolerancestatedinTable1.
5.1.1.10MaximumIndicators(optional),maximumindicat-ingpointersareauxiliaryanalogindicatinghandsdesignedtoremainatthemaximumhardnessvalueattaineduntilresetby
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---D2240–05
FIG.1(e)TypeOOOIndentor(continued)
FIG.1(f)TypeOOO-SIndentor(continued)
theoperator.Electronicmaximumindicatorsaredigitaldis-5.1.1.13CalibratedSpring,forapplyingforcetotheinden-playselectronicallyindicatingandmaintainingthemaximumtor,inaccordancewithFig.1(athroughg)andcapableofvaluehardnessvaluedachieveduntilresetbytheoperator.applyingtheforcesasspecifiedinTable1.5.1.1.11Analogmaximumindicatingpointershavebeen5.1.2OperatingStand(Fig.2):
showntohaveanominaleffectonthevaluesattained,5.1.2.1Type1,Type2,andType3shallbecapableofhowever,thiseffectisgreaterondurometersoflessertotalsupportingthedurometerpresserfootsurfaceparalleltothemainspringloads;forexample,theeffectofamaximumspecimensupporttable(Fig.3)throughoutthetravelofeach.indicatingpointeronTypeDdurometerdeterminationswillbeThedurometerpresserfoottospecimensupporttableparallel-lessthanthosedeterminationsachievedusingaTypeAismshallbeverifiedeachtimethetestspecimensupporttabledurometer.Analogstyledurometersmaybeequippedwithisadjustedtoaccommodatespecimensofvaryingdimensions.maximumindicatingpointers.TheeffectofamaximumThismaybeaccomplishedbyapplyingthedurometerpresserindicatingpointershallbenotedatthetimeofcalibrationinthefoottothepointofcontactwiththespecimensupporttableandcalibrationreport(see10.1.5),andwhenreportinghardnessmakingadjustmentsbywayofthedurometermountingassem-determinations(see10.2.4).AnalogTypeM,OO,OOO,andblyorasspecifiedbythemanufacturer.
TypeOOO-Sdurometersshallnotbeequippedwithmaximum5.1.2.2OperatingStand,Type1(specimentoindentorindicatingpointers.
type),shallbecapableofapplyingthespecimentotheindentor5.1.1.12Digitalelectronicdurometersmaybeequippedinamannerthatminimizesshock.
withelectronicmaximumindicatorsthatshallnotaffectthe5.1.2.3OperatingStand,Type2(indentortospecimenindicatedreadingordeterminationsattainedbymorethanonetype),shallbecapableofcontrollingtherateofdescentofthehalfofthespringcalibrationtolerancestatedinTable1.
indentortothespecimenatamaximumof3.20mm/s(0.125
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--D2240–05
in./s)andapplyingaforcesufficienttoovercomethecalibratedspringforceasshowninTable1.
5.1.2.4OperatingStand,Type3(indentortospecimentype),hydraulicdampening,pneumaticdampening,orelectro-mechanical(requiredfortheoperationofTypeMdurometers)shallbecapableofcontrollingtherateofdescentoftheindentortothespecimenatamaximumof3.2mm/s(0.125in./s)andapplyingaforcesufficienttoovercomethecalibratedspringforceasshowninTable1.Manualapplication,Type1orType2operatingstandsarenotacceptableforTypeMdurometeroperation.
5.1.2.5Theentireinstrumentshouldbeplumbandlevel,andrestingonasurfacethatwillminimizevibration.Operatingtheinstrumentunderadverseconditionswillnegativelyaffectthedeterminationsattained.
5.1.2.6SpecimenSupportTable,(Fig.3)integraltotheoperatingstand,andhavingasolidflatsurface.Thespecimensupportplatformmayhaveorificesdesignedtoacceptvariousinsertsorsupportfixtures(Fig.3)toprovideforthesupportofirregularlyconfiguredspecimens.Wheninsertsareusedtosupporttestspecimens,caremustbetakentoaligntheindentortothecenteroftheinsert,orthepointatwhichtheindentoristocontactthespecimen.Careshouldbeexercisedtoassurethat
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---FIG.1(g)TypeEIndentor(continued)TABLE1DurometerSpringForceCalibrationAAllValuesareinN
IndicatedValue0102030405060708090100
N/durometerunitSpringCalibrationTolerance
ATypeA,B,E,O0.551.32.052.83.5.35.055.86.557.38.050.07560.075N
TypeC,D,DO04.4458.13.33517.7822.22526.6731.11535.50.004.450.444560.4445N
TypeM0.3240.3680.4120.4560.50.40.50.6330.6770.7210.7650.004460.0176N
TypeOO,OOO0.2030.2940.3850.4760.5660.6570.7480.8390.931.021.1110.0090860.0182N
TypeOOO-S0.1670.3430.5200.6960.8731.0491.2261.4021.5791.7551.9320.0176560.0353N
Referto5.1.1.3fortheTypexRdesignation.
theindentordoesnotabruptlycontactthespecimensupporttableasdamagetotheindentormayresult.6.TestSpecimen
6.1Thetestspecimen,hereinreferredtoas“specimen”or“testspecimen”interchangeably,shallbeatleast6.0mm(0.24in.)inthicknessunlessitisknownthatresultsequivalenttothe6.0-mm(0.24-in.)valuesareobtainedwithathinnerspecimen.6.1.1Aspecimenmaybecomposedofpliedpiecestoobtainthenecessarythickness,butdeterminationsmadeonsuchspecimensmaynotagreewiththosemadeonsolidspecimens,asthesurfacesofthepliedspecimensmaynotbeincompletecontact.Thelateraldimensionsofthespecimenshallbesufficienttopermitmeasurementsatleast12.0mm(0.48in.)fromanyedge,unlessitisknownthatidenticalresultsareobtainedwhenmeasurementsaremadeatalesserdistancefromanedge.
6.1.2Thesurfacesofthespecimenshallbeflatandparalleloveranareatopermitthepresserfoottocontactthespecimenoveranareahavingaradiusofatleast6.0mm(0.24in.)fromtheindentorpoint.Thespecimenshallbesuitablysupportedtoprovideforpositioningandstability.Asuitablehardness
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FIG.2DurometerOperatingStand
FIG.3SmallSpecimenSupportTable
determinationcannotbemadeonanunevenorroughpointofcontactwiththeindentor.
6.2TypeOOO,OOO-S,andMtestspecimensshouldbeatleast1.25mm(0.05in.)inthickness,unlessitisknownthat
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resultsequivalenttothe1.25-mm(0.05-in.)valuesareobtainedwithathinnerspecimen.
6.2.1ATypeMspecimenthatisnotofaconfigurationdescribedin6.2.2maybecomposedofpliedpiecestoobtain
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dimensionsare1.27+0.0/–0.0127mm(0.050+0.00/–0.0005in.)betweenthem(Fig.4).
7.1.4Carefullylowerthedurometerpresserfootuntilitcontactsthelargestdimensionalblock(s),theindentortipshouldjustcontactthesmallerblock,verifyingfullindentorextension.
7.1.5Adjusttheindentorextensionto2.5060.04mm(0.09860.002in.).ForTypeOOO-Sdurometers,adjusttheindentorextensionto5.060.04mm(0.19860.002in.).ForTypeMdurometers,adjusttheindentorextensionto1.2560.02mm(0.04960.001in.),followingthemanufacturer’srecommendedprocedure.
7.1.5.1Whenperformingtheproceduresin7.1,careshouldbeusedsoasnottocausedamagetotheindentortip.Fig.4depictsasuitablearrangementforgagingindentorextension.7.1.6Parallelismofthedurometerpresserfoottothesupportsurface,andhencethedimensionalgageblocks,atthetimeofinstrumentcalibration,maybeinaccordancewithTestMethodsD374,Machinist’sMicrometers,orotherwiseac-complishedinaccordancewiththeproceduresspecifiedbythemanufacturer.
7.2IndentorDisplayAdjustment:
7.2.1Afteradjustingtheindentorextensionasindicatedin7.1,useasimilararrangementofdimensionalgageblockstoverifythelinearrelationshipbetweenindentortravelandindicateddisplayattwopoints:0and100.Followingthemanufacturer’srecommendations,makeadjustmentssothat:7.2.2Theindicatordisplaysavalueequaltotheindentortravelmeasuredtowithin:
–0.0+1.0durometerunitsmeasuredat0;60.50durometerunitsmeasuredat100;
61durometerunitsatallotherpointsdelineatedin7.4.7.2.3Eachdurometerpointindicatedisequalto0.025mm(0.001in.)ofindentortravel,exceptfor:
7.2.3.1TypeMDurometers,eachindicatedpointisequalto0.0125mm(0.0005in.)ofindentortravel;
7.2.3.2TypeOOO-SDurometers,eachindicatedpointisequalto0.050mm(0.002in.)ofindentortravel.
7.2.4Theindicatorshallnotdisplayavaluegreaterthan100orlessthan0atthetimeofcalibration.
7.2.5Othermeansofdeterminingindentorextensionorindentortravel,suchasopticalorlasermeasurementmethods,areacceptable.Theinstrumentationusedshallhavetraceabilityasdescribedin1.4.
7.2.6Thedurometershallbesupportedinasuitablefashionwhenperformingtheproceduresdescribedin7.1and7.2.7.3CalibrationDevice:
7.3.1Thedurometerspringshallbecalibratedbysupport-ingthedurometerinacalibratingdevice,seeFig.5,inaverticalpositionandapplyingameasurableforcetotheindentortip.TheforcemaybemeasuredbymeansofabalanceasdepictedinFig.5,oranelectronicforcecell.Thecalibratingdeviceshallbecapableofmeasuringappliedforcetowithin0.5%ofthemaximumspringforcenecessarytoachieve100durometerunits.
7.3.2Careshouldbetakentoensurethattheforceisappliedverticallytotheindentortip,aslateralforcewillcauseerrorsincalibration.See7.1.5.1and7.1.6.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---FIG.4DetailofIndentorExtensionandDisplayAdjustment
thenecessarythickness,butdeterminationsmadeonsuchspecimensmaynotagreewiththosemadeonsolidspecimensbecausethesurfacesofthepliedspecimensmaynotbeincompletecontact.Thelateraldimensionsofthespecimenshouldbesufficienttopermitmeasurementsatleast2.50mm(0.10in.)fromanyedgeunlessitisknownthatidenticalresultsareobtainedwhenmeasurementsaremadeatlesserdistancefromanedge.Asuitablehardnessdeterminationcannotbemadeonanunevenorroughpointofcontactwiththeindentor.6.2.2TheTypeMspecimen,whenconfiguredasano-ring,circularband,orotherirregularshapeshallbeatleast1.25mm(0.05in.)incross-sectionaldiameter,unlessitisknownthatresultsequivalenttothe1.25-mm(0.05-in.)valuesareobtainedwithathinnerspecimen.Thespecimenshallbesuitablysupportedinafixture(Fig.3)toprovideforpositioningandstability.
6.3Theminimumrequirementforthethicknessofthespecimenisdependentontheextentofpenetrationoftheindentorintothespecimen;forexample,thinnerspecimensmaybeusedformaterialshavinghigherhardnessvalues.Theminimumdistancefromtheedgeatwhichmeasurementsmaybemadelikewisedecreasesasthehardnessincreases.7.Calibration
7.1IndentorExtensionAdjustmentProcedure:
7.1.1Placeprecisiongrounddimensionalblocks(GradeBorbetter)onthesupporttableandbeneaththedurometerpresserfootandindentor.Arrangetheblockssothatthedurometerpresserfootcontactsthelargerblock(s)andtheindentortipjustcontactsthesmallerblock(Fig.4).Itisnecessarytoobservethearrangementoftheblocksandthepresserfoot/indentorunderaminimumof203magnificationtoassureproperalignment.
7.1.2Indentorextensionandshapeshallbeinaccordancewith5.1.1.5,5.1.1.6,or5.1.1.7,respectivetodurometertype.SeeFig.1(athroughg).Examinationoftheindentorunder203magnification,503forTypeMindentors,isrequiredtoexaminetheindentorcondition.Misshapenordamagedinden-torsshallbereplaced.
7.1.3Acombinationofdimensionalgageblocksshallbeusedtoachieveadifferenceof2.+0.00/–0.02mm(0.100+0.00/–0.001in.)betweenthem.ForTypeOOO-Sdurometers,thegageblockdimensionsare5.08+0.00/–0.0508mm(0.200+0.00/–0.002in.).ForTypeMdurometers,thegageblock
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7.7.4ForTypeOOandOOOdurometers:Force,N=0.203+0.00908HOO
WhereHOO=hardnessreadingonTypeOOdurometers.7.7.5ForTypeOOO-Sdurometers:
Force,N=0.167+0.01765HOOO-S
WhereHOOO-S=hardnessreadingonTypeOOO-Sdurometers.
7.8Therubberreferenceblock(s)providedforverifyingdurometeroperationandstateofcalibrationarenottoberelieduponascalibrationstandards.ThecalibrationproceduresoutlinedinSection7aretheonlyvalidcalibrationprocedures.7.8.1Theuseofmetalreferenceblocksisnolongerrecommended(seeNote2).
7.9Verifyingthestateofdurometercalibration,duringroutineuse,maybeaccomplishedby:
7.9.1Verifyingthatthezeroreadingisnomorethan1indicatedpointabovezero,andnotbelowzero(ondurometerssoequipped),whenthedurometerispositionedsothatnoexternalforceisplacedupontheindentor.
7.9.2Verifyingthatthe100readingisnomorethan100andnolessthan99whenthedurometerispositionedonaflatsurfaceofanon-metallicmaterialsothatthepresserfootisincompletecontact,causingtheindentortobefullyretracted.7.9.2.1Itisimportantthatwhenperformingtheverificationof100,asdescribedin7.9.2,thatextremecarebetakensoastonotcausedamagetotheindentor.Verificationofthe100valueisnotrecommendedfordurometershavingaspringforcegreaterthan10N(TypesC,D,andDO).
7.9.2.2Whenperformingtheverificationof100,asde-scribedin7.9.2,thenon-metallicmaterialshallbeofahardnessvaluegreaterthan100ofthetype(scale)ofthedurometerbeingemployed.Temperedglassofathicknessgreaterthan6.35mm(0.25in.)hasbeenfoundsatisfactoryforthisapplication.
7.9.3Verifyingthedisplayedreadingatanyotherpointusingcommerciallyavailablerubberreferenceblockswhicharecertifiedtoastatedvalueofthetype(scale)ofthedurometerbeingemployed.Thedisplayedvalueofthedurom-etershouldbewithin62durometerpointsofthereferenceblock’sstatedvalue.
7.9.4Verificationofthezeroand100readingsofadurom-eterprovidereasonableassurancethatthelinearrelationshipbetweentheindicateddisplayandthedurometermechanismremainvalid.
7.9.5Verificationofpointsbetweenzeroand100providereasonableassurancethatthecurvilinearrelationshipbetweentheindicateddisplayandthedurometermechanismremainvalid.
7.9.6Thisisnotacalibrationprocedure,itisameansbywhichausermayroutinelyverifythatthedurometermaybefunctioningcorrectly.(SeeNote2.)
8.LaboratoryAtmosphereandTestSpecimenConditioning
8.1Testsshallbeconductedinthestandardlaboratoryatmosphere,asdefinedinPracticeD618,Section4.2.
8.2Theinstrumentshallbemaintainedinthestandardlaboratoryatmosphere,asdefinedinPracticeD618,Section4.1,for12hpriortoperformingatest.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---FIG.5ExampleofDurometerCalibrationApparatus
7.4SpringCalibration—Thedurometerspringshallbecalibratedatdisplayedreadingsof10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,and90.Themeasuredforce(9.83massinkilograms)shallbewithinthespringcalibrationtolerancespecifiedinTable1.Table1identifiesthemeasuredforceappliedtotheindentorfortheentirerangeoftheinstrument,althoughitisnecessaryonlytoverifythespringcalibrationatpointslistedherein.7.5SpringCalibrationProcedure:
7.5.1Ensurethattheindentorextensionhasbeenadjustedinaccordancewith7.1,andthelinearrelationshipbetweenindentortravelanddisplayisasspecifiedin7.2.
7.5.2PlacethedurometerinthecalibrationdeviceasdepictedinFig.5.ApplytheforcesindicatedinTable1sothatforcesappliedarealignedwiththecenterlineoftheindentorinafashionthateliminatesshockorvibrationandadjustthedurometeraccordingtomanufacturers’recommendationssothat:
7.5.3Atthepointsenumeratedin7.4,thedisplayshallindicateavalueequalto0.025mm(0.001in.)ofindentortravel.ForTypeOOO-Sdurometers,thedisplayshallindicateavalueequalto0.05mm(0.002in.)ofindentortravel.ForTypeMdurometers,thedisplayshallindicateavalueequalto0.0125mm(0.0005in.)ofindentortravelwithinthespringcalibrationtolerancesspecifiedin7.6.
7.6Springcalibrationtolerancesare61.0durometerunitsforTypesA,B,C,D,E,O,andDO,62.0durometerunitsforTypesOO,OOO,andOOO-S,and.0durometerunitsforTypeM,whilenotindicatingbelow0orabove100atthetimeofcalibration(seeTable1).
7.7SpringForceCombinations:
7.7.1ForTypeA,B,E,andOdurometers:Force,N=0.55+0.075HA
WhereHA=hardnessreadingonTypeA,B,E,andOdurometers.
7.7.2ForTypeC,D,andDOdurometers:Force,N=0.4445HD
WhereHD=hardnessreadingonTypeC,D,andDOdurometers.
7.7.3ForTypeMdurometers:Force,N=0.324+0.0044HM
WhereHM=hardnessreadingonTypeMdurometers.
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8.3Thespecimenshallbeconditionedinaccordancewithuser,maybeusedandreportedaccordingly.Theindicatedcondition40/23exclusiveofhumiditycontrol,asdescribedinhardnessreadingmaychangewithtime.
PracticeD618,Section8.1,ProcedureAandtestedunderthe9.1.7.1Ifthedurometerisequippedwithanelectronicsameconditions,exclusiveofhumiditycontrol.
maximumindicatorortimingdevice(referto5.1.1.9)the8.4Theseproceduresmaybemodifiedifagreeduponindicatedreadingshallberecordedwithin160.3softhebetweenlaboratoriesorbetweensupplieranduserandareincessationofindentortravelandreported(referto10.2.9foraccordancewithalternativeproceduresidentifiedinPracticereportingprotocols),unlessotherwisenoted.
D618.
9.1.7.2Ifthedurometerisequippedwithananalogtype8.5Noconclusiveevaluationhasbeenmadeondurometersmaximumindicator(referto5.1.1.10),themaximumindicatedattemperaturesotherthan23.062.0°C(73.463.6°F).readingmayberecordedandshallbereported(referto10.2.9),Conditioningattemperaturesotherthantheabovemayshowunlessotherwisenoted.
changesincalibration.Durometeruseattemperaturesotherthantheaboveshouldbedecidedlocally(seePracticeD1349).9.1.7.3Ifthedurometerisnotequippedwiththedevicesdescribedin5.1.1.9or5.1.1.10,theindicatedreadingshallberecordedwithin1sasispossibleandreported(referto10.2.9),9.Procedure
unlessotherwisenoted.
9.1OperatingStandOperation(Type3OperatingStand9.1.8MakefivedeterminationsofhardnessatdifferentRequiredforTypeM):
positionsonthespecimenatleast6.0mm(0.24in.)apart,0.809.1.1Careshallbeexercisedtominimizetheexposureofmm(0.030in.)apartforTypeM;andcalculatethearithmetictheinstrumenttoenvironmentalconditionsthatareadversetomean,oralternativelycalculatethemedian.Themeansoftheperformanceoftheinstrument,oradverselyaffecttestcalculatingthedeterminationsshallbereportedaccordingtoresults.
10.2.8
9.1.2Adjustthepresserfoottosupporttableparallelismas9.2Manual(HandHeld)OperationofDurometer:
describedin5.1.2.1.Itisnecessarytomakethisadjustment9.2.1Careshallbeexercisedtominimizetheexposureofeachtimethesupporttableismovedtoaccommodatespeci-theinstrumenttoenvironmentalconditionsthatareadversetomensofvaryingdimensions.
theperformanceoftheinstrument,oradverselyaffecttest9.1.3Priortoconductingatest,adjusttheverticaldistanceresults.
fromthepresserfoottothecontactsurfaceofthetestspecimen9.2.2Placethespecimenonaflat,hard,horizontalsurface.to25.462.5mm(1.0060.100in.),unlessitisknownthatHoldthedurometerinaverticalpositionwiththeindentortipidenticalresultsareobtainedwithpresserfootatagreateroratadistancefromanyedgeofthespecimenasdescribedinlesserverticaldistancefromthetestspecimencontactsurface,Section6,unlessitisknownthatidenticalresultsareobtainedorifotherwisestipulatedbythemanufacturer.
whenmeasurementsaremadewiththeindentoratalesser9.1.4Placethespecimenonthespecimensupporttable,indistance.
amannerthatthecontactpointoftheindentorisinaccordance9.2.3Applythepresserfoottothespecimen,maintainingitwithSection6,unlessitisknownthatidenticalresultsareinaverticalpositionkeepingthepresserfootparalleltotheobtainedwhenmeasurementsaremadewiththeindentorataspecimen,withafirmsmoothdownwardactionthatwillavoidlesserdistancefromtheedgeofthetestspecimen.
shock,rollingofthepresserfootoverthespecimen,orthe9.1.5Actuatethereleaselever(Fig.2)oftheoperatingapplicationoflateralforce.Applysufficientpressuretoassurestandoractivatetheelectromechanicaldevice,allowingthefirmcontactbetweenthepresserfootandthespecimen.
durometertodescendatacontrolledrateandapplythepresser9.2.4Foranymaterialcoveredin1.1,afterthepresserfootfoottothespecimeninaccordancewith5.1.2.Inthecaseofisincontactwiththespecimen,theindicatedreadingshallbe“specimentoindentor”typeoperatingstands,operatetheleverrecordedwithin160.1s,orafteranyperiodoftimeagreedorothermechanismtoapplythespecimentotheindentorinauponamonglaboratoriesorbetweensupplieranduser.Ifthemannerthatassuresparallelcontactofthespecimentothedurometerisequippedwithamaximumindicator,themaxi-durometerpresserfootwithoutshockandwithjustsufficientmumindicatedreadingshallberecordedwithin160.1sofforcetoovercomethecalibratedspringforceasshowninTablethecessationofinitialindentortravel.Theindicatedhardness1.
readingmaychangewithtime.
9.1.6Anoperatingstandthatappliesthemassatacon-9.2.5Makefivedeterminationsofhardnessatdifferenttrolledrateofdescent,withoutshockismandatoryforTypeMpositionsonthespecimenatleast6.0mm(0.24in.)apartanddurometers.Hand-heldapplicationortheuseofaType1orcalculatethearithmeticmean,oralternativelycalculatetheType2operatingstandfortheTypeMdurometerisnotanmedian.Themeansofcalculatingthedeterminationsshallbeacceptablepractice,see5.1.2.4.
reportedaccordingto10.2.8.
9.1.7Foranymaterialcoveredin1.1,oncethepresserfoot9.3Itisacknowledgedthatdurometerreadingsbelow20orisincontactwiththespecimen,forexample,whentheinitialabove90arenotconsideredreliable.Itissuggestedthatindentortravelhasceased,themaximumindicatedreadingreadingsintheserangesnotberecorded.
shallberecorded.Thetimeintervalof1s,betweeninitial9.4Manualoperation(handheld)ofadurometerwillcauseindentortravelcessationandtherecordingoftheindicatedvariationsintheresultsattained.Improvedrepeatabilitymayreading,shallbeconsideredstandard.Othertimeintervals,beobtainedbyusingamass,securelyaffixedtothedurometerwhenagreeduponamonglaboratoriesorbetweensupplierand
andcenteredontheaxisoftheindentor.Recommendedmasses
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TABLE2Type1Precision—TypeMDurometerMethod
Material
MEAN
1234567101112131415161718192021AVERAGEPOOLEDVALUES
ABTABLE3Type1Precision—TypeADurometerMethod
Material123Pooled
ABWithinLaboratoriesSrA1.261.140.9750.7820.7091.6861.150.9470.7970.6690.4850.7370.7841.1210.850.6350.561.120.60.4830.879
rB3.583.232.762.212.014.773.252.682.261.1.372.092.223.172.401.801.593.171.951.372.49
(r)C11.247.905.113.522.835.923.718.265.403.552.173.002.843.627.0.252.905.042.771.672.83
BetweenLaboratoriesSRD3.762.472.382.240.9741.612.633.2.232.292.190.991.042.651.841.202.151.470.9441.102.07
RE10.637.006.736.342.7.567.4510.296.316.496.202.802.947.495.203.396.094.162.673.105.86
(R)F33.4117.1312.4610.103.5.658.5031.7315.1112.179.804.023.758.5515.258.0111.156.613.803.806.67
31.840.8.062.870.980.687.732.441.853.363.269.678.387.634.142.3.662.970.381.787.961.4
AverageLevel51.465.368.061.6WithinSrA0.60.8780.4330.677LaboratoriesrB(r)C1.833.562.483.811.231.801.923.11BetweenLaboratories
SRDRE(R)F1.5.418.592.216.069.272.286.459.492.0185.729.28
Sr=repeatabilitystandarddeviation,measurementunits.
r=repeatability=2.833Sr,measurementunits.C(r)=repeatability,relative,(thatis,inpercent).DSR=reproducibilitystandarddeviation,measurementunits.ER=reproducibility=2.833SR,measurementunits.F(R)=reproducibility,relative,(thatis,inpercent).
TABLE4Type1Precision—TypeDDurometerMethod
Material123Pooled
ABAverageLevel42.6.582.359.8WithinSrA0.3160.7911.010.762LaboratoriesrB(r)C0.42.102.244.112.863.472.163.61BetweenLaboratories
SRDRE(R)F2.827.9818.73.10.018.43.10.012.23.329.4015.7
0.9242.624.262.1466.079.
Sr=repeatabilitystandarddeviation,measurementunits.
r=repeatability=2.833Sr,measurementunits.C(r)=repeatability,relative,(thatis,inpercent).DSR=reproducibilitystandarddeviation,measurementunits.ER=reproducibility=2.833SR,measurementunits.F(R)=reproducibility,relative,(thatis,inpercent).
Sr=repeatabilitystandarddeviation,measurementunits.r=repeatability=2.833Sr,measurementunits.C(r)=repeatability,relative,(thatis,inpercent).DSR=reproducibilitystandarddeviation,measurementunits.ER=reproducibility=2.833SR,measurementunits.F(R)=reproducibility,relative,(thatis,inpercent).
are1kgforTypeA,B,E,andOdurometers,5kgforTypeC,D,andDOdurometers,and400gforTypeOO,OOO,andOOO-Sdurometers.TheintroductionofanadditionalmassonTypeMdurometersisnotpermitted.Furtherimprovementmaybeachievedbytheuseofadurometeroperatingstandthatcontrolstherateofdescentofthedurometerpresserfoottothetestspecimenandincorporatesthemassesdescribedabove.10.Report
10.1InstrumentCalibrationReport(DurometerorOperat-ingStand):
10.1.1Dateofcalibration.10.1.2Dateoflastcalibration.
10.1.3Calibrationduedate(seeNote2).
10.1.4Manufacturer,type,model,andserialnumberoftheinstrument,andanotationwhenamaximumindicatorortimingdeviceispresent.
10.1.5Valuesobtained(pre-andpost-calibrationresults),includinganotationoftheeffectofamaximumindicator,ifpresent.Themethodofreportingthecalibratedvalueshallbebyattainingthearithmeticmeanofthedeterminations.10.1.6Ambienttemperature.10.1.7Relativehumidity.
10.1.8Technicianidentification.
10.1.9Applicablestandardstowhichtheinstrumentiscalibrated.
10.1.10Calibratinginstrumentinformationtoincludetype,serialnumber,manufacturer,dateoflastcalibration,calibrationduedate(seeNote2),andastatementoftraceabilityofstandardsusedtoNISTorotheracceptableorganization.See1.4.
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---10.2HardnessMeasurementReport:10.2.1Dateoftest.
10.2.2Relativehumidity.10.2.3Ambienttemperature.
10.2.4Manufacturer,type,andserialnumberofthedurom-eteroroperatingstand,orboth,includinganotationwhenamaximumindicatorortimingdeviceispresent,dateoflastcalibration,andcalibrationduedate(seeNote2).
NOTE2—Thecalibrationinterval(calibrationduedate)foradurometeristobedeterminedbytheuser,baseduponfrequencyofuse,severityofconditions,environmentalfactors,andothervariables.
Periodiccheckingoftheoperationandstateofdurometercalibrationusingcommerciallyavailablerubbertestblocks(referto7.8),specificallydesignedforthispurpose,isrecommended.
Aninstrumentthathasbeenexposedtosevereshock,isvisiblydamaged,producestestdeterminationsmorethan2pointsdifferentfromcalibratedrubbertestblocksorotherreferencestandard,orisotherwisesuspectedofunreliability,shouldberemovedfromserviceandreturnedtoaqualifiedcalibrationfacility.
Acalibrationintervalofoneyearisrecommendedfordurometertestblocksanddurometerinstrumentsthatareinfrequentlyused,moreoftenforothers.
Thecalibrationintervalforinstrumentsandperipheraldevicesem-ployedinthecalibrationofdurometersistobedeterminedbythecalibrationserviceprovider.ItisrecommendedthattheprotocolsoutlinedinISO/IEC17025,asrequiredbythemanufacturer,andthosetowhichtheserviceisprovided,befollowed.
10.2.5Meansoftesting,whethermanual(handheld),Type1operatingstand(specimentoindentor),Type2operatingstand(indentortospecimentype),orType3operatingstand(electromechanicalorhydraulicallydampened).
10.2.6Descriptionoftestspecimen,includingthickness,numberofpiecespliediflessthanthethicknessindicatedinSection6,includingthevulcanizationdate.
10.2.7Completeidentificationofmaterialtested.
10.2.8Hardnessvalueobtainedandmethodofcalculation,eitherarithmeticmeanoralternatively,themedian.
10
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10.2.9Indentationhardnesstimeintervalatwhichdetermi-nationwasmade.Readingsmaybereportedintheform:M/60/1whereMisthetypeofdurometer,60thereading,and1thetimeinsecondsthatthepresserfootisincontactwiththespecimenorfromanelectronictimingdevice.
11.PrecisionandBias
11.1Theseprecisionandbiasstatementshavebeenpre-paredinaccordancewithPracticeD4483.RefertothisPracticeforterminologyandothertestingandstatisticalconcepts.
11.2TheType1precisionfortheTypeMmethodwasdeterminedfromaninterlaboratoryprogramwith21materialsofvaryinghardness,withsixparticipatinglaboratories.TestswereconductedontwoseparatedaysineachlaboratoryfortheTypeMtestingprogram.Allmaterialsweresuppliedfromasinglesource,beingthosecommonlysuppliedasreferencematerialswiththeinstrumentsfromthemanufacturer.
11.3Theprecisionresultsinthisprecisionandbiassectiongiveanestimateoftheprecisionofthistestmethodwiththematerials(rubbers)usedintheparticularinterlaboratorypro-gramasdescribedabove.Theprecisionparametersshouldnotbeusedforacceptanceorrejectiontesting,orboth,ofanygroupofmaterialswithoutdocumentationthattheyareappli-cabletothoseparticularmaterialsandthespecifictestingprotocolsthatincludethistestmethod.
11.4TheType1precisionforbothTypeAandDmethodswasdeterminedfromaninterlaboratoryprogramwith3materialsofvaryinghardness,withsixparticipatinglaborato-ries.TestswereconductedontwoseparatedaysineachlaboratoryforbothAandDtestingprograms.Allmaterialsweresuppliedfromasinglesource.
11.5Atestresultforhardness,forTypesA,D,andM,wasthemedianoffiveindividualhardnessreadingsoneachdayineachlaboratory.
11.6Table2showstheprecisionresultsforTypeMmethod,4Table3showstheprecisionresultsforTypeAmethod,5andTable4givestheprecisionresultsforTypeDmethod.5SupportingdatahavebeenfiledatASTMInternationalHeadquartersandmaybeobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D11-1091.5SupportingdatahavebeenfiledatASTMInternationalHeadquartersandmaybeobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:D11-1029.
411.7Precision—Theprecisionofthistestmethodmaybeexpressedintheformatofthefollowingstatementswhichuseasappropriatevaluer,R,(r),or(R),thatis,thatvaluetobeusedindecisionsabouttestresults(obtainedwiththetestmethod).TheappropriatevalueisthatvalueofrorRassociatedwithameanlevelinTable1closesttothemeanlevelunderconsideration(atanygiventime,foranygivenmaterial)inroutinetestingoperations.
NOTE3—AType1precisionstatementforTypesE,OOO,OOO-S,andRhavenotyetbeenmadeavailable.
11.7.1Repeatability—Therepeatability,r,ofthesetestmethodshasbeenestablishedastheappropriatevaluetabu-latedinTables2-4.Twosingletestresults,obtainedundernormaltestmethodprocedures,thatdifferbymorethanthistabulatedr(foranygivenlevel)mustbeconsideredasderivedfromdifferentornon-identicalsamplepopulations.
11.7.2Reproducibility—Thereproducibility,R,ofthesetestmethodshasbeenestablishedastheappropriatevaluetabu-latedinTables2-4.Twosingletestresultsobtainedintwodifferentlaboratories,undernormaltestmethodprocedures,thatdifferbymorethanthetabulatedR(foranygivenlevel)mustbeconsideredtohavecomefromdifferentornon-identicalsamplepopulations.
11.7.3Repeatabilityandreproducibilityareexpressedasapercentageofthemeanlevel,(r)and(R),andhaveequivalentapplicationstatementsasaboveforrandR.Forthe(r)and(R)statements,thedifferenceinthetwosingletestresultsisexpressedasapercentageofthearithmeticmeanofthetwotestresults.
11.8Bias—Intestmethodterminology,biasisthediffer-encebetweenanaveragetestvalueandthereference(ortrue)testpropertyvalue.Referencevaluesdonotexistforthistestmethodsincethevalue(ofthetestproperty)isexclusivelydefinedbythistestmethod.Bias,thereforecannotbedeter-mined.12.Keywords
12.1durometer;durometerhardness;hardness;indentationhardness;microdurometerhardness
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APPENDIXES
(NonmandatoryInformation)X1.DUROMETERSELECTIONGUIDE
X1.1Thedurometerselectionguideisdesignedtoassistintheselectionoftheproperdurometertypeforvariousapplica-tions.
X1.2Itisgenerallyrecognizedthatdurometerhardnessdeterminationbelow20andabove90areunreliable.Itisrecommendedthatthenextlowerorhighertype(scale)beusedinthesesituations.
X1.3Itisalsorecommendedthat,wheneverpossible,anoperatingstandbeemployedinperformingdurometerhardnesstests.
TABLEX1.1DurometerSelection:TypicalUses
TypicalExamplesofMaterialsTested
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Type(Scale)A
DurometerHardness
(TypicalUses)
20–90A
Softvulcanizedrubber,naturalrubber,nitriles,thermoplasticelastomers,flexiblepolyacrylicsandthermosets,wax,felt,andleathers
BModeratelyhardrubber,thermoplasticelastomers,paperproducts,
andfibrousmaterials
CMedium-hardrubber,thermoplasticelastomers,medium-hard
plastics,andthermoplastics
DHardrubber,thermoplasticelastomers,harderplastics,andrigid
thermoplastics
DOModeratelyhardrubber,thermoplasticelastomers,andverydense
textilewindings
MThin,irregularlyshapedrubber,thermoplasticelastomer,andplastic
specimens
OSoftrubber,thermoplasticelastomers,verysoftplasticsand
thermoplastics,medium-densitytextilewindings
OOExtremelysoftrubber,thermoplasticelastomers,sponge,extremely
softplasticsandthermoplastics,foams,low-densitytextilewindings,humanandanimaltissue
CFCompositefoammaterials,suchasamusementridesafety
cushions,vehicleseats,dashboards,headrests,armrests,anddoorpanels
Above90ABelow20DAbove90BBelow20DAbove90AAbove90CBelow20D20–85ABelow20DOBelow20O
SeeTestMethodF1957
X2.RELATEDTESTMETHODS2C367TestMethodsforStrengthPropertiesofPrefabricatedArchitecturalAcousticalTileorLay-InCeilingPanels
C473TestMethodsforPhysicalTestingofGypsumPanelProducts
C581PracticeforDeterminingChemicalResistanceofThermosettingResinsUsedinGlass-Fiber-ReinforcedStruc-turesIntendedforLiquidService
C661TestMethodforIndentationHardnessofElastomeric-TypeSealantsbyMeansofaDurometer
C836SpecificationforHighSolidsContent,ColdLiquid-AppliedElastomericWaterproofingMembraneforUsewithSeparateWearingCourse
D461TestMethodsforFelt
D531TestMethodforRubberProperty—PuseyandJonesIndentation
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D619TestMethodsforVulcanizedFibreUsedforElectri-calInsulation
D1037TestMethodsforEvaluatingPropertiesofWood-BaseFiberandParticlePanelMaterials
D10TestMethodforRubberProperty—ResilienceUs-ingaGoodyear-HealeyReboundPendulumD1414TestMethodsforRubberO-Rings
D1474TestMethodsforIndentationHardnessofOrganicCoatings
D2134TestMethodforDeterminingtheHardnessofOr-ganicCoatingswithaSward-TypeHardnessRocker
D2287SpecificationforNonrigidVinylChloridePolymerandCopolymerMoldingandExtrusionCompounds
D2583TestMethodforIndentationHardnessofRigidPlasticsbyMeansofaBarcolImpressor
12
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D2632TestMethodforRubberProperty—ResiliencebyVerticalRebound
D42TestMethodforElastomerCompatibilityofLubri-catingGreasesandFluids
D5672TestMethodforFlexibleCellularMaterialsMea-F1151TestMethodforDeterminingVariationsinHardnessofFilmRibbonPancakes
NOTEX2.1—ThehardnesstestingofothernonmetallicmaterialsmaybeunderthejurisdictionofoneormoreASTMcommittees;therespectivesurementofIndentationForceDeflectionUsinga25-mmcommitteeshouldbecontactedforspecificinformation.
(1-in.)DeflectionTechnique
D66TestMethodsforandSuggestedLimitsforDeter-miningCompatibilityofElastomerSealsforIndustrialHy-draulicFluidApplications
ASTMInternationaltakesnopositionrespectingthevalidityofanypatentrightsassertedinconnectionwithanyitemmentionedinthisstandard.Usersofthisstandardareexpresslyadvisedthatdeterminationofthevalidityofanysuchpatentrights,andtheriskofinfringementofsuchrights,areentirelytheirownresponsibility.
Thisstandardissubjecttorevisionatanytimebytheresponsibletechnicalcommitteeandmustbereviewedeveryfiveyearsandifnotrevised,eitherreapprovedorwithdrawn.YourcommentsareinvitedeitherforrevisionofthisstandardorforadditionalstandardsandshouldbeaddressedtoASTMInternationalHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameetingoftheresponsibletechnicalcommittee,whichyoumayattend.IfyoufeelthatyourcommentshavenotreceivedafairhearingyoushouldmakeyourviewsknowntotheASTMCommitteeonStandards,attheaddressshownbelow.
ThisstandardiscopyrightedbyASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,UnitedStates.Individualreprints(singleormultiplecopies)ofthisstandardmaybeobtainedbycontactingASTMattheaboveaddressorat610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),orservice@astm.org(e-mail);orthroughtheASTMwebsite(www.astm.org).
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