新概念2知识点总结

第一部分、时态总结

一、一般过去时；

一、定义。

1. 表示过去的动作或状态，常和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或与由when引导的从句连用。

2. 也可以表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复出现的动作。句子中常带有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes等时间状语。

例：When I worked in the company, I got up early every morning. 在那家公司上班时，我每天早晨都起得很早。

In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays. 在过去的几年里，每逢暑假她总是出去旅游。

二、一般过去时态句子结构 1． Be 动词的一般过去时态

在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were.

如：I was late yesterday.

We weren't late yesterday. She wasn't a teacher three years ago. Were you ill yesterday?

Were they once your classmates？ ---Yes, I was. ---No, I wasn't. Who were your best friends in your primary school? 2. 实义动词的一般过去时态

肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did.

如：I went home at nine o'clock yesterday.

I didn't go home yesterday. He didn't tell me about you.

Did you go home yesterday? ---Yes, I did. ---No, I didn't.

When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday? 3. 助动词和情态动词过去式如下：

shall―should（将要）用于第一人称单数 will―would（将要）用于所有人称

can― could（能，会） may―might（可以） must―must （必须） have to―had to（不得不）

助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。

如： I had to do my homework yesterday. (昨天我不得不做作业。)

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三、一般过去时态动词变化形式

一般过去时态由动词的过去式表示。大多数动词的过去式是在动词原形后加上ed构成。这类动词称为规则动词。

1） 一般情况下在词尾直接加ed。 如：play―played work―worked 2） 以e结尾的动词只加d. 如：like--- liked love―loved

3） 以辅音字母+Y结尾的动词，变Y为I，再加ed. 如：study―studied carry―carried

4） 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写最后这个辅音字母，再加ed. 如：stop―stopped

5） 不以ed 结尾的过去式，称为不规则动词,如： write（写） --wrote go-went do-did have-had see-saw take-took make-made come-came buy-bought

技巧：巧记一般过去时：

【一巧】时间状语（即标志词）巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。

【二巧】形式巧。它与一般现在时一样，形式多样：当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时，谓语动词用was；主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时，谓语动词用were。

例如： I was in the classroom yesterday morning． 昨天早上我在教室里。 He was at school last Tuesday． 上周二他在学校。

They were over there a moment ago． 刚才他们在那边。

【三巧】否定句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时一样，它在动词后面加not即可变成否定句，并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasn't, weren't。即： 主语 ＋ wasn't／ weren't ＋ 表语 ＋ 其他。例如： I was not (＝wasn't) here yesterday． 昨天我不在这儿。 My parents were not (＝weren't) at home last Sunday． 上周日我父母不在家。 【四巧】 疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首，句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即：

Was(Were) ＋ 主语 ＋表语 ＋ 其他？这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。

例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday﹖ 前天你在家吗？ Was she late this morning﹖今天早上她迟到了吗？

更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主语＋was／were．”； 否定回答用“No,主语＋wasn't／weren't．”。

例如：—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now﹖ 刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗？

—Yes, they were． (No, they weren't．) 是的，她们在。（不，她们不在。）

练习

一、用be动词的适当形式填空 1．I ______ an English teacher now.

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2．She _______ happy yesterday.

3．They _______ glad to see each other last month. 4．Helen and Nancy ________ good friends.

5．The little dog _______ two years old this year. 6．Look, there ________ lots of grapes here. 7．Today _______ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day.

二、用动词的适当形式填空

1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.

2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.

3. We _________ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go) 4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival? 5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______. 6.Jim _______ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday. 7. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday.

8. What ______ she _______ (find) in the garden last morning? She __________ (find) a beautiful butterfly.

1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago. 2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night. 3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.

4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week. 5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.

6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson. 7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival. 8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party. 9. It ______ (be) Ben's birthday last Friday. 10. We all ______ (have) a good time last night. 11. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day.

二、现在完成时

一．句型：

Eg: I have finished my homework. He hasn’t watered the flowers.

Have they watched the film? -----Yes, they have. ----No, they haven’t.

二．用法

1、现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 Eg. I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jim has (just/already) come. (含义：吉姆现在在这儿)

My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)

2、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行

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为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. ①for+时段

②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago

④since+从句（过去时）

⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） E.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.

三、现在完成时的标志

现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:

* 以already, just和yet为标志

He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。 * 以ever和never为标志

This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。 * 以动作发生的次数为标志

He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 * 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before

He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。

注意：

1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 3)现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用.

四、过去分词变法小结

1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规

则相同。

(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 e.g. work---worked---worked (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 e.g. live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 \"y\" 变为 \"i\" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词：

AAA型 E.g. let let let cut cut cut AAB型 E.g. beat beat beaten

ABA型 E.g. become became become run ran run

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ABB型 E.g. bring brought brought feel felt felt ABC型 E.g. begin began begun drive drove driven

五、易混知识辨析

1、has gone (to),has been (to)的区别

Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场) Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai.

2、since和for的区别

since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。

Exercise:

1、 用since和for填空

1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days. 3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.

4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock. 5. India has been an independent country ______1974. 6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.

7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years. 8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October. Keys：1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since

2、单项选择

1. -Where have you _____, Kate? -I've ______ to the bank.

A. gone, gone B. been, been C. gone, been D. been, gone 2、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written 3、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better

4、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying

5、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew 6、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?

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—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish 7、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in

8、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library . Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been

3、填空。

1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week. 2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.

3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now. 4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office. 5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999. 6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.

7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks. 8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework. 9.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?

10. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?

三、一般将来时

一、用法.

“will / shall + 动词原形”构成的一般将来时，其被动形式为“will / shall + be + 过去分词”。

(1) 表示单纯的将来。如：

Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month. 下个月她姐姐就30岁了。 (2) 表示在说话时决定要去做某事。如：

We are really lost. I’ll stop to ask someone the way. 我们真的迷路了。我要停下来问问路。

(3) 用于“祈使句+连词+简单句”固定句式中。如：

Go straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. 直走你就会看到一座教堂，你不会错过的。

二．一般将来时的句型(have/has done) 1.肯定句：

The workers will build a new school here next year. 2.否定句：

He won’t play football with you before he finishes his work. 3.疑问句：

Will you be back in ten minutes?

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4.特殊疑问句：

Where will you go next week?

三、注意事项

1. 用“be going to＋动词原形”构成的一般将来时。 (1) 人作主语时表示打算，“有计划要做”。如：

My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up. 我女儿打算长大后当医生。

(2) 物作主语时表示目前有迹象表明将要发生某事，“有……的趋势（如天气变化）”。如：

Look at the black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。

(3). 在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句一般不用be going to，而常用will（第一人称用shall）。从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时：如：

The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，足球赛将被推迟举行。

(4). 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。如：

They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams. 他们一考完试就回家过寒假。

Exercise

( )1. He _______ able to come on Friday because he fails in his exam. A. will be not B. will not be C. is going to be D. isn’t going be ( )2. – When ________ again?

--When he ____________, I’ll let you know.

A. he comes ;comes B. will he come;will come C. he comes ;will he come D. will he come;comes ( )3. Do you think Tom ______________ his uncle if he arrives? A. called B. calls C. will call D. is calling ( )4. Don’t get off the bus until it_______.

A. will stop B. stops C. shall stop D. is stopped ( )5. We ________ begin our lessons if you _________ ready. A. will ; will be B. shall ; Will get C. will ; get D. /; are ( )6. I’ll tell her about it as soon as she ___________ back. A. shall come B. will come C. comes D. is going to come ( )7.--- It’s Saturday tomorrow. I’m glad we ______ any classes. ---So am I. I’ll go fishing. Would you like to go with me? A. haven’t had B. won’t have C. don’t have D. wouldn’t have

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( ) 8. She ________ him a lovely dog on his next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to give ( ) 9. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll have a picnic.

A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine ( ) 10. We ________ the homework this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing

( ) 11. The day after tomorrow he________ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch ( ) 12. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.

A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be ( ) 13.________ a concert next Saturday?

A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 14 If they come, we ________ a meeting.

A. have B. will have C. had D. would have to be ( ) 15. They ________ an English evening next Sunday.

A.are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have ( ) 16. Charlie ________ here next month.

A. isn’t working B. doesn’t working C. isn’t going to working D. won’t work

( ) 17. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be ( ) 18. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.

A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be

四、将来进行时

一、将来进行时的构成

将来进行时是由\"shall/will + be + 现在分词\"构成的。

E.g. Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.

二、将来进行时的用法

①将来进行时的基本用法 : 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常与soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表示将来的时间状语连用

例如：I'll be taking my holiday soon. 我不久就去度假了。

②将来进行时的特殊用法 A. 表示原因、结果或猜测。

例如：Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning I'll be having a

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meeting.

请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。 (表原因)

Stop the child or he will be falling over. 抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。 (表结果)

You will be making a mistake. 你会出错的。(表推测)

B. 用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌。 When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？

C. 表示稍后一点儿的安排。

The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week they'll be studying Unit 4.

这周学生们学第三单元，下周他们将学第四单元。

【注意】

在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如： Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。

Exercise

将来进行时练习

1. What____ you_____this time tomorrow?

A will…do B will…have done C will…be done D will…be doing 2. The street lights____on when night falls.

A will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone 3. Joe____the piano in a few minutes.

A shall be played B will have been playing C shall be playing D will have played 4. I ____ my grandmother at three this afternoon.

A shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit 5. “Can you attend the party tonight?”

“No,_____ the boss about something urgent.”

A I see BI shall have seen C I’ll be seeing D I can see

【将来进行时与一般将来时的比较】

两者都表示将来的行为，但在用法上有所区别：

(1) 将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作；而一般将来时表示将来某时将要发生的动作。如：

She won’t be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8点她不在办公室开会。

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What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午五点你将干什么？

(2) 将来进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事；而一般将来时表示临时决定。如：

We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。

－Did you tell Julia about the result? 你告诉朱莉娅结果了吗？ －Oh, no. I will call her now. 噢，没有。我现在就告诉她。

(3) 将来进行时不表示个人意愿。如：

They will be meeting us at the station. 他们会在车站接我们的。

(4) 将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上要委婉客气。如：

When will you finish these letters? 你什么时候会处理完这些信件？ When shall I be expecting you this evening? 今天晚上我几点等你？

五、过去完成时

一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点

概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。

----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前 那时 现在

构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。

E.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：

（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句

要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从

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句。如：

She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中

在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：

Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

（ 3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\"原本…，未能…\"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3. 根据上、下文来判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、过去完成时的主要用法

1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）

2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：

He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )

3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle scho

ol for about five years.

Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到

这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty year

s. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）

四、易混时态辨析

1、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：

I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

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I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） — John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been?

他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）

2、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：

1）. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过 去某一特定的时间。试比较：

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

2）. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后

须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

3）. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺

序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：

He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

I (had) called her before I left the office.

例题解析：

1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went

C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone

解析：\"他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 \"。在上海学习的动作发生在去北

京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。

2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.

A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy 解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。

3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.

A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to

解析：\"小培说她去了海南三个月 \"。have been to 和have gone to 都是短

暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.

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第二部分、直接引语与间接引语

直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，一般要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话应用别人的话，不用引号。

间接引语的三要素：1）引导词 2）语序 3）时态（及人称的变化） 间接引语:四种情况

主句----------从句(语序):主+谓+宾+...

1陈述句 (句号) ----that(可省略)

2一般疑问句 (问号) ---- if/whether(…or not)

引导词 3特殊疑问句(问号)---特殊疑问词(what/how开头) 紧记:特殊疑问词+ to do sth.

4祈使句/请求----ask/tell sb.(not)to do sth. 时态：主句:一般现在时 从句:任何时态

主句:一般过去时 从句:过去的某种时态 主句: 真理(无论什么时态) 从句:一般现在时

图表解析

分类 连接词 当直连接词：接引that 语为（口语中常--He says (that) he will go to 宾，3不变 “陈述常省略） 句”时 He said, “ I will go to the 部分均为陈park tomorrow.” 述语序。 --He said (that) he would go 3. 间接引语to the park tomorrow. 部分实际上He said to me, “ you can help her.” 是宾语从句，连接词之间the park tomorrow. 3. 时态。 2. 间接引语接引语部分。 例句 He says, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.” 2. 人称：1主，2体部分为间注意事项 补充说明 1. 连接词：that 1. 黑体部分是连接词。斜 13

--He said to me (that) I could help her.. 的叫主句。 4. 当主句是当直连接词： 接引if或者语是whether. “一般疑问可译为：是句”时。 否 He asked me, “Are you good 1. 连接词：if , at math?’ whether 一般现在时态，间接引语---He asked me if I was good 2. 语序：改为“陈部分与直接at math. He asked Amy, “ Do you love me?” ---He asked Amy whether she loved him. He asks me, “Is she reading?” ---He asks me if she is reading. 述语序”。 引语的时态相同。 （去掉：Do, Does, Did 5. 当主句是一般过去时 改变Are, Is, Will, 态，间接引语Can…位置） 部分变为相3. 人称：1主，2应的过去时宾，3不变 4. 时态。 态。 当直连接词： 接引直接引语中语为He asked his wife, “How are 1. 连接词：特殊疑you?” 问词 的特殊疑问---He asked his wife how she 2. 语序：改为“陈“特殊词。 疑问句”时。 He asked me , “ What color （去掉：Do, Does, do you like?” Did was. 述语序”。 14

---He asked me what color I 改变Are, Is, Will, liked. Can…位置） He asks me, “ where will she 3. 人称：1主，2go 3 days later.” 宾，3不变 ---He asks me where she will 4. 时态。 go 3 days later. 当直没有连接接引词。用: 语为ask(tell) sb. --He asked Amy to be “祈使to do sth改careful. 句”时 写。或tell (ask) sb. not to do sth. 改写 --He told Lily to close the door. He said to me, “Don’t be late.” --He asked me not to be late.

语。 4. 人称：1主，2分是动词不He shouted, “ Lily, Close the 宾，3不变 定式，在句中door.” 作宾语补足3. 无须考虑语序 2.间接引语部He said to Amy, “Be careful!” 2. 不改变时态。 部分。 1. 不用连接词 1. 斜体部分为间接引语Exercise

( )1)Do you know ____________.

A what he’s looking for B)what is he looking for C) what does he look for D)his is looking for

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( )2)I’m not sure __________.

A what is his name. B)what his name is. C) his name is what D)what’s his name ( )3)I don’t know _________.

A where does he live B)where did he live C) where he lives D)he lives where ( )4)I didn’t know______________.

A what she said B)what did she say

C) what she spoke D)what was she speaking ( )5)I don’t know__________.

A when he will come back B)when will he come back C)when does he come back D)when did he come back

按要求转换句子： 陈述句

1)She says,”I am a teacher.”She says 2)She said,”I am a teacher.”She said 一般疑问句

1)“Are you from Japan?”he says to me. He ( ) me 2)“Are you from Japan?”he said to me. He ( ) me 特殊疑问句

3)“When does the train arrive?” Please tell me. Please tell me 4)“When does the train arrive?” Please told me. Please told me 祈使句/请求

1)“Don’t make any noise.”Mother says to Tom.Mother ( ) Tom 2)“open the window.” Mr Li said to me. Mr Li ( ) me 3)“Would you like to show me your book?” Kate says to me.

Kate ( ) me __________________

第三部分、被动语态

一、语态概述

英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：many people speak English.

谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

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二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。 及物动词---本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。

不及物动词---本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。

人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋eaten 一般过去时：was／were＋eaten

一般将来时：will be＋eaten am/is/are+going to be eaten 现在进行时：am／is／are being＋eaten 现在完成时：have／has been＋eaten

歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。

三、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如：some new computers were stolen last night.

一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。 （没有必要或说出出版者）

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

例如：The window was broken by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by Lunxun.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.

每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)

(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的

时态来决定be的形式)。

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. ---- He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory.

----The bikes are made by them in the factory. 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，

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原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”。例如： we can repair this watch in two days. --This watch can be repaired in two days. We must finish this work soon. --This work must be done soon.

六、 主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题. （1）时态保持一致。

I have repaired my computer.

---My computer has been repaired.

（2）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。 His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend.

（3） 主动语态中若有双宾语,将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语,另一个宾语不变。动词make/buy//get用for;动词give//send/lend/take用to)

Vivian gave me a book. (双宾语，人间物直， me为间接宾语，a book 为直接宾语)

-- I was given a book by Vivian.

--A book was given to me by Vivian.（直接宾语提前时，要在间接宾语前加介词）

（4）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主＋及物动词＋宾＋宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。 They call him Louis. --He is called Louis

（5）主动语态句中动词make, have, let(使sb做sth), notice. see. watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel等变成被动语态时，后面的不定式需要加上to. Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. --He was made to wash the dishes. （6）主动形式表被动. The poem reads well. （7）有些动词不能用于被动语态 take place/happen/come true/break out/belong to等。

All your dreams will come true if you try your best.

Exercise

1)将下列主动句转换成被动句。

1. The teacher told him not to waste time on playing computer games. ¬__________________________________________________________________ 2. I gave my cousin a toy at Christmas. ¬__________________________________________________________________ 3. They should do it right now.

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¬__________________________________________________________________ 4. They named the boy Johnson. ¬__________________________________________________________________ 5. The monster let the little girl clean the cave. ¬__________________________________________________________________ 6. People in the town laugh at Mike for his fancy dress. ¬__________________________________________________________________ 7.We can’t do it in one day.

__________________________________________________________________ 8.I saw a dog crossing the road.

__________________________________________________________________ 9.Young people must take good care of old people

___________________________________________________________________ 10.The workers are building a new railway between the two cities.

___________________________________________________________________

2).选择正确答案

1. I promise that matter will _______.

A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 2. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building. A. been given B. given C. to give D. be given

3. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given 4. Can such a thing _____ happening again? A. prevent from B. prevented from C. be prevented from D. to prevent from

5. A new house ________ at the corner of the road.

A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building 6. This bike ________ last year.

A. bought B. has been bought C. was bought D. had been bought 7. Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year?

A. was destroying B. destroyed C. would destroy D. was destroyed 8. It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital. A. hasn’t been decided B. isn’t deciding C. doesn’t decide D. hasn’t decided 9. The pen _______ me. It is hers.

A. isn’t belong to B. wasn’t belong to C. doesn’t belong to D. didn’t belong to 10. I can’t use my bike because it _______.

A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. will repair D. was repairing 11．- The window is dirty.

— I know. It _____ for weeks.

A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean

C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned

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12.—How long _______ at this job? —Since 1990. A. were you employed B. have you been employed C. had you been employed D .will you be employed

13. Forests ______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.

A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 14. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose

15. A new cinema _______ here. They hope to finish it next month. A. will be built B. is built

C. has been built D. is being built

第四部分、If条件句(真实&虚拟)

一、概况

引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if，常见的if条件状语从句表示在某条件下，某事很可能发生，条件是可能存在的，主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。如：

If you ask him，he will help you．如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。

另外，if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时，表示对现在或过去的一种假设。如：

If I were you，I would invite him to the party．如果我是你，我会邀请他参加聚会。

二、if 条件句的常见时态搭配

1．if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时

If he runs he’ll get there in time. 如果他用跑的，他就会及时赶到那儿。 2．if从句用一般现在时，主句用may/might/can

If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted. 如果雾在大一些，飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。

If it stops snowing we can go out. 如果雪停了，我们就可以出去。 3．if从句用一般现在时，主句用must/should

If you want to lose weight you must/should eat less bread. 如果你想减肥，你必须少吃面包。

4．if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般现在时

If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加热，它就会化成水。 5．if从句用现在进行时，主句用一般将来时

If you are looking for Peter you’ll find him upstairs. 如果你是在找彼得，上楼就会找到他。

6．if从句用现在完成时，主句用一般将来时

If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.

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如果你吃完了，我就叫服务生来算账

三、口诀小结：

if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间; 条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间。 条件句表可能，主句多用将来时； 条件句表事实，主句常用现在时。

1.在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果，主句用一般将来时态，从句用一般现在时态。如： We can walk there if we can't find a bus .

If it rains tomorrow ,we will not go to the zoo. What will you do if you find a panda in danger.

2.如果 if 条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件，则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如：

If bears are in danger ,they attack people.

3.在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，if 和条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后面，若 if 条件句放句首， 从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。还要注意前后时态一致原则

Exercise

1.If you _____ to the party, you’ll have a great time. A. will go B. went C. go D. going

2. It will be a long time ____ Peter _____ his work.

A. since, has finished B. after, finishes C. when, will finish D. before, finishes.

3. What will father _____ us from Japan? A. take B. bring C. carry D. make

4. Weifang is famous ______ kites. A. for B. to C. on D. with 5． I ____ her the answer if she ____me.

A. can tell, will ask B. will tell, will ask C. would tell, ask D. will tell, asks 6. – What are you going to do tomorrow? --We’ll go to the library tomorrow if it ___.

A. isn’t rain B. rain C. won’t rain D. doesn’t rain 7.—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow? --Sorry, I don’t know. When he ____ back, I’ll tell you. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come

8. What will you do if you _____ to the old folk’s home visit? A. go B. went C.going D. will go 9. If I eat ____ food, I’ll be very fat.

A. too many B. many too C. too much D. much too 10. I’ll give the book to him if he ___ here next Sunday.

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A. will come B. comes C. is coming D. came 11. There ____an English film in our school tomorrow.

A. is going to have B. will have C. is going to be D. has 12. Could you tell us where ____？ A. will the next Olympic Games held B. the next Olympic Games will be held C. would the next Olympic Games be held D. the next Olympic Games would be held

13. When my mother returned last night, I ____ a book.

A. read B. am reading C. was reading D. am going to read 14.What ____ you ____ when it began to rain?

A. do, do B. were, doing C. are, doing D. did, do 15. I’ll wake you up when he ____back.

A. will B. is going to come C. comes D. come

Keys: 1---5 CDBAD 6---10 DAACB 11---15 CBCBC

四、虚拟语气（重难点）

虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种： 一、与现在事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 Should 1.动词过去式(或were) Would +动词原形 If 2.助动词（过去式）+动词原形 could might If had the time, John would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall. If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately. 二.与将来事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 1. should+动词原形 2. 动词过去式 3、were to+动词原形 Should Would +动词原形 could might If If you should lose, what would you do? If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her thetruth. If you went there next time, you would see what I mean. 三、与过去事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 Should Would + have+过去分词 could might 22

If had+过去分词

If I’d dnown that it was going to rain, I would never have gone for a walk in the country.

四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法 1.省掉if的条件从句结构：

Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,…) 2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：

A true friend would not do such a thing. (=If he were a true friend, he...) (=If there were no water,…) (=If you hadn’t helped me,…)

3.有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如： If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now. If I were you, I would have gone home.

五、虚拟语气的其他用法

1、Suggest, advise 等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下： suggest, advise, recommend, demand, require, insist, urge, request, order, devide, ask, move, propose等 +that…(should )+动词原形

注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。

He suggested that they (should ) stop smoking.

上述动词的名词形式出现时，that 引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。 He made a request that they (should ) stop smoking.

如果that 引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。 He insists that he is right. 2、It is (was )+necessary, a pity 等+that引导的从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：

It is (was) + important, natural, imperative, advisable, necessary, essential, strange,等+that…(should) +动词原形

E.g. It is important that you (should) follow the doctor’s orders.

It is right that you should have done your homework. 3、wish的用法

动词过去式或were—与现在事实相反

主语+wish(that)+主语 + 动词过去完成式—与过去事实相反 助动词过去试+动词原形—与将来事实相反

I wish I were a pop singer. (=I am sorry I am not a pop singer..)

I wish I had never stopped teaching. (=I am sorry I stopped teaching.) I wish they’d let us get some sleep.

注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，

宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：

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（1） We hope they will come,(We don’t know if they can come.) （2） We wish they could come,(We know they are not coming.)

4、as if, as though, would(had) rather(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如： He acts as if nothing had happened.

I would rather you didn’t tell him.

5、It’s (high) time that…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如： It’s time (that) you had a hair cut.

It’s high time (that) we took some action.

Exercise

(1). If I___you, I would go by plane. Flying is much faster. A. be B. was C. were D. am

(2). I do not think those people are really English. If they were, they___speak wish French accents.

A. don't B. will not C. mustn't D. wouldn't (3)____today, would we be able to get there by Tuesday? A. Were we leaving B. If we leave

C. Would we leave D. Were we to leave (4). If Jone____tomorrow, what would you do?

A. were not to come B. will not come C. would not come D. had not come (5). ---“She didn't ask me, so I didn't help her?”

---“You mean to say____, you would've helped her ?” A. if she asked you B. if she were to ask you C.had she asked you C. were she to ask you

(6). They took the injured straight to the hospital. Otherwise some of them____. A. might have died B. might die C. would die D. could die (7). If they had known him,____to him?

A. would they have talked B. would they talk C.had they talked D. they would talk

(8). If I lived in the city, I___traveal in croweded buses, but I___to see lots of

films.

A. shall have to/shall be able B. shall have to/am able

C. would have to/were able D. would have to/would be able (9). I would have gone to the concert, if I___time.

A. had had B. have had C. had D. would have had (10).___I know it, I would have told you.

A. Have B. If C. Had D. Having (11).___your help, I would not have succeeded.

A. Because B. Because of C. But D. But for (12). ---“What did Mr Smith say about his career?”

---“Only that if he___a millionaire, he would have fewer worries.”

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A. did not become B. had not become C. does not become D. has not become (13). ---“Why didn't you help him?”

---“I would have___I didn't have the money.” A. still B. but C. otherwise D. or (14).--- “Who should go to see Li Ying? He is ill today.” ---“I suggest Wang Hong .”

A. goes B. would go C. go D. went

(15). The housemaster was strict. He requested that we___television on week

nights.

A. not watch B. must not to watch C. not be watching D. have not watch (16). I can't speak Japanese, but I do wish I___. A. can B. could C. had D. speak (17). ---“Are you enjoying your stay here?’

---“Yes, very much. I wish I have to leave so soon.” A. won't B. don't C. mustn't D. didn't (18). ---“What will you do during the summer holidays?”

---“I don't know, but it's about time on something.”

A. I'm deciding B. I'll decide C. I decided D. I'd decided (19). I'd rather you___anything about it for the time being. A. say B. didn't say C. don't say D. not say (20).--- “Why do you have to be there at six?”

---“The teacher demands that everyone in his seat at six.” A. would be B. can be C. be D. will be Keys: （1）C (2) D (3) D (4) A (5) C (6) A (7) A (8) D (9) A (10) C (11) D (12) B (13) B (14) C (15) A (16) B (17) D (18) C (19) B (20) C

第五部分、情态动词

一、Can and could总结：

1.can和could一般翻译成“ 能、会 ”，表示能力。 2.can可翻译成“ 可能 ”，表示客观可能性。 3.can和may译成“ 可以 ”，这时，can和may的意思基本相同， can多用于口语。

4.can用在 否定 句或疑问句中，译成“ 不可能 ”，表示惊讶、怀疑、猜测、或不相信等语气。

二、May and might总结： 1.may一般翻译成“ 可以 ”，表示请求或 允许 。

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2.may翻译成“ 可能 ”，表示说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”、“可能”发生。

3.may翻译成“ 祝 ”，表示祝愿(这时一般不用might)。

三、Will and would总结

1.will和would用在疑问句中，一般翻译成“……好吗？”， 表示询问对方的意愿， 向对方 提出请求 。这时，用 would 比用 will 更加婉转、礼貌。 2.will翻译成 愿意 ，表示“愿意做某事”或“决心做某事”。

3.would 表示过去 习惯性的 动作或反复发生的动作，常含有个人兴趣。 注意：作为情态动词，will可以用于条件状语从句。

四、Shall and should 总结 1.shall用于一 、三 人称的疑问句中，译为“……好吗？或“ 要不要…… ”，表示说话人征询对方的意见或指示/请求允许。

2.shall用于二 、三 人称的陈述句中，译为“必须” 、“应该”或“可以”，表示说话人告诫、警告、命令、决心等意图。 3.should译为“必须， 应该 ”。表示“劝告， 建议”或有“责任，义务”去做某事。

4.should和ought to都有应该的意思， should 表说话人的建议， ought to表按道理应该

五、Must and have to总结：

1. must译成“必须” ，用于表示说话人的主观看法，即：说话人觉得自己“必须”或“ 应当 ”做某事；have to译成“不得不”，表示外界的客观情况使说话人 不得不 去做某事。

2. have to有时态和人称的变化，而must没有人称的变化，只有现在式。 3. must的否定式must not /mustn’t翻译成“禁止、不许”，表示“禁止”做某事；don’t have to译成“不必”，表示“没有必要做某事”。

4. 回答must（表必须）提出的问题，肯定回答用must，否定回答用 needn’t 或 don’t have to 。

5. 在以上肯定句中，must一般翻译成 一定、肯定 ，表示一种推测、 判断 ： a. “must+动词原形”表示对现在情况的推测、判断；

b. “must be doing”表示对 正在进行的 动作的推测、判断； c. “must have done”表示对 过去 动作的推测、判断。

六. need 和dare的用法

need和dare 两者既可用作 情态动词 也可用作 行为动词 。作行为动词时，有 人称 和 数 的变化，可用于 肯定句 、 否定句 或 疑问句 中，构成否定句或疑问句时要用助动词do, does ,did ；作情态动词时，没有 人称 和 数 的变化（dare 可以有过去式dared）直接跟 动词原形 ，只用于 否定句 和 疑问句 中，构成否定句和疑问句时不用助动词。 另外，dare作情态动词时，还可用于条件句中，过去式为dared；作行为动词时，dare用于疑问句或否定句，后面的to也可省略；I dare say 是习惯说法，意为，“我想，大概”。如：

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①He needn’t do that .(情态动词)他不必那么做。 ②He doesn’t need to do it .(行为动词) 他不必做它。

③I didn’t know whether he dared say that to him .(情态动词，有时态变化) 我不知道他是否敢对他说那个。

④He didn’t dare (to )do that .(行为动词) 他不敢那么做。 ⑤He dared not do it .(情态动词)他不敢做它。 注意：need 作行为动词时，还可表示“需要”，后接动名词的主动形式表示被

动含义。如： The floor needs sweeping. 这地需要打扫了。

Exercise

1. –Mum，may I watch TV now？

-Sure， but you ________ help me with my English. A. can B. may C. must D. could 2. -________ I download the article again？ -No，you needn't.

A. Shall B. Will C. Must D. Can 3. -Can you go skating with us this afternoon？

-Sorry， I can't. I ________ take care of my little sister at home. A. can B. may C. would D. have to 4. -Must I hand in my exercise book today？ -No， you ________.

A. can't B. needn't C. mustn't D. won't 5. -May I have a word with you？ -No， you ________. I'm busy today.

A. needn't B. wouldn't C. don't have to D. can't 6. -________I have your English name， please？ -Yes， Helen. H-E-L-E-N.

A. Must B. May C. Will D. Need 7. -Who is the boy over there？ Is it John？ -No， it ________ be him. John is much taller.

A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn't 8. -Can you play Frisbee， Jay？ -Yes， I ________. It's easy.

A. must B. can C. need D. may 9.-You must come back every month. -Yes， I ________. A. will B. must C. should D. can 10. She ________ know the answer， but I'm not sure. A. maybe B. may be C. may D. must 11. - Must we clean the room right now？ - No， you. You clean it after lunch.

A. needn't；may B. needn't;must C. Mustn't； can D. mustn't；may

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12. John________ come to see us tonight， but he isn't very sure yet. A. may B. can C. has to D. must 13. Children ________ play with fire.

A. mustn't B. can't C. shouldn't D. needn't 14. -________ I come in， Mr Green？ -Yes,come in， please.

A. Must B. Need C. Will D. May 15. -Must I finish the work today？

-No， you ________. You ________ finish it tomorrow. A. mustn't； may B. can't； can C. needn't； may D. needn't； must

Keys：

1. C.这组对话的意思是：\"妈妈，我现在可以看电视吗？\"\"当然，但你必须帮我学英语。\"该题测试情态动词的用法。表示主观上看来\"必须\"要做的事，要用must.

2. C.这组对话的意思是：\"我必须再次下载这篇文章吗？\"\"不必了。\"该题测试情态动词的用法。根据答语 No， you needn't 就能确定要选C.

3. D.这组对话的意思是：\"今天下午你能同我们一块去溜冰吗？\"\"抱歉，我不能去。我必须在家照看我小妹妹。\"该题测试情态动词的用法。表示客观上\"不得不\"做某事时，要用have to.

4. B.这组对话的意思是：\"我必须今天交作业吗？\"\"不必。\"该题测试情态动词的用法。对以must开头的问句进行否定回答时，要用needn't.

5. D.这组对话的意思是：\"我可以跟你说句话吗？\"\"不行，我今天很忙。\" 该题测试情态动词的用法。对May开头的问句进行否定回答时，通常用can't或may not来回答。

6. B.这组对话的意思是：\"我可以知道您的英文名字吗\"\"可以，海伦。H-E-L-E-N.\"该题测试情态动词的用法。\"请求对方许可\"时，常用 May I （we）…。

7. C.这组对话的意思是：\"那边的那个男生是谁？是约翰吗？\"\"那不可能是他，约翰个子高些。\"该题测试情态动词的用法。表示很肯定的否定推测时，用can't. 8. B.这组对话的意思是：\"杰伊，你会扔飞盘吗？\"\"会，小菜一碟。\"该题测试情态动词的用法。一般说来，以情态动词can开头的问句，肯定回答用can；否定回答用can't. 英语情态动词 ：

9. A.此题易误选为B或C.这是因为受了思维定势的影响引起的，因为前面句子中的must这个词，许多人就想当然地选择了B项。其实，这里应该选择A项，句意为：\"你必须每月回来一次。\"\"好的，我会的。\"

10. A.maybe是副词，意为\"可能；也许\"，在句中作状语。may be是两个不同的词，其中，may是情态动词，be是连系动词，在句中作谓语。 11. A.needn't表示\"没有必要\"；may意为\"可以\".

12. A.考查情态动词。由后文\"但他还不能肯定\"可知，他\"可能会\"来，所以选A.can表示推测的\"可能\"，多用于否定句或疑问句中，must是有把握的肯定推测，\"一定\".

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13. A.考查情态动词。mustn't千万不，绝不能，一定不要；can't不能；shouldn't不应该；needn't不必要。 英语情态动词 ：

14. D.考查情态动词。请求允许用may或can.

15. C.考查情态动词。否定回答must，表示\"不必\"用needn't，排除A和B.又表示允许\"可以\"，用may或can，所以A正确。若用must与前面needn't相矛盾。

第六部分、写作及书信

一、书信 1．书信结构

英语书信结构一般有以下几个部分组成： 1）信封（envelope）。英语的信封和中文的一样，有三部分组成，即发信人地址、收信人地址和邮票。只不过英语信封的格式除了邮票所贴的位置（信封的右上角）和中文的一样外，英语信封上要写的发信人和收信人的地址和中文的大不一样。发信人的地址应写在信封的左上角，收信人的地址应写在信封偏中右偏下处，如下：

2）信头 (heading)，即写发信人的地址和日期（右上角）。

3）信内姓名地址 (inside address)，即写收信人的姓名和地址（左上角）。 4） 称呼 (salutation)，即写对收信人的尊称（一般用Dear Mr. … ,; Dear Madam Helen,; Dear Miss…,; Dear John,; Dear Professor Smith,等）。称呼直接写在收信人地址的正下方，中间空一至二行。称呼后面的标点一般只能用逗号。以上信头、信内姓名和地址三部分的结构如下：

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5）正文 (body)，即信件内的主要内容。正文第一句句子一般和称呼之间空一至二行。

6）信尾客套语 (complimentary close)，即写信人在信的右（或左）下角，写上表示自己对收

信人一种礼貌客气的谦称。一般有Sincerely,; Sincerely yours,; Yours sincerely,; Friendly

yours,; Truly yours,; Yours truly,; Cordially yours,; Yours cordially,等。

7）信尾签名 (signature)，即亲笔签上写信人自己的姓名。如果是用打字机或电脑写的信，在写信人签名的上方，同样应该打上写信人的姓名。 除以上七个部分外，有时一些英语书信还包括：（1）附件 (Enclosure)，以Enc. 表示，如“附有。。。。。。证明”应写为Enc…Certificate；（2）再启 (Postscript)，以P.S. 表示；（3）抄送件(Carbon Copy to…)，以c.c. 表示，说明一式多份抄送其他有关人员。这些都是次要的补充部分。P.S. 主要在私人信件中使用，事务信件中应避免使用，以免造成写信人粗心大意的印象。Enc.和c.c. 大都用在商贸信函中。

2．书写款式

英语书信的款式一般有两种：齐头式 (Block Style) 和折衷式 (Semi-Block Style)。齐头式常常在商贸、官方以及一些正式的信件中使用，以显示信件内容的严肃性，真实性，

可靠性。而折衷式则显的比较随便，主要用于家人、朋友、私人之间来往的信件。如果两人之间不是第一次通信，相互比较了解，可以省略信内的双方地址。 以下分别介绍齐头式和折衷式信件两种款式。

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注：用齐头式信件写信，其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。每段的第一句句子不需要空

格，但段与段之间需要空一至二行。齐头式信件的信尾客套话和签名可以有两种款式。第一种写在左下方，这是最常用也是最正式的。另外也可以写在右下方，这种形式则表示写信人与收信人之间的关系比较熟悉随便。下面是另一种齐头式信件的格式。 齐头式信件款式： （范文 2。）

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B: 折衷式信件款式：

用折衷式书写信件，其正文与称呼之间空一至二行。第一段第一句的第一个单词必须在Dear称呼的直接下面。以后每段开头都要与第一段第一个字对齐。信尾的客套话和签名都写在右下方。朋友之间写信一般都使用折衷式，而且称呼与正文之间一般不空行。具体款式和要求参见后面的一些信件。

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以下是一封折衷式信件。

3．信件书写要求：

写英语信件一般可以使用打字机、电脑，朋友之间比较随便的信件也可以用钢笔、圆珠笔甚至彩色笔，但不宜用铅笔。不管你用什么形式书写，一些重要的信件，签名处必须用深蓝色或黑色墨水笔签名。

二、各类常用信件对比 1）感谢信

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2）祝贺信

3）邀请信

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4）一般信件

三、其他信件写作格式对比

（一） 书信（Letter）

(No.9 the Seventh Street Washington D.C. USA)

June 26th, 2006

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Dear Cathy,

I like your program very much. It has a lot of interesting stories, attractive games and popular English songs. From your program we can learn many new words and expressions. We can improve our listening and speaking in English .We can also know more about the culture of other countries in the world. In a word, we learn a lot from your program.

I’m sorry to tell you that I can’t follow you easily sometimes because you speak little bit fast. It’s also a pity that we can only watch your program twice a week.

Thank you for giving us a lot of fun! I wish your program a bright future !

Yours sincerely WangPing

(二)电子邮件（e-mail）

To:*****************Cc: None

Subject: Re: Pen-pal wanted Hello, Kayla,

I’m Mike. I am 15 years old. I’m glad to know that you would like to have a pen-pal. I also want to find a pen-pal from the Internet. When I’m free, I like to listen to the music, go hiking and play basketball. I’m good at English and art .We can learn from each other and be good friends .I hope to hear from you often. Best wishes.

Mike

(三)通知 Notice

Attention, please!

This is your monitor, Chen Tao. I have something to tell you. This Friday, April 21st, we shall go to Stone Field Country Park for this year’s spring trip. The park is in the south of Guangzhou. It’s a very beautiful place. We can see many kinks of plants there. We can also have sports games for fun and BBQ meals in the park. But remember that fire can only be allowed in the barbecue places.

(四)日记

假设今天是2006年3月12日，星期天，天晴。请根据下面通知内容，用英语写一篇80个词左右的日记。参考词汇：ride, arrive, dig a hole, put , carry water, leave, tired Notice All the teachers and students are supposed to meet outside the school gate at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning in old clothes to plant trees on West Hill.

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The School Hill March 11, 2006 .

March 12,2006, Sunday Fine

Today is fine. All our teachers and we students went to plant trees. At 8 in the morning we met outside the school gate. Then we rode our bikes to West Hill. About half past eight, we arrived there. As soon as we got there, some of us dug holes, some put the young trees in the holes, and others carried water and watered the trees. We all worked hard. About 11:30, we left there. Though we were very tired, we felt very happy.

(五)贺卡

To our dear teacher, Happy Teachers’ Day! Thank you for teaching us so well. We hope you’ll have a very happy year in our class. Good luck! Best wishes! From your students

（六）电话留言

From: __________ To: __________ Date: ___________ Time: ___________ Message: _________________________________

_______( 记录人)

（七）寻物启事

Lost

I lost/left a key with a brown monkey(toy) on the playground (on June 26th).Will the finder/anyone who found it, please come to Class 1,Grade 3 of No.1 Middle School( or call/ring on …)

Thank you!

Gao Feng

（八）失物招领(Found)

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请根据以下内容写一则英文失物招领：假设你是市中学生运动会的一名志愿者，为运动会服务。6月8日上午你在体育馆（gymnasium）捡到一只手表和一套运动服，请失主打电话与你联系。联系电话：22843215

Found

A watch and a suit of sports clothes were found in the gymnasium on the morning of June 8th.Will the owners ring me up? My telephone number is 22843215.

（九）请假条

假设你是，请你给外籍教师Mr Brown 写张请假条。注意请假条格式。内容：明天你要到泉州参加运动会，不能跟同学们一起去植树，请假一天。 Dear Mr Brown,

Tomorrow I will go to Quanzhou to take part in a sports meeting, so I can’t plant trees with my classmates. I will have to ask a day off.

Thank you.

WangGang

（十） 主题发言 （或演讲）

Proud of school

My school is very big with several tall buildings. There are 2000 students in my school. We have a big playground with lots of trees around it. There are a lot of flowers everywhere

We have lots of fun at school. After class we play games and do lots of sports, like playing basketball, football and table tennis .Sometimes we have class meetings. They are very interesting.

I love my school because it’s like a big family. The teachers in my school are as kind to us as our parents. I feel proud of my school because it is one of the best schools in my heart.

I want to be an inventor. I would like to try out many ideas and make many machines to change the world. If I want to be an inventor, I should have much knowledge. So now, I must study hard, and do many things all by myself.

(十一) 便条 Note

Dear Meimei,

I came to your house to return your books. But your were out. I have had to leave the books with Lily. Thank you for lending them to me.

By the way, we are going to hold an English party on Saturday evening. Please call me if time doesn’t suit.

Wei Fang

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附：中考英语书面表达背诵范文

一、Great changes in my hometown

More than twenty years ago, my hometown was just a small , old and poor town. Most of people were farmers. There were few factories. The people didn’t have enough food to eat and wore old clothes. They had a hard life .

Great changes have taken place in the past twenty years . The people have found a lot of ways of making money . Now there are many tall buildings . They are very beautiful . Roads are wide and clean . People can take buses or drive their own cars to go to work . Many people have cell phones and personal computers. People’s living conditions have improved a lot . Thanks to the government’s efforts . my hometown is becoming more and more beautiful .

二、Save the earth

How to protect the environment has become one of the biggest problems in the world . It’s our duty to protect our environment . No matter where we live , we should do something to keep our neighborhood clean and tidy . We can collect waste paper or other waste things for recycling. We should plant more trees and we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers, lakes and fields. We shouldn’t leave rubbish everywhere and spit in public places . We mustn’t pick the flowers or step on the grass in public. If everyone tries his best to protect the environment , the world will become much more beautiful and our life will be better and better .

三、Improve our environment

Good environment can make people feel happy. To improve the environment means to qualify our life . What should we do to improve our environment ?

We should plant more trees . And we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers , lakes and fields . Whenever we see litter on the ground , we should pick it up and throw it into a dustbin . Don’t spit in public places . Don’t draw on public walls . It’s our duty to keep our earth clean and tidy .

四、Pollution around us

In recent years our life is becoming better and better. But our environment is becoming worse and worse. It’s very bad for our life. Now many people have air-conditioners and cars, they produce (give off ) waste gas. More and more trees are being cut down. There are so much sand on the earth (leaving only

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sand ) . We often see factories pour waste into rivers or lakes. Water in the river is quite dirty. We haven’t enough clean water to drink in cities. Now we are in danger. It’s very necessary and important to protect the environment well. I think if everyone tries his best to protect the environment, the world will become much more beautiful , and our life will be better and better .

五、Make our world more beautiful !

Protecting the environment is becoming more and more important to humans . It’s our duty to take care of the nature around us . Animals and plants are our best friends ., and we should share the world with them . We shouldn’t kill wild animals , and we must protect forests because they are animals’ home . We must plant more trees and grass , they can make the world greener . The more beautiful the world is, the happier lives we will have . Let’s do our best to make the world beautiful.

六、Keep our school clean

We are studying in this school. It is our duty to keep it clean and tidy. It is not good to spit in public places, such as in the library, in the class. We shouldn’t leave rubbish here and there. Don’t draw pictures on the wall, they influence the look of our school . We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. And we should do some cleaning often. If everyone tries his best to do something useful for our school, I’m sure our school will be more beautiful .

七、My country life

I like to live in the countryside. I live in a small village. There is a river near it. Lots of trees are around my house. I can see a lot of farms and birds. There is less noise. The air here is cleaner and fresher. There are fewer cars. I read aloud early in the morning. When it is getting dark, the moon is bright in the sky. It’s very quiet . What a nice place I live in !

八、How to learn English well

As we know , English has become an international language. It is more popular than any other language in China . English is widely spoken in the world and it is the most useful language around the world . But how to learn it well ?

The best way is to use it all the time . If we can talk in English , think in English we can learn it well . At school , we should learn to hear , speak, read and write carefully . We should spend enough time in practicing English . If we keep on working hard at English , we will be able to be good at it one day .

九、How I learn English

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Hello, everyone. It is my honor to talk with all of you about how to learn English well . I like English very much . I always preview and master the main idea of the lesson before class. In class , I listen carefully , speak loudly and write carefully and take notes if necessary . After class , I do my homework carefully . I watch English movies and listen to English songs . I have booked an English newspaper . It’s Times English Post , I can learn a lot from it . I am not afraid of remembering the new words because I master many good methods . I hope you work hard at English and make progress every day . That’s all .

十、How I improved my English

When I began to learn English, I was poor at it. I was quite worried at that time. Later I 1istened to the teacher attentively in class, and made notes carefully. If I had any question, I asked my English teacher or my classmates for help. Every morning I read the English texts aloud and listened to the English tapes. In the evening, after finishing my homework, I always read some English and magazines.

Now I am one of the best students at English in my class.

十一、The importance of English

English is the most widely spoken in the world. It’s spoken by most people in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It's also very widely used as a foreign language in many other countries of the world. It's widely used for business between different countries. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English, too. It is really a bridge to so much knowledge . English is used by travellers and business people around the world. It's one of the world's most important languages as it is so widely used. That's why more and more people in China are interested in learning English.

English is so useful that we must learn it well . Now let’s work hard at it and see who learns it faster and better in our class .

十二、I want to be an inventor

TVs, telephone, fridges, cars, planes, computers and many other things are important inventions. They have greatly changed our life. Many people have their ideas and wishes. They want to invent some new things for the world. I am one of them. I want to be an inventor in the future, Inventions can bring fun and happiness to our life and make our daily life more convenient. Our life will become better and better. Now I am a high school student. I will try my best to work hard at my lessons to make my dream come true.

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十三、I want to be a tour guide

I want to be a tour guide because Beijing will host the 2008 Olympic Games. There will be many people to come to China from all over the world. Most of them don’t know Chinese. They want to visit many interesting places in China. I can be one of the guides. I can make much money, too. How happy I will be! So from now on , I must study hard. I am going to learn English every day. I will try my best to make it come true.

十四、I like the Internet

The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. It’s very useful. I often search the Internet for some information. I can read the latest news, do some shopping, and get all kinds of information from it. I can also download the information that I need and I can send e-mails and make telephone calls to my friends on the internet. The most important thing is that I am able to study all my lessons on the Internet.

The Internet makes my life more interesting and colorful and it has a wide effect on my study and daily life. I like the internet very much. How about you / Will you have a try ?

十五、The Internet

The Internet is becoming more and more important to us. Without it, we can’t do work better. We can go shopping without going out of our houses. And we can listen to music or watch movies on the Internet. It can also help a lot with our study. We can learn much knowledge on different subjects, and get information as soon as possible. But now, some of us work, study or play on the Internet for long time, especially for young people to play computer games. It’s bad for our eyes and health. If we make good use of the Internet, it will be our best friends and help us a lot .

十六、Computer

Computer is a wonderful machine. It's a great invention in many years. It develops very quickly. The smallest computer is as big as a note-book. We call it pocket computer. Computer becomes more and more important in many ways. It has touched the lives of everyone, even people in faraway villages. It helps us to do with all kinds of information and we get knowledge from it. It can give us a lot fun.

十七、The importance of water

Of all the things we eat and drink, water is the most important. We can live without food for many days, but two or three days without water, usually makes people die.

However, not all of people understand this. They keep throwing rubbish into the rivers

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or lakes . Some factories even pour waste water into the river. As a result, many rivers and lakes have become so dirty that the water is no longer safe for people to drink .

Let’s do our best to keep the water clean to save ourselves .

十八、Water

Water is very important for our life. Every day we use water to drink, too cook and to wash. Water is necessary for all plants. They need water to grow. People can’t live without water. Plants will die without water. It is important to all living things. However, many people pollute lakes and rivers with waste water, so we must stop some people or some factories from wasting water or polluting water and help keep the water clean. At the same time we should save as much water as possible.

十九、I like sports

I feel that taking exercise is good for our health. I often felt tired when I was studying before. From this term I keep on running when I get up in the morning. After class I often go to play basketball with my friends. Now I feel much better than before and I never feel tired when I am studying And I improve a lot in my lessons. So please take exercise as often as possible .

二十、Introduce yourself

My name is Li Lei . I was born in Fuzhou on December 15 ,2000 . I’m studying at Yucai Middle School. I learn Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry, politics, and so on. I like English best. My favorite sport is football. My hobbies are drawing and computer. I’m very happy to live in a happy family. There are 3 people in my family. My father is a doctor. My mother is a teacher. We love each other very much .

二十一、My best friend

My best friend is --- He is 15 years old. We are both in the same class. He works very hard. He is never late for school and he does well in all his lessons. He is always ready to help others. My math is very poor, so he often helps me with my math after class. His parents are both teachers. They are very busy, so he often helps do the housework at home. He is a little shorter than me but he is very strong. He likes playing football very much at school. We often play football together and he plays it pretty well . He gets on well with us . Everyone in our class likes him .

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