托福-练习四十

(鎬诲垎锛?5.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)

涓€銆亄{B}}Passage 1{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細5.00)

1.Evidence that some animals possess self-awareness comes from a series of experiments in which animals appear to recognize themselves in mirrors.

Researchers have repeatedly demonstrated the mirror-recognition ability of chimpanzees by using a procedure called the \"mark test.\" For several days, chimpanzees were exposed to a mirror so they would become used to it. Then, one day they were given a sleeping drug, and while the chimps were asleep the researchers marked one eyebrow and one ear on each animal with a bright red dye. The researchers then watched the chimpanzees to see what they would do when they woke up and noticed the red mark. At first the chimps were placed in their cage without the mirror. On average, they touched the marked areas only once during a half-hour. Then the mirror was brought in, and the chimpanzees on average touched the marked spots seven times in a half-hour.

The mark test clearly showed that the chimps touched their heads and faces more when the mirror was present. Some of them touched the marked spots while they looked at their image in the mirror, and then sniffed or examined their fingers. The researchers concluded that the chimpanzees recognized the red mark as being on their own bodies, suggesting that chimpanzees are self-aware.

When the chimpanzees recognized themselves in the mirror, they would often groom themselves. They used the mirror to explore the insides of their mouths. They made faces and stuck out their tongues. These results strengthened the hypothesis that chimpanzees have a concept of self and are able to recognize the image in the mirror as their own.

Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.

锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 姝ｇ‘绛旀

锛?Key points: The lecture states that the mark test was repeated many times,

but some of the results were inconsistent. This casts doubt on the point in the reading that the mark test has repeatedly demonstrated that chimpanzees recognize themselves in a mirror. The lecture states that all chimpanzees touch their heads and faces a lot, with or without a mirror. This casts doubt on the point in the reading that the mark test clearly showed that the chimps touched their heads and faces more when the mirror was present. The lecture states that self-grooming in chimpanzees is a social behavior. This casts doubt on the point in the reading that chimps would groom themselves because they recognized their own image in a mirror.)

瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] As we interpret the results of these experiments with chimpanzees, we can see there are several problems. First, the \"mark test\" was repeated many times, but some of the results were inconsistent. For example, one study with eleven chimpanzees found that only one of the chimps touched the mark during the test. Why were those results so different from the results of other tests, which showed a high rate of chimps touching the mark? This inconsistency is troubling. Second, chimpanzees perform these very same behaviors routinely, whether or not there's a mirror. All chimpanzees touch their heads and faces a lot, with or without a mirror. In an experiment with eleven chimpanzees, one chimp rubbed his head while

coming out of the sleeping drug. He rubbed the mark off even before he had the chance to see it in the mirror--thus confounding the test results and making it impossible to conclude anything. Third, some of the behaviors we call self-aware are also social responses that chimpanzees usually show in the presence of other chimps. Self-grooming in chimpanzees is a social behavior. When chimps are put in a cage with a mirror along one wall, they show an increase in the amount of self- grooming. So do chimps that can see other chimps in the cage next to them. All of this grooming is normal social behavior. It's part of fitting in with the group. So we can't always tell from a chimp's behavior whether the chimp is reacting in a \"self-aware\" manner to a mirror image, or whether it's reacting \"socially\" to the image as that of another chimp. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage.

浜屻€亄{B}}Passage 2{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細5.00)

2.Compared to other energy sources, wind energy is available, abundant, affordable, and clean. The wind is a renewable natural resource that is available everywhere. In the United States, the wind supply is abundant. Wind power could provide 20 percent of the electricity in the United States, with turbines installed on less than one percent of the nation's land area. Within that area, less than five percent of the land would be occupied by wind equipment; the remaining 95 percent could continue to be used for farming or ranching. Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today. It is affordable enough to compete with coal, oil, and gas. The wind is free, and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. Better turbine technology has helped reduce the cost of wind energy by more than 80 percent since the 1980s. In several places around the world, energy companies offer wind-generated electricity at a cost that is almost half the cost for coal power, and around one-fifth the cost for nuclear power.

Most importantly, wind power is safe and environmentally friendly. Once the wind turbine is built, the energy it produces does not cause greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Wind is a much cleaner source of fuel than coal, oil, and gas, so there are fewer emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur, and other gases that cause global warming, smog, and acid rain. Wind power will decrease our dependence on fossil fuels, which is critical to the health of all living things.

Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.

Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage.

锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 姝ｇ‘绛旀

锛?Key points: The lecture states that the amount of energy produced from the

wind is unpredictable. This challenges the point in the reading that wind energy is available and abundant. The lecture states that wind energy is expensive to develop. This challenges the point in the reading that wind energy is low priced and affordable. The lecture states that wind energy has some negative impacts on the environment. This

challenges the point in the reading that wind energy is safe and environmentally friendly.) 瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] While it's true that wind power is a promising source of energy, there are some drawbacks. One is that the amount of energy produced is unpredictable. The strength of the wind can vary from none at all to storm force. Consequently, wind turbines don't generate the same amount of electricity all the time. Also, wind is very spread out. This means it would take a large number of wind generators--and large amounts of land-- to produce electricity in useful amounts. We can't build wind turbines everywhere, simply

because lots of spaces aren't windy enough to generate power. Another drawback is the cost. Wind energy is expensive to develop. Even though the cost has decreased in the past few decades, the technology for wind requires a higher initial investment than it does for fossil fuel generators. And ideal locations for wind farms can be very expensive to buy. Good sites are often located in remote areas, far from the cities where the electricity is needed. This means that transmission lines have to be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the city. Furthermore, wind power plants do have some negative impacts on the environment. For example, there's concern about the noise produced by the blades. One wind generator makes a low, swooshing sound, so you can imagine the amount of noise several dozen of these generators will make. Another problem is the high number of birds killed by flying into the blades. Migrating birds like strong winds, and it's common for them to fly into wind turbines. In one case, researchers found two hundred dead birds on a wind farm in California. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage.

涓夈€亄{B}}Passage 3{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細5.00)

3.Abstract Expressionism was a movement in painting that emerged in New York City in the 1940s and attained prominence in the following decade. It emphasized personal expression, individuality, and freedom from convention.

Abstract Expressionism valued the act of painting itself, including the accidents and discoveries that can occur during the process of painting. For this reason, it is sometimes called action painting. The expressive method of painting was considered as important as the finished product. Artists typically applied paint rapidly and with force. They valued improvisation and painted spontaneously, without planning or sketching in advance. Abstract expressionists gave special attention to surface qualities of paint, such as brushstroke and texture. They sometimes applied paint with large brushes---dripping, splattering, or even throwing it onto a canvas. They used various tools, including their hands, to spread the paint. Some artists applied multiple layers of paint, filling the entire canvas with broad brushstrokes and thick globs of color.

Abstract expressionists had a preference for dramatically large canvases. Painters rejected easel-bound canvases for over-sized surfaces that were often placed upon the floor. Their approach to space meant that all parts of the canvas played an equally important role in the total work. Huge canvases suited the heavyweight, tragic, and emotional themes. Bold use of color and texture contributed to a painting's sense of power and movement.

Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.

The lecture discusses the painter Jackson Pollock. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they illustrate specific points made in the reading passage.

锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 姝ｇ‘绛旀

锛?Key points: The lecture states that Jackson Pollock painted as a form of

self-expression. This illustrates the point in the reading that Abstract Expressionism emphasized personal expression, individuality, and freedom. The lecture states that Pollock was influential for his process of creating art; his devotion to the act of painting led to the term \"action painting.\" This illustrates the point in the reading that Abstract

Expressionism valued the act of painting itself. The lecture states that Pollock controlled the drip to give his paintings a special character. This illustrates the point in the reading that artists gave special attention to surface qualities of paint, such as

brushstroke and texture. The lecture states that Pollock's \"all-over\" paintings filled the

entire canvas. This illustrates the point in the reading that all parts of the canvas played an equally important role in the total work.)

瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] One of the leading artists of Abstract Expressionism was the painter Jackson Pollock. Like other artists of the movement: Pollock painted as a form of self-expression. Several qualities distinguish Pollock as one of the greatest American artists. First, he was influential not just for his art but for the process of creating it. His devotion to the act of painting led to the term \"action painting.\" He painted his huge canvases on the floor. This was so he could work around and over the big canvas. Pollock felt more at ease on the floor. He could walk around the painting, work from all four sides, and literally be in the painting. His technique was sort of a dance with the canvas. As he danced around the borders of the canvas, he spattered the canvas with sprays and drips of paint. Second, Pollock controlled the drip to give his paintings a special character. His technique was to hold the brush a foot above the canvas and then throw lines of paint in the air so the paint would fall on the canvas. He performed this gesture skillfully, and each painting would literally grow from this controlled drip. Pollock's trademark drip made his paintings immediately identifiable as his work. Third, a lot of Pollock's paintings were called \"all-over\" paintings because the paint fills the entire canvas. In these paintings, the enormous canvas is filled with a series of lines, curves, and loops--twisting forms of color that suggest movement--an effect created entirely by the skillful gestures of the artist's brush. The lecture discusses the painter Jackson Pollock. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they illustrate specific points made in the reading passage.