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高考阅读理解的几种体裁及应试策略

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阅读理解是NMET英语标准化考试中的重点题型。,,语高考中阅读理解常常出现的几种体裁,以及用具体旨在考察学生书面获取信息的能力在高考试卷中阅高考真题来分析做阅读理解的应试策略一。读理解占有举足轻重的地位的考题之一,也是学生感到最为困难、高考英语阅读理解的体裁类型。很多学生因为没有掌握科学的阅读方法一1记叙文.和解题技巧在这,题型中难以拿到高分影响了学生,记叙文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主。,其陈述的一的高考成绩。过程,一般是按照时间顺序进行.但是在高考中、般较所以阅读理解过程中学生要注意阅读材料的三个层lcom少出现单纯的记叙文因为这个比较简单易懂。次第。一,字面理解层(1itera。prehe,nsionlevel)这一在考试中大多是夹叙央议的文章。这类文章的基本结层指的是读者理解文章的字面意义、、、辨认和回想文章。构是:首先用,,一段概括性的话引入将要叙述的事情;,,大意细节事件发生的顺序人物特征和因果关系等其次叙述事情的经过及其感悟再次叙述接下来的经历与感悟;最后作出总结或者结论。第二推理理解层.。(infe.rentialcomprehensionlevel)这、这种体裁的文章一是读者根据文章的结构从字里行间推测词义文章大般出现在阅读理解的第,一篇只要理解了这类文章的结。,意事件发生顺序细节和人物特征的过程第三评论、、。,构特点解答问题就相当简单因为这类文章的阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序2说明文.一一理解层(evaluativecomprehensionle、vel)这是读者凭借自致的细节题。己的阅读经验和语言能力分析评价文章的优劣的过程。如评估信息的确切性事件发生的可能性以及证明,。般结构模式和记叙文的结构模式有相通之处提出问题——,事实的可信性等阅读理解的这三大层次有助于认识。即:发现直接原因。——分析深层原它们在阅读过程中相互间的关系和作用主要依靠语法能力或语言能力完成,字面理解层因——得出结论或找到出路,知道了类似的文章结。推论理解层主要构特点就可以据此来进行考题预测就能判断出几个问题中肯定有3议论文.一依靠阅读技巧和语言能力来完成读者与作者的观点融合的过程。,而评价理解层则是个要问原因还有可能要出现推断题,。近几年高考英语阅读理解的命题特征是:词汇量最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张——反主张增加;文章题材多样;语篇结构复杂化f如多重复合句。、、、模式在这。一模式中作者首先提出.。一种普遍认可的观,多重并列句插入句分隔句省略句倒装句双重否、、、点或某些人认可的主张或观点然后进行澄清说明自己的主张或观点或者说提出反主张或真实情况,,,定句等等);特殊语言现象常作为比较固定的考点;增加深层含义原汁原味、。综合理解和间接推理判断题目;语言更加所以在考试中对考生的综合阅读水平查,。通过研究以上的文章结构特点不难发现在高考。英语阅凄理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样个共同的模式:提出话题一一找关键信息的能力要求越来越高当皤I膏中生之友2010.。本文将重点分析英用事例分析原因(或批驳1~2上半月刊】.高考探究mi 褊18闵@163芳.e。m 观点卜—一得出结论 对文章结构特点的把握有助于 读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾,分清观点和 事例,从而在考试中准确定位,快速答题。 二、高考英语阅读理解的应试技巧 ran all the way to the haystack. Approaching carefully,they could see a wound off the old lady’s face.She had knocked her head on a stone and her ankle was definitely broken.“Go and get Dad,’’ Amv ve11ed to her brother.“Te11 him about the accident.’’ The boys did not need another excuse to leave.They 在高考英语阅读理解中,学生要注意培养自己良 好的阅读习惯,与此同时,掌握正确的阅读方法,这样 an as fast as thy could for help,hoping that Mrs.Tailor 才能快速准确地把握文章的主要内容,提高做题的正 r确率。一般来说,在傲 读理解的时候,有一点技巧需 要学生掌握。下面我们就将结合2009年江西省高考英 语阅读理解,针对不同的题材类型,给大家讲解在应试 would not wake and turn the girls into{r_0gs. 56.Were the children hiding in the tree? A.They wanted to watch Mrs.Tailor do her house— 中的具体技巧: 2009年江西省高考英语阅读理解共有5篇,注重多 种体裁文章的广泛涉猎,尤其广告、考古、应用文等。今年 的阅读理解词汇量并未增加多少,客观上降低了难度。 在今后的复习中应当坚持基本阅读能力的培养,广泛 阅读原汁原味的英语文章,是提高英语的捷径之一。 1.记叙文的应试技巧 (2009年江西卷A篇)Outside her shabby cottage,old Mrs.Tailor was hanging out laundry on a wire line,un— aware that some children lay hidden in the leaves of a nearby tree watching her every move.They were deter— mined to find out if she really was a witch. They watched as she took a broomstick to clean the dirt from her stone steps.But,much to their disappoint— ment,she did not mount the broomstick and take flight. Suddenly,the old lady’s work was interrupted by the cackling of her hen——a signal that an egg had been laid in the warm nest on top of the haystack. The old broomstick was put aside as she hobbled off towards the haystack followed by Soot)',a black cat she had reseued from a fox trap some time back.With only three legs,it was hard for Sooty to keep up with the old lady.The cat provided pmof-一tl1e children were sure that only a witch could own a black cat with three legs. There,standing on a wooden box.was Mrs.Tailor, stretching out to gather her precious egg.Taking the egg in()ne of her hands.she began to climb down when. without warning,the bnx broke and the old lady fel1. “We have to got and help her,”whispered Amy. “What if it is a trick?”replied Ben. “Don’t be silly.Ben.If she were a witch.she would have turned us into frogs already.”reasoned Meg.‘‘Come on Amy,let’s go.”The gil Is climbed down the tree and work closely. .B.They were playing a hide—and-seek game C.They wanted to find out ifthe nlmors about Mrs. Tailor were true D.They were pretending to be spies 57.Mrs.Tailor stopped sweeping whenA.her front steps were clean B.she noticed the children in the tree C.she was ready to take aflight D.she heard the hen cackling 58.Ben did not rash in help Mrs.Tailor be— causeA.he thought that she could be necking them B.he knew that they could not have been in the tree C.he did not the old lady fall down D.he was afraid of the three—legged cat 59.Which of these old sayings best suits the story’s lesson for us? A.Make hay while the sun shines. B.Never judge a book by its eover. C,People in glasshouses should not the stones. D.A bird in the hands worth two in the bush. 这是一篇典 的记叙文,一般在高考英语阅读理 解中是第一篇,这篇短文讲述了一群孩子把一个老太 太当作巫婆的有趣故事,告诉我们一个“人不可貌相” 的道理。在做记叙文的阅读理解时,应抓住文章中 “谁——什么——时l1=jJ——地点——如何——结果,通 过线索去理解文章,即在阅读中要全面掌握事件的发 展过程。 而这篇短文便全面考察了记叙文一般要注 意的细节,比如时间、地点、事件发生的原因、全文的主 旨等等。56题可以从第一段最后一句得到答案,考查的 是起因。57题可以从第二段最后一句得到答案,考查的是 时间。58题可以从“What if it is a trick?”中得到答案,考查 高中生之友2010 1-2上半月刊】57 高考探究 i 痞 趣-6 。m 的是原因。59题则考查的是主旨,需要考生读懂全文。 从以上可以看出,记叙文的阅读重点在于细节,大 部分考题都是考查事情的细节以及主旨。所以在阅读 过程中,在把握问题的基础上去精读全文,找到和事情 all around and that it is pressing down on it. 60.Why is there the need to take care when you ale doing the experiment? A.The bottle could break. B.You need to light the paper with a match. C.The egg needs to be shelled. D.The egg has to be perfectly placed on the neck of 发生发展的具体细节,是做好记叙文阅读的关键所在。 2.说明文的应试技巧 (2009年江西卷B ̄)The surprising expeirment I am about to describe proves that air is all around you and the bottle. that it proves down upon you.Air pressure is a wonderful 61.In the experiment.the burning inside the bottle force.When you swim underwater,you can feel water can・ push down your body.The air all around you does the A.equalize the air pressure inside and outside same.However,your body is so used to it that you do not B.make a seal in the neck ofthe bottle notice this.The pressure is caused by a layer of air called C.finish up the oxygen inside the bottle the atmosphere.This layer surrounds the Earth,extending D.produce more oxygen inside the bottle to about five kilometers above the Earth’s surface. 62.How did the egg put into the bottle? The following experiment is an easy one that you A.The oxygen inside the bottle sucked the egg in. can do at home.But make sure that you ale supervised, B.It became salt iwthout the shel1. because you will need to use matches.Now foe the ex- C.The neck of the botde was wide enough. periment! D.The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle. What you need 63.The experiment is carried cut to prove. ‘A hard——boiled egg without the shell A.water pushes on your body when you swim under- ・A bottle with a neck slightly smaller than the egg water. 。A piece of paper B.the earth is surrounded by a layer of air called ・A match the atmosphere. Metheod C.the pressure of air around us has a powerful 1)Check that the paper will sit firmly on the neck force. ofthe bottle. D.the air pressure is not equalized around us. 2)Tear the paper into strips and put the strips into 这是一篇典型的说明文,这篇短文在具体的实验 the bottle. 过程中证明了一个结论:空气对每一个人的压力是存 3)Light the paper by dropping a burning match into 在的。说明文是一种章法灵活、结构复杂的文体,文章 the bottle. 常常包括大量的事实和观点,所以,把握事物的特点和 4)Quickly sit the egg on the neck of hte bottle. 观点是理解说明文的关键,即在阅读的过程中重要在 Result 于抓要点。要善于把握说明过程中的事情的特征。这篇 Astonishingly,the egg will be sucked into the bottle. 短文主要考查了学生对于说明过程中一些细节的把 Your firends will be amazed when you show them the ex- 握。60题从Result一段最后一句But be careful when periment.But be careful when you handle matches. you handle matches可知。61题根据最后一段第一句可 Why it happened 知。62题根据最后一段倒数第二句可知。63题根据最后 As the paper bums,it needs oxygen and uses up the 一段最后一句可知。 oxygen(air)in the bottle.The egg acts as a seal in the 在说明文阅读时,要重视文章首句和末句的阅读。 neck ofthe bottle,so no more air can get inside.This re- 一个完整的段落总是表达出一个中心内容或主题,其 duces the air pressure inside the bottle.The air pressure 通常可以用一句话来概括,即主题句。说明文一般都有 must equalize,so more air from outside must enter the 主题句或者结论句,而且大多位于段落的开头,而结论 bottle.The outside air pressure against the egg and then 句一般是文章的最后一句。 the egg is pushed into the bottle!The proves that air is 3.议论文的应试技巧 58【高中生之友2010.’一2.上半月刊】 高考探究 i 繇l8闵@163芳.c。 (2009-q-江西卷D篇)Many people to newspaper and dress and phone number. magazines to express their opinions.Letters to the editor C.Writers should be responsible for their names. must carry the writer full name,address and telephone D.Names are required to indicate writers’responsi— number,although the information is not necessary for bility for what they say. publication.This requirement to provide personal particu— 69.The second paragraph suggests that a paper lars is a clear indication that writers are held responsible without a signature may. for what they say.When a writer wants his voice heard. A.help to end a relationship He needs to claim ownership of his voice.Responsibility B.not get a reply is the name of the game. C.be accepted all the same ‘‘People today prefer living together to putting their D.become a family problem signatures on a marriage certiifcate because they refuse to 70.Some people don’t want their names known be— accept responsibility for the relationship,”said social cause they are. worker Ken Yip,“and this is what is causing a lot of A.hesitant to make a donation family problems.”When we sign a paper,for example,a B.unwilling to draw public attention business contract or a bank document.the signature is C.afraid of au accusation symbol of consent,an agreement to take the matter seri— D.ready for involvement ously.Most govemments and many organizations will not 71.The passage is mainly about . process writer's complaints if they do not bear the writer's A.honour and writers signature.The absence of a signature,they explain,tells B.identity and signature us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does C.signature and responsibility not deserve a reply. D.anonymity and signature There are people who wish to remain anonymous(匿 本文是一篇关于签名与责任的议论文。介绍了 名的)ofr various reasons.Multi—billionaire Mr.King do— 一些人对于签名的不同观点和态度,以及签名的意义 nates generously to charity several times a year.He gives 之所在。议论文应抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及 simply because he wants to help but not for the publicity 最后得出的结论,即把握文章的中心意思以及作者论 his donations may bring,and he does not want his good 证观点的细节。在议论文中,段落通常有四部分组成: deeds to make news.In other cases,people insist on 主题句,整个段落的核心;发展句,对中心意思作进一 anonymity because they are afraid of the consequences of 步说明或描述,是整个段落的主体;过渡句,起承上启 revealing their identity.Crime witnesses may be willing to 下的作用;结论句,对内容进行归纳,起强调主题作用。 assist the police,but most are unwilling to give their 68题可以根据第一段“writers are held responsible for names when reporting a crime. what tebt say”得出答案。69题可以根据第二段最后一 Name or no name?The answer is very.personal and 句得出答案,作者没有留下签名等于告诉我们编辑,他 lies in how much we want to get involved.We alJ have a 们太不严肃,因此不值得回复。70题可以根据第j段可 name,it is a matter if responsibility to it when we make a 知。匿名的人有很多原因,一是不愿公众所知,成为新 statement。a claim or all accusation.We all want to hon— 闻;二是担心会导致后果;三是不公布罪犯名字有利于 our our own name,and it is only by stamping our expres— 案件调查等。7l题是主旨大意题。整篇文章谈论的都是 sion of an opinion with our own name that we honour 签名与责任的问题。 what we say. 议论文的阅读对于学生的推理思考能力要求较 68.What does the writer mean by saying“Responsi- 高,议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作 bility is the name of the game”? 者观点态度题、文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现 A.Writers need to provide their personal information 了这种结构特点,解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段 in the game. 落内找答案,基本上不存在任何困难。 B.Publication must bear the writer's fuU name.ad一 (作者单位:江西省新余市第四中学) 高中生之友2010 1—2上半月刊】59 

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