❖ 加前缀: happy --- unhappy ❖ 加后缀: develop --- development ❖ 既加前缀又加后缀: employ ---unemployment
常见的否定前缀 前 缀un-意 义不,未(= not) 相作用 法加在形容词或副词前加在动词前例 词unhappy, unnecessary, unexpected, unusual, , uncover, untie, unlock, undress incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dishonour,羞辱 dislike, disbelievedischarge,排出 dismiss解雇 mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding误解in- ,il-不, 非, 加在形容词或其派生的名词或副词前im-,ir-无表示否定加在名词或形容词前加在动词前加在名词或动词前加在名词、动词或及其派生词前表示相反表示分离剥夺除去表示错、误dis-mis-anti- 相反,相互对立 加在名词、形容词、antiwar反战的antipathy反感antithesis对立;动词前 反论antibacterial 抗菌的antibody抗体antisocial的 deforest砍伐森林devalue降低价值decode破译detrain下火车degrade降级 de- 表示\"去加在名词前 掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下\"等 不 表示”不,非” ill- non- 加在名词、形容词前 虐待ill-treat信息不足的ill-informed 不礼貌的ill-mannered 加在名词、形容词、nonexistent a.不存在的nonsmoking a.不准吸副词或作形容词的烟的nonstop a.直达的 分词上
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表示时间和其他关系的前缀
前 缀re-fore-pre-post-a-co-inter-mid-super- over- 意 义表示:再一次,重新表示:时间或位置的“在前面”表示:在前、事先、预先表示:时间和顺序的“在后边”用 法例 词用于动词及派生名词名词、形renew,续借 reborn, 容词及其它名词前(= again)rebuild, reappear, retell加在动词或名词前(= before)foresee, foreleg, foretell预言, foreknow预卜prepay, prewar, 加在名词或形容词前(=before, in front, in advance)preschool, prehistory加在名词或形容词前(= after, behind)post-war, post-graduate表示:在 之上, 加在动词或名词前,构成派生asleep, along, aloud, , alive, across向, 在里形容词、副词或介词co-worker, coexist表示:联合、共加在名词或动词前co-own, co-owner同表示:“互相”、加在名词、形容词前构成动词interchange, international(= between, among)“在一起”表示:中间表示:高级、在之上 超过 加在名词前(= middle)加在名词前(= above, over, upon) 加在动词、名词、形容词前 midday, midnightsuperpower,超级大国,superstructure上层建筑overstudy n.用功过度 overwork n.过度劳累 overact v.表演过火 overdose n.药物过量 overproduction n.生产过度 overcrowded a.挤满的 ex-wife前妻 ex-president前任总统 exclude排外expel赶出,逐出expose暴露exalt使升高extract抽出,拔出 excise切除exceed超过,超出exhale呼气
ex- ex- 表示\"前面的,前任的\" 表示\"出,出去\" 加在名词前 multi- 表示”很多,很多” multimedia a.多媒体的 multicultural a.多种文化的 multiform a.多种多样的 tele– micro- 表示远的 表示“微,小” telephone, television microscope显微镜 2 / 7
microworld微观世界 microwave微波 microbiology微生物学 microfilm微缩胶卷 auto- 自动的 automobile汽车 autobiography自传 vice- 表示“副” vice-president副总统 vice-manager副经理 macro- eco- 表示“大,宏大” 生态的 Ma macroscopic(宏观) 生态学ecology 生态系统ecosystem 生态友好的eco-friendly Sino- 中国的 中日的Sino-Japanese 中石化Sinopec sub- “潜,在下面,次一等,副手” bi- 表示两个,双边 潜意识(的)subconscious subtropics亚热带 subtitle副标题 bi- bicolor ( 双色的), bicycle tri- 三个 三轮车tricycle 三角形triangle trans- “变换,改变,转移” tranplant移植 transaction交易;办理 transcribe抄写,转录 transfigure改观;变形transfuse输血;充满
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常见的后缀
表示人和物的名词后缀
后缀-er -or表示-eer意 义 从事…职业的人,做…的人,…地方的人 与-er同义从事于...的人女...的...(专)家,...工作者从事...职业的人,从事某种...文艺、学术的人,...主义者表示从事某工作的物表示从事某工作的物用 法加在动词、名词、形容词上外来后缀,加在外来词上用于外来词加于名词后,表示阴性加在以-ic结尾的名词或形容词上例词teacher, workerlearner, visitor, conductoreducator, translatorengineer, volunteermountaineeractress, waitressphysician, politicianmusician-ess人-ician -ist加在名词上,或 –ize 结artist, socialist尾的动词上,或以-al结communist尾的其它词上physicist加在动词和名词或复合词上加在动词上washer,洗衣机 conductor,导体, 表-er示物-or
后缀-er 构词能力
用 法表示“人”,加在动词上例 词listener, adviser, speaker, writer, driver, teacher, worker, singer, leader, waiter, runner, discoverer, explorer, makerbanker, , officer, lawyer, prisoner, geographer, joker, Londoner, New Yorker, villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner, outsider, strangerhousekeeper,管家, looker-on,旁观者 washer, boiler, container, lighter,打火机drawer, steamer,蒸笼washer, loudspeaker,fighter,战斗机printer,打印机印刷者 recorder, ruler表示“人”,加在名词上表示“人”,加在某些地点名词或某些形容词表示“人”,加在复合词上表示“物”,加在动词上表示“物”,加在名词上表示“物”,加在复合词上既表示 “人”也表示“物”,加在动词上 4 / 7
抽象名词和集合名词的后缀
-age-ure-ity-ism-dom-y-al-ship-hood-th-erymarriage, luggage, postage邮费 failure, temperature, pressure, pleasure, majority, opportunity, communism, criticism, internationalism, socialism -mentargument, statement, achievement, amusement, equipment -anceappearance, entrance, kingdom, wisdom, freedomdifficulty, discovery, bravery, machineryarrival, refusal, disapproval, citizenship, friendship, professorship, hardship, comradeshipchildhood, brotherhood,兄弟情谊,strength, growth, length, wealth, truthbravery, slavery, chemistry, surgery, machinery
-nesskindness, illness, brightness, selflessness, correctness后缀为-ion的名词
规 则几乎所有以-ate结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉e再加-ion.多数以-t结尾的动词直接在词尾加-ion,少数以-te结尾的动词首先去掉e再加-ion.多数以-ss结尾的动词直接加-ion.例 词educate/education, liberate/liberation, translate/translation,graduate/graduation, separate/separation, operate/operationact/action, invent/invention, inspect/inspection, elect/election, select/selection, connect/connection, collect/collection, instruct/instruction, devote/devotion, pollute/pollutiondiscuss/discussion, oppress/oppression, express/expression, possess/possession多数以-de结尾与少数以-d结尾decide/decision, divide/division, provide/provision, invade/ 的动词先把-de或-d变成-s再加-invasion, expand/expansion, extend/extensionion.以-mit结尾的动词,先把t变成-ss,再加-ion.admit/admission, commit/commission,承诺permit/permission, transmit/transmission转交多数以-fy结尾的动词先把y改成i再加-cation,少数以-efy或-fysatisfy/satisfaction, modify/ modification,修改结尾的动词先去掉y再加-action.有些动词不是加-ion,而是加-ition, -tion, -ation或-sion而变成名词,其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。 add/addition, attend/attention, absorb/absorption, describe/ description, produce/production, reduce/reduction, solve/ solution, determine/determination, explain/explanation, found/ foundation, observe/observation, transport/transportation
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形容词后缀 后缀-able-al-ant, -ent-ic, -ical意 义可/能…的有... 性质的...的...性质的,与...有关的用 法加在名词或及物动词后加在名词后加在外来动词词干上加在外来词干的名词上例 词valuable, horrible, natural, technical, actualimportant, pleasant, excellent atomic原子, electric,电动 basic基本的 -ish-ive-ful-less-ous-y-ed-en-ern -ly稍带...的,... 气的,...民族的,... 语的有...倾向的/性质的充满...的, 引起... 的无/不...的,不能...的充满...的,有...特性的有/多... 的,想...的有...的, 有...特征的由...构(制)成的...方的有...性质的,...形状的加在名词或形容词上用于民族国家地名之上加在动词上加在名词或少数名词上加在名词或动词上加在名词上加在名词上加在名词或动词上加在物质名词上加在表示方位的名词上加在名词或形容词上feverish, childish, bookish书呆子English, Spanishinstructive,教育性 expensivethankful, powerful, tearfulhomeless, harmless, wirelessdangerous, famous, nervouscloudy, sunny, funny, sleepytired, interested, learned博学wooden, earthen, wooleneastern, western, southernyearly, daily, orderly, lively
副词后缀
后缀例词表示某种状态cheerfully, slightly, simply, possibly, excitedly加在表示某个方面economically, technically形容词之后表示程度或范 completely围表示时间表示次序表示方向用法及意义-lyrecently,firstly, secondlyeastwardly, northwardlyforward, backward, upward,downward, toward, northward, afterward -ward加在名词或副词后,表示“向......-wards的”
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动词后缀 动 词后缀意 义表示:使成为,成为..., 处理, 使化合表示: 变为,使为,变为有,使有表示:使成为,使...化用 法见于外来词,由外来词根组成,不能活用加在形容词上,有时加在名词上,通常构成及物动词加在名词或形容词上,构成及物动词和少数不及物动词例 词 -ateeducate, translate, imitate, calculate, operate, hesitate, darken, weaken, deepen, sharpen, frighten, strengthenbeautify, uglify, satisfy, terrify, electrify, purifyfinish, accomplish, punish, publish, astonishmodernize, democratize民主化revolutionize, realize, sympathize-en-fy-ish表示: 使...,大多是从法语输入的词, 不能令...构成新词表示: 使成,变成,...化加在名词或形容词上,构成及物动词或少数不及物动词-ize-ize
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