SAPMLE TEST
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13, which are based on reading passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-4 This passage has 5 sections, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Possible solutions put forward ii. Bullying hat is internet-based iii. The Mainstream communication among teens iv. Government as problem solver
v. Characteristics of internet that account for the severity vi. Research into how common cyber-bullying is vii. More viewers online, more hurts for the victims viii. Disregard from institutions concerned ix. Threats from disguised offenders
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案
1
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Example Answer Paragraph A ii
1. Paragraph B 2. Paragraph C 3. Paragraph D 4. Paragraph E
Reading Task
Cyber-bullying: Bullying in the Digital Age
On October 6th, 2003, a 13 year-old teenager in Verment, America, died by suicide after excessive cyber-bullying on line from his classmates. His death led his father to lobby for laws to be passed to improve how schools address bullying and suicide prevention and his tragedy uncovered the devastation wrought by cyber-bullying.
With development in technology, cyber bullying has become more and more prevalent. And it also brings about increasing challenges for parents and educators. This bullying in the digital age affects millions of children throughout the world each year.
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案
2
http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答案 A.
Cyber-bullying, a term only coined when Internet became more accessible and affordable for people, take various different forms from physical bullying, including sending threatening messages, displaying private messages and posting embarrassing video and photos online. “It’s school-yard bullying taken to the next level,” says Justin Patchin, a criminologist at the University of Wisconsin. Nearly three in four teens say they were bullied online at least once during a recent 12-month period, and only one in 10 reported cyber-bullying to parents or other adults, according to Jaana Juvonen, leader of a study in University of California. Another study by UK-based internet market research firm YouGov in 2006 found that cyber-bullying is even worse than physical bullying. B.
Research into the causes and effects of cyber-bullying is still in its infancy. But it is becoming clear that nature of online communication determines exactly how severe the problem is. An unreal online environment encourages people to act aggressively, prompting them to do things they wouldn’t dare to try in real life. What’s more, the ability to reach more people, and the always-on culture of the internet, means that cyber-bullying can have an even more detrimental effect on the victim than conventional playground bullying.
What theatens people is the sheer number of people who can view something hat is posed online. “Girls send their boyfriends photos of themselves and then hey get dumped and every boy within he year 12 groups has a copy,” says Susan Mclean, Senior Constable from Victoria Police in Australia, “they don’ understand that their words or images intended for a small audience can find
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3
http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答案 an audience of millions.” It would be bad enough o be cyber-bullied by one kid and nobody else knew about it, but a video seen by hundreds or thousands of peers could be devastating.
Another point is the high probability of being bullied online. “ When I was a kid, playground bullying stopped when the bell rang and you went back inside or when you went home at the end of the day,” says John Carr, chair of the Children’s Charities’ Coalition for Internet Safety in London.” But with cyber-bullying, it is 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. There is no escape.” While an adult could simply turn off the computer, that’s not really an option for today’s teen, who are dependent on the internet for communicating with heir peers. A 2007 Pew study found that 93 percent of Us teens use the internet and 61 percent go online daily. C.
Anonymity can also amplify bullying’s negative effects on the victim. “The psychological ramifications of not knowing who’s attacking you can be maddening,” says Robin Kowalski, a psychologist at Clemson University in South Carolina.” The bully could be your best friend, a sibling, or half the school.” In a recent, as yet unpublished survey she carried out, nearly half of the children she interviewed didn’t know who their cyber-bully was.
The lack of face-to face contact migh also tempt bullies to new levels of cruelty. On the playground, seeing the stress and pain of the victim face-to-face can act as an inhibitor to some degree; however, in cyberspace, where there is no visual contact, online offenders tend to go extreme. Kowalski claims the effect is unique to computer-mediated communication. “There is a distancing of the self and immediacy in response that we don’t have in any
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4
http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答案 other form of communication,” she says.” On the computer, it’s like it’s not really you.” D.
So what can be done” Led by Ruth Aylet of Herio-Watt University in Edinburh, Uk, a consortium of European researchers recently developed a role-playing software called FearNot!, which aims to get children to empathise with a victim of bullying and feel in sympathy during the process. After watching a short animation of a child being bulled either in the playground or online, the viewer is asked to help the victim by typing advice into the computer. The software will be tested in schools in the Uk and Germany later this year.
Meanwhile, some governments have taken legislative actions. In January 2006, the US Congress passed a law making it a federal crime to” annoy, abuse, theaten or harass” another person over the internet. Approximately 36 states have enacted similar legislation. And in South Korea, the” internet real-name system”’ introduced last month, forces online portals and news websites to record the identities of people who post content and to disclose their contact details if someone wants to sue them for libel or infringement of privacy. However, it can be difficult to persuade people to take these laws seriously, and in the Us They only apply to over-18s. “Many jurisdictions don’t want o investigate or prosecute these cases,” says A1 Kush of Wired Safety.org, an internet safety advocacy group based in Seattle, Washington. “They are short-staffed and busy pursuing what hey call “real crime.” E.
However, it can be difficult to persuade people to take these laws seriously,
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案
5
http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答案 and in the US they only apply to over-18s. “Many jurisdictions don’t want to investigate or prosecute these cases,” says A1 Kush of WiredSafety.org, an internet safety advocacy group based in Seattle, Washington. “They are short-staffed and busy pursuing what they call real crime.”
Questions 5-8
Look at the following statements and he list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person. Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet. 5. The probability of cyber-bullying was higher than that of schoolyard bullying.
6. The victimized rarely reported to their adult supervisors. 7. It is usually considered as minor offences instead of crimes. 8. Bullies don’t use real names and identifications.
A. Robin Kowalski B. AI Kush C. John Carr D. Ruth Aylett E. Susan Mclean F. Jaana Juvonen
Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in reading http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答
案
6
http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答案 passage1? In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write
True if the statement agrees with the information False if the statement contradicts the information Not Given if there is no information on this
9. Technical advances have been a helper in making online bulling go rampant. 10. Cyber-bullying was a continuation of playground bullying in school according o YouGov in 2006. 11. To avoid online communication will protect teens from online harassment. 12. A role-playing software was designed to identify those who are liable to bully others.
13. Sometimes bullies are immune from criminal charges before reaching 18.
Writing Task You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Doing part-time jobs in college has become a hot topic for discussion. Some people say part-time jobs are useful for full-time students, because they can earn money and gain career experience. Others, however, regard part-time jobs as useless experience, because the take up most of student’s time. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
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案
7
http://www.514t.com 免费提供各种资格考试真题、模拟题、练习题、精选题及答案 You should write at least 250 words.
You should use your ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
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8
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