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迷迭香活性组分及生理功能研究进展

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迷迭香活性组分及生理功能研究进展

作者:刘胜男 马云芳 范刘敏 张嵘 相启森 来源:《农产品加工·上》2019年第07期

摘要:迷迭香是一种原产于地中海地区的唇形科香草植物,作为一种食品添加剂和草药,迷迭香在地中海地区已有数千年的栽种历史和食用历史。迷迭香含有鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酸、迷迭香酚等多种活性化合物。研究发现,迷迭香提取物及其组分具有抗氧化、抗微生物、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗糖尿病、镇痛、抗胃溃疡等多种生理活性功能。综述了迷迭香主要活性成分及其生理功能方面的最新研究进展,以期为迷迭香资源的开发利用提供参考。 关键词:迷迭香;组分;多酚;分离纯化;生物活性

中图分类号:TS202.1; ; ; 文献标志码:A; ; doi:10.16693/j.cnki.1671-9646(X).2019.07.021

Abstract:Rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)is an aromatic plant originated in the Mediterranean region,which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Rosemary has been cultivated and consumed as food additives and herbal medicine in the Mediterranean for thousands of years. Rosemary contains various bioactive compounds,such as carnosic acid,carnosol,rosmarinic acid,and rosmanol. Numerous biological activities of rosemary extract and its main active components have been demonstrated,such as antioxidant,antimicrobial,anticancer,anti-inflammatory,antidiabetic effect,antinociceptive,and antiulcerogenic effects. The research progress of the main constituents and biological activity of rosemary was summarized in this review,which will provide basis for the further development and utilization of rosemary.

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Key words:rosemary;constituents;polyphenols;biological activities 0; ;引言

迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)是唇形科迷迭香属植物,原产于地中海沿岸地区,具有悠久的栽培历史和食用历史[1]。作为一种安全、高效的天然抗氧化剂和防腐剂,迷迭香提取物在油脂、肉制品、水产品等领域中均有广泛的应用。此外,因其富含二萜类、酚酸类和黄酮类等多种天然活性成分,迷迭香被证实具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗溃疡等生物活; ;性[2-4]。近年来,迷迭香的生理活性功能及其在功能食品中的应用研究受到广泛关注。全面认识迷迭香的活性化学成分和生理活性功能对于迷迭香资源的开发利用具有重要意义。因此,对迷迭香主要活性成分及生理功能相关研究进行了综述,以期为迷迭香资源开发利用等方面的研究提供参考。 1; ;迷迭香主要活性成分

迷迭香中主要活性成分包括萜类化合物、黄酮类物质和酚酸类化合物。 迷迭香中主要化合物见表1。 1.1; ;萜类物质

迷迭香含有大量的单萜、二萜和三萜类化合物。单萜类化合物主要包括1,8-桉叶素(1,8-cineole)、樟脑(Camphor)、α -蒎烯(α-pinene)、莰烯(Cam-phene)、β -蒎烯(β-pinene)月桂烯(Myrcene)等,上述化合物均存在于迷迭香精油中[4]。Tadtong S等人[5]报道,迷迭香精油中1,8 -桉叶素、α -蒎烯、樟脑、莰烯和β -蒎烯的含量分别为37.3%,19.3%,14.7%,8.8%,5.5%。二萜类化合物是迷迭香中主要的多酚类物质,主要包括鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚及其衍生物(如12 -甲氧基鼠尾草酸、异迷迭香酚等)。Mena P等人[6]从迷迭香提取物中分离和鉴定了24种二萜酚类物质,约占总酚含量的97.2%。迷迭香中的三萜类物质大多为三萜酸类化合物,主要包括鲨烯(Squalene)、熊果酸(Ursolic acid)、齐墩果酸(Oleanolic acid)、白桦脂醇(Betulin)、白桦脂酸(Betulinic acid)等。大量研究证实,迷迭香中的萜类物质与其抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等活性功能密切相关[4,7]。 1.2; ;黄酮类物质

迷迭香中含有大量的黄酮类化合物及少量的黄酮醇、黄烷酮化合物,主要包括芦丁、槲皮素、蓟黄素、柚皮苷、木樨草素(Luteolin)、芫花素(Genkwanin)、橙皮素(Diosmin)、芹菜素(Apigenin)等及其糖苷衍生物[4,6,8]。 1.3; ;酚酸类物质

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迷迭香中含有少量的酚酸类化合物,主要包括迷迭香酸、咖啡酸、對香豆酸(p-Coumaric acid)、4-羟基苯甲酸(4-Hydroxybenzoic acid)、迷迭香酸甲酯(Methylrosmarinate)等[9-12]。

2; ;迷迭香多酚的生理活性功能 2.1; ;抗氧化活性

迷迭香提取物具有良好的抗氧化性能,鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酸、迷迭香酚等多酚类化合物是其主要的抗氧化活性成分[13]。鼠尾草酸等多酚类物质能够有效清除DPPH·,ABTS+,·OH等多种自由基,并能抑制亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的氧化[14-15]。部分迷迭香提取物及其单体化合物的抗氧化活性甚至优于合成抗氧化剂。Li Z J等人[16]发现,鼠尾草酸能够有效抑制高温贮藏过程中塔拉籽油的氧化,其抑制效果优于相同添加浓度的丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)和二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT),但弱于特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)。动物试验结果表明,富含鼠尾草酸的迷迭香提取物能够有效提高脂多糖处理组SD大鼠血清、肝脏等组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及谷胱甘肽含量,显著增强机体抗氧化能力[17]。作为一种高效和安全的天然抗氧化剂,迷迭香提取物在抑制食用油氧化、延长肉制品货架期等领域具有广阔的应用前景[18-19]。 2.2; ;抗微生物活性

大量研究证实,迷迭香提取物具有良好的抗细菌、真菌和病毒活性。Moreno S等人[20]研究制备了迷迭香甲醇提取物,其鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酸的含量分别为30%,16%,5%。研究证实,该提取物能够有效抑制大肠杆菌(E. coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)、巨大芽孢杆菌(B. megaterium)、白色念珠菌(C. albicans)、酿酒酵母(S. cerevisiae)、毕赤酵母(P. pastoris)等食源性致病菌和腐败微生物的生长。此外,Bernardes W A等人[21]证实迷迭香的乙醇/水提取物对变形链球菌(S. mutans)、唾液链球菌(S. salivarius)、远缘链球菌(S. sobrinus)等口腔细菌具有良好的抑制效果。鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酸、迷迭香二酚、迷迭香酚、表迷迭香酚等被认为是迷迭香提取物发挥抑菌作用的主要活性组分[22],上述活性组分可能通过造成细胞膜功能和结构发生变化、改变基因表达等多种途径发挥抗菌作用[23]。

2.3; ;抗炎活性

细胞和动物试验均证实,迷迭香多酚具有良好的抗炎活性。Arranz E等人[24]发现,富含鼠尾草酸和鼠尾草酚的迷迭香提取物能够有效抑制脂多糖和氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)所致THP-1单核巨噬细胞中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等细胞炎症因子的合成,从而有效改善细胞炎症反应。同时,国内外学者对迷迭香多酚抗炎机制进行了大量研究。Kuo C F等人[25]发现,鼠尾草酸和超临界CO2所制备的迷迭香提取物均能有效改善脂多糖致RAW 264.7细胞中一氧化氮和TNF-α等炎症因子的过量产

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生,并抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧合酶2(COX-2)的蛋白表达水平。同时,还发现,迷迭香提取物及鼠尾草酸处理能够通过抑制LPS诱导的核转录因子κB抑制因子α(IκBα)磷酸化和降解来抑制p65转移至细胞核中,表明抑制NF-κB细胞信号通路是迷迭香提取物及鼠尾草酸发挥抗炎作用的重要分子机制。此外,动物试验结果表明,富含鼠尾草酸的迷迭香提取物能够有效改善脂多糖致SD大鼠慢性炎症反应,这可能与其增强机体抗氧化能力有关[17]。

2.4; ;抗肿瘤活性

近年来,国内外学者对迷迭香提取物及其活性单体化合物的抗肿瘤作用进行了大量研究。细胞试验研究结果表明,迷迭香提取物及鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚等单体化合物能够有效抑制Caco-2结肠癌细胞、MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞、A2780人卵巢癌细胞、DU145人前列腺癌细胞、HepG2人肝癌细胞、A549人肺癌细胞等多种癌细胞的生长[26-32]。动物试验也证实,迷迭香提取物及鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚等单体化合物均能够有效抑制小鼠、SD大鼠等试验动物发生的口腔癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤[26-32]。迷迭香提取物及其组分抗肿瘤作用机制与其诱导肿瘤发生凋亡和自噬、诱导细胞周期阻滞、抑制细胞炎症反应等有关[26-32]。此外,迷迭香多酚类物质也可能通过调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)、Akt/IKK/NF-κB等细胞信号通路发挥抗肿瘤作用[26-32]。 2.5; ;抗胃溃疡活性

胃溃疡是一种常见的消化道疾病,主要表现为黏膜细胞损伤,具有并发症多、病程长、易反复等特性,全球每年近400万人患病[33]。目前所常用的胃溃疡治疗药物均具有一定的副作用,天然植物提取物及其活性组分在胃溃疡治疗中的应用受到广泛关注[34]。Corrêa Diasp等人[35]发现,灌胃迷迭香提取物; 1 000 mg/(kg·bw)能够有效改善消炎痛、乙醇和利血平所致Wistar大鼠胃溃疡损伤。与上述结果类似,补充500 mg/(kg·bw)和1 000 mg/(kg·bw)迷迭香提取物均能够有效降低70%乙醇引起的胃溃疡,其效果甚至优于常用抗溃疡药物奥美拉唑[11]。迷迭香提取物抗胃溃疡作用可能与鼠尾草酸、迷迭香酸等活性组分能够显著提高胃黏膜组织超氧化物气化酶活力和GSH含量,抑制脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量及活性氧水平的升高,有效改善乙醇造成的胃组织氧化损伤等有关[11]。 2.6; ;抗糖尿病作用

糖尿病是一種以高血糖症状为共同特征的常见的内分泌代谢疾病。近30年来,在世界范围内糖尿病发病率快速上升,严重威胁人类健康并给社会造成沉重的经济负担[36]。目前,天然植物化合物的降糖作用日益引起重视[37]。口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果显示,迷迭香提取物对新西兰白兔具有很好的降血糖效果,在50~200 mg/(kg·bw)范围内呈良好的剂量-效应关系;同时,发现剂量为50,100,200 mg/(kg·bw)的迷迭香提取物均能降低四氧嘧啶致糖尿病新西兰白兔血糖含量并改善其糖耐量[38]。人体试验结果表明,连续4周每天摄入5 g或10 g迷迭香能够显著降低血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白等水平。迷迭香提取

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物的抗糖尿病作用可能与其活性组分提高SOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活力、抑制脂质氧化和二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)活力有关[38-40]。 2.7; ;鎮痛作用

国内外学者对迷迭香提取物的镇痛作用进行了大量研究。Gonzalez-Trujano M E等人[41]分别采用冰醋酸致小鼠扭体疼痛模型、福尔马林小鼠疼痛模型及疼痛诱导功能破坏大鼠疼痛模型(Pain-induced functional impairment model,PIFIR)评价了迷迭香提取物的镇痛作用。试验结果表明,迷迭香提取物10~300 mg/(kg·bw)对上述3中疼痛模型动物均表现出良好的镇痛作用,且镇痛作用呈现一定的剂量-效应关系。 2.8; ;抗血栓作用

近年来,血栓性疾病已经成为严重危害人类健康的疾病之一[42-44]。Naemura A等人[45-46]发现,膳食中补充5%的迷迭香能够有效抑制衰老C57BL/6小鼠动脉血栓的形成,表现出良好的抗血栓作用,这可能与其抑制血小板活性有关。 2.9; ;改善认知功能

动物试验结果表明,膳食补充迷迭香提取物能够有效改善反复轻度脑创伤(Repetitive mild Traumatic brain injury,rmTBI)模型大鼠的认识功能障碍,这可能与其抑制氧化应激和神经炎症有关[47]。Pengelly A等人[48]进行的人体试验也证实,膳食补充迷迭香能够有效改善老年人的认知功能。 2.10; ;其他作用

此外,迷迭香提取物及其活性组分还具有利尿、降血脂、保肝、抗焦虑等其他方面的生理活性功能[49-51]。 3; ;结语

迷迭香含有鼠尾草酸、迷迭香酸等活性组分,并具有抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎和抗肿瘤等活性功能,在食品贮藏保鲜、食源性微生物安全控制、功能食品开发等领域具有广阔的应用前景。在今后的工作中,应采用细胞生物学、分子生物学等方面的研究手段系统揭示迷迭香提取物及其单体化合物发挥抗肿瘤、抗炎等活性功能的作用机制。同时,还应重点关注迷迭香活性组分在食品加工及胃肠道消化过程中的稳定性。此外,迷迭香相关功能食品的开发也是今后研究工作的一个重点。 参考文献:

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