新教材 外研版高中英语必修第一册全册各单元知识点提炼汇总(单词短语句型语法等详解及扩展)

Unit 1 A new start .................................................................................................................... - 1 - Unit 2 Exploring English ....................................................................................................... - 15 - Unit 3 Family matters ............................................................................................................ - 29 - Unit 4 Friends forever ............................................................................................................ - 44 - Unit 5 Into the wild ................................................................................................................ - 57 - unit 6 At one with nature ........................................................................................................ - 65 -

Unit 1 A new start

重点单词

1.picture vt.想象；描写 2.over and over again反复地

3.wake up醒来 wake的过去式为woke，过去分词为woken，现在分词为waking。 4.rush vt.冲；匆忙行事 rush out of冲出

5.eagerness n．热切，渴望 with eagerness热切地

in one's eagerness to do sth.渴望做某事 eager adj.渴望的 6.decide to do sth.决定做某事

7.explore v．考察，探险 exploration n．探索，探险，勘探 8.noticeboard n．告示牌，布告板 9.turn around/round 转身 10.white-haired adj.白发苍苍的 11.wonder v. 想知道；非常惊讶n.惊奇 12.find out查明，弄清；发现

13.step v．踩，踏n.步，脚步；步骤 step into 走进…… 14.one by one依次地，一个接一个地

15.introduce sb.to...把某人介绍给…… an introduction to...对……的介绍 16.turn on打开，启动 [反义] turn off 关掉 17.engine n．发动机，引擎 18.insect n．昆虫，虫

19.collection n．收藏品，收集物 collect v．收集；募捐 20.organise v．组织；安排 organised adj.有组织的，有条理的

organisation n．组织，团体

21.nudge n．(通常用肘)轻推，轻触 give sb.a nudge轻推了一下某人

22.turn n．(依次轮到的)机会 It's one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事。 23.have/get/with butterflies( in one's stomach)情绪紧张，心里发慌 24.breathe v．呼吸 breath n．呼吸的空气 25.panic n．惊恐，惊慌 in panic 惊慌地 26.pay attention (to)专心，注意

27.relaxed adj.放松的；自在的 relaxing adj.令人放松的 28.well done 做得好(常用来夸某人某事做得好) 29.challenge n．挑战 challenging adj.挑战性的

30.pressure n．压力 put sb.under pressure使某人处于压力下 31.depend on取决于；依靠

32.calm adj.镇静的，沉着的 keep calm保持镇静

33.prepared adj.准备好 prepare v．准备 prepare for...为……做准备

[比较] be prepared 做好准备的

be preparing 正在做准备 preparation n．准备

make preparations for...为……做准备

34.make the most of 充分利用(＝make the best of＝ make full use of) 35.Well begun，half done.[谚语]好的开始是成功的一半。

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 debate n．辩论，争论，讨论vt. & vi.辩论，讨论 (教材原句P6) Join the debate club! 加入辩论俱乐部！

[例1] After years of heated debate，gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.

经过多年的激烈辩论，灰狼重新回到黄石国家公园。

[例2] The proposal under debate was put forward by the chairman. 那个正在讨论中的提议是由提出来的。

[翻译] 他和我们的数学老师讨论了这个问题的解法。 He debated with our maths teacher about the solution to the problem. [知识拓展] (1)under debate 正在讨论中 a heated/lively debate (on/about/over sth.) 一场(关于某事的)激烈的/热烈的争论 (2)debate( with sb.)about/on/over sth. (与某人)辩论/讨论某事 debate ＋ 特殊疑问句/whether ＋to do讨论……debate ＋that讨论…… 知识要点2 argue vi.争论，争辩，争吵vt.& vi.论证，说理，争辩

(教材原句P6) Argue about the week's hottest topics with the school's sharpest minds! 与学校里头脑最敏锐的人争论本周最热门的话题！

[例1] They argued with each other about the best place for a holiday. 他们就度假的最佳去处互相争论起来。

[例2] I argued for the plan while my elder sister argued against it. 我赞成这个计划，而我的姐姐反对它。

[翻译] 我们努力说服他不要踏上如此危险的旅程。 We tried to argue him out of going on such a dangerous journey. [知识拓展] (1)argue with sb.about/ over sth. (2)argue that... argue for/against(doing) sth. argue sb.into/out of doing sth. 就某事与某人争吵/争论 主张，认为…… 据理力争/反对(做)某事 说服某人做/不做某事 知识要点3 apply vi.申请vt.应用，使用；努力学习，勤奋工作vi.适用，适合 (教材原句P7) After-school activities also play a part when students apply to college. 课外活动也在学生申请大学时发挥作用。

[例1] Before you travel to a foreign country，you should apply for a passport. 在去国外旅游之前，你应该先申请护照。

[例2] I've applied to become a volunteer at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games. 我已申请在北京2022 年冬奥会上做一名志愿者。

[翻译] 这项新技术已被应用于农业，将有助于提高农业生产。

The new technology has been applied to farming，which will help increase agricultural production.

[知识拓展] (1)apply (to...) for...(向……) apply to do sth. (2)be applied to apply sth.to... apply to... (3)application n. applicant n. 申请…… 申请做某事 应用于 把某物应用于……(to为介词) 适用于…… 申请，申请书；应用 申请人 知识要点4 take up占用(时间)，占据(空间)；拿起；开始从事；学着做，开始做；继续，接下去

(教材原句P7) However，they can take up a lot of time，so students have to learn to organise their busy schedules.

然而，它们会占用很多时间，所以学生要学会安排他们忙碌的日程表。 [例1] Writing the paper took up most of the weekend. 写那篇论文占用了周末的大部分时间。

[例2] He takes up a pen and writes down his name. 他拿起笔写下了自己的名字。

[例3] When she graduated，she took up journalism. 她毕业后从事新闻业。

[翻译] 让我们从昨天停下的地方继续学习这篇课文。 Let's take up the text where we stopped yesterday. [知识拓展] take in take on take off take over 吸入；欺骗；理解 呈现；雇用；承担 脱下；起飞 接管，接替 知识要点5 view n．[C](一次)观看；景色，风景；(个人的)意见，看法，见解，态度[U]观看，视野，视域，视线

[例1] His post on the Internet received thousands of views. 他发布在因特网上的帖子得到了成千上万次的浏览。

[例2] While climbing the mountain，we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view. 爬山时，我们沐浴着温暖的阳光，欣赏着美丽的风景。 [翻译] 站在这座楼的楼顶，你会看清这个城市。

Stand on the top of the building，and you will have a good view of the city. [知识拓展] (1)in view out of view come into view have/get a good/bad view of... 在视线的范围内；在考虑之中 不在视野中 出现在视野中 看得清/看不清…… (2)in one's view＝ in one's opinion 在某人看来 in view of... point of view 鉴于，考虑到，由于 观点，看法 知识要点6 graduate v．获得学位(尤指学士)，大学毕业n.大学毕业生；毕业生 (教材原句P9) Lisa graduated from our school last June and is about to go to college in New York.

丽莎去年六月份从我校毕业，即将步入纽约的大学。

[例1] He graduated from an American college last year and graduated in History. 去年他毕业于一所美国大学的历史专业。

[例2] My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master's degree in English.

我女儿是大学毕业生，正在攻读英语硕士学位。

[翻译] 我的儿子希望在大学攻读法律毕业成为一名律师。 My son hopes to graduate in law so as to become a lawyer. [知识拓展] (1)graduate from graduate in (2)graduation n. 毕业于……学校 毕业于……专业 [U]毕业；毕业典礼 知识要点7 (教材原句P9) I was frightened at the sight of the test paper. 一看到试卷我就害怕。

(1)frightened adj.受惊的，害怕的

[例1] I'm frightened of walking home alone in the dark. 我害怕在黑暗中独自走路回家。

[例2] I'm frightened to speak in public. 我害怕在公开场合讲话。

[翻译] 当听说有人被老虎伤害了的时候，她差点被吓死。

She was nearly frightened to death when hearing the news that someone was hurt by a tiger.

[知识拓展] (1)be frightened of doing sth. be frightened to do sth. be frightened to death be frightened that... (2)frighten vt. frighten sb./sth.away frightening adj. 害怕做某事(表示习惯) 不敢去做某事 吓得要死 害怕…… 使惊恐；使惊吓 把……吓跑 令人害怕的 (2)sight n．[U]看见；视力；视力范围，视野[C]看见(或看得见)的事物，景象，情景[ pl.]风景，名胜

[例1] I have been known to faint at the sight of blood. 大家都知道，我看到血就会晕倒。

[例2] As the plane came down through the clouds，green fields and white houses came into sight.

当飞机穿过云层下降时，绿色的田野和白色的房屋映入了眼帘。 [翻译] 乍一看，那块表没什么特别之处，但实际上它是一部手机。

At first sight，there is nothing special about the watch，but in fact it is a mobile phone. [知识拓展] at the sight of at first sight catch sight of come into sight in/within sight out of sight lose sight of 看见……时 初次看到时；乍一看 看到…… 进入视野；映入眼帘 在视野内；看得见 在看不见的地方；消失 看不见 知识要点8 figure v．(经过考虑后)认为，以为n.体形；数字；人物；人影 (教材原句P9) But then I figured I'd better just go all out and see what happens. 不过我想，我最好全力以赴，等着看结果如何。 [例1] We're told the figure could reach 100,000 next year. 我们被告知这个数字明年会达到十万。 [例2] I'm dieting to keep my figure. 我正在节食以保持身材。 [翻译] 我想不出他指的是什么。 I cannot figure out what he was referring to. [知识拓展] figure out keep one's figure key figure 想出，理解 保持体形 关键人物 知识要点9 particular adj.特定的，特指的；讲究的，挑剔的 (教材原句P9) Is there anything else in particular that you'd like to share with us? 你还有什么特别想要跟我们分享的吗？

[例1] I noticed her eyes in particular，because the colour of them was so unusual. 我尤其注意到她的眼睛，因为它们的颜色很特别。 [例2] She's very particular about what she wears. 她对穿着很讲究。

[翻译] 四个季节我都喜欢，尤其喜欢春季。 I like all the four seasons，particularly spring. ＝I like all the four seasons，spring in particular. [知识拓展] in particular be particular about particularly adv. 尤其，特别 对……讲究 特别；尤其

Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 as if似乎，好像

(教材原句P9) I feel as if high school was only yesterday! 我感觉高中(生活)仿佛就在昨天！

句式分析：as if引导表语从句时，常置于系动词look，seem，feel，sound 等之后。 [例1] This time it looks as if we're really going to get somewhere. 这一次，我们似乎真的要取得进展了。

[例2] It seemed as if he didn't care about everything around him. 看起来他好像不在乎周围的一切。

[造句] 当脂肪和盐从食物中去掉时，食物尝起来就好像少了点什么似的。 When fat and salt are removed from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something. [知识拓展] (1)as if引导方式状语从句，用来修饰主句的谓语。 (2)当说话人所陈述的是不真实的或极不可能发生或存在的情况时，从句用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词用were)；与过去事实相反时，从句谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)；与将来事实相反时，从句谓语动词用would/could/might ＋do。 [翻译] 他表现得像个专家。 ①He acts as if he were an expert. ②他们谈起话来就像多年的老朋友。 They talked as if they had been friends for years. [即学即练] 单句语法填空

①It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I had done (do) it. ②They did what they could to help me as if I were (be) their own family. 重点句式2 if so如果这样的话

(教材原句P9) If so，how did you deal with them?

如果这样的话，你是怎样应对它们的？

句式分析：该句是主从复合句。If so是省略结构的条件状语从句，其完整形式是：If it is so。

[例] If so，I'll go with you to the concert. 如果这样的话，我会和你一起去参加音乐会。 [知识拓展] if necessary if convenient if possible if not if any if ever 如果必要的话 如果方便的话 如果可能的话 如果不的话 如果有的话 如果曾经有过的话 [翻译] ①如果我在这儿能找到这本书，那就太棒了；但是如果找不到，我会买本新的。 If I can find the book here，it will be great，but if not，I will buy a new one. ②如果有必要，我明天就来。 If necessary，I'll come tomorrow.

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 eagerness n．热切，渴望

(教材原句P2) I woke up early and rushed out of the door in my eagerness to get to know my new school.

我早早醒来，怀着想了解新学校的急切心情冲出家门。

[例1] My eagerness to study in a famous university has been keeping me working hard. 我想上一所名牌大学的渴望一直激励着我刻苦学习。

[例2] Carl pushed ahead in his eagerness to get a free ticket to the show. 卡尔因急于得到一张免费的门票而往前挤。 [翻译] 学生们正热切地盼望着暑假的到来。

The students are looking forward to the summer vacation with eagerness. [知识拓展] (1)with eagerness in one's eagerness to do... (2)eager adj. be eager for be eager to do sth. be eager for sb.to do sth. 热切地 渴望做……，急于要做…… 热切的，渴求的，渴望的 急于得到…… 渴望做某事 渴望某人做某事 (3)eagerly adv. 热切地 知识要点2 impression n．印象，感想 (教材原句P3) What could I say to make a good first impression? 我应该说什么才能留下良好的第一印象呢？ [例1] What was your first impression of Beijing? 你对北京的第一印象是什么？

[例2] The new teacher left/made a good impression on the students. 这位新老师给学生们留下了一个好印象。 [翻译] 对不起，我误以为你是经理呢。

I'm sorry，I was under the impression that you were the manager. [知识拓展] (1)leave/make a(n) ...impression on sb. 给某人留下……的印象 (be) under the impression that 以为……，(通常指)误认为…… (2)impress v. be impressed with/by... impress sth.on sb. 给……留下深刻的好印象；使意识到；使铭记 对……印象深刻 使某人牢记某事 impress sth.on one's mind/memory 使某人牢记某事 (3)impressive adj. 知识要点3 breathe v．呼吸 (教材原句P3) With butterflies in my stomach，I breathed deeply. 我感到极度紧张，做了一个深呼吸。

[例1] He breathed deeply before speaking again. 他深深地吸了一口气，然后继续说下去。

[例2] I opened the window to breathe in some fresh air. 我打开窗户呼吸一些新鲜空气。 [知识拓展] (1)breathe in breathe out (2)breath n. take a deep breath out of breath hold one's breath 吸气 呼气 呼吸的空气；一次吸入的空气 深呼吸 喘不过气 屏住呼吸；屏息以待 给人深刻印象的；令人惊叹的 知识要点4 panic(panicked，panicked，panicking)n．惊恐，惊慌vi.&vt.(使)惊慌 (教材原句P3) Everyone started laughing.I looked at them in panic.

所有人都开始笑，我惊慌失措地看着他们。

[例1] When he heard the terrible words，he panicked and ran away quickly. 当他听到这些可怕的话时，他惊慌失措，迅速逃跑了。

[例2] “Tommy，run! Be quick! The house is on fire！”The mother shouted in panic. “汤米，快跑！快点儿！房子失火了！”妈妈恐慌地叫喊着。 [翻译] 当她以为自己把票弄丢了的时候，她十分惊慌。 She got into a real panic when she thought she had lost the tickets. [知识拓展] get into a panic in panic 陷入惊慌 惊慌地 知识要点5 (教材原句P3) Challenges like this might sometimes put you under pressure.

类似这样的挑战或许有时会让你们有压力。

(1)challenge n．挑战；挑战书vt.向……挑战；对……表示怀疑 [例1] The present world is full of challenges as well as opportunities. 当今社会充满了机遇与挑战。

[例2] When you face a challenge，you must believe you can overcome it and never give up. 当你面临挑战的时候，你必须坚信你能克服它，而且决不放弃。 [翻译] 玛丽向我挑战，要我跟她再打一场网球。 Mary challenged me to play another tennis game. [知识拓展] (1)face a challenge take up/accept a challenge meet a challenge (2)challenge sb.to sth. challenge sb.to do sth. (3)challenger n. challenging adj. 面临挑战 接受挑战 迎接挑战 向某人挑战某事 向某人挑战做某事 挑战者 挑战性的 (2)pressure n．[ U]心理压力，紧张；催促，强迫；[C，U]压力，压强 [例1] He does not like to work under pressure. 他不愿做有压力的工作。

[例2] Her health becomes poor under the pressure of work. 工作的压力使她的身体变差了。

[翻译] 你应该记住，即使最好的学生有时也会犯错误，所以不要给自己施加太大的压力。

You should remember that even the best student can make mistakes sometimes.So don't put too much pressure on yourself. [知识拓展] (1)under pressure under the pressure of... 在压力下 在……的压力下 put/bring pressure on sb.(＝put sb.under pressure) 给某人施加压力 blood pressure (2)press 血压 vi. & vt.按，压(使启动)； 挤，推，施加压力n．报刊；新闻界 知识要点6 depend on取决于，由……决定；依靠，信赖；指望；需要 (教材原句P3) But it all depends on what you do. 不过一切都取决于你们如何去做。

[例1] How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. 你需要多少睡眠很大程度上取决于你的年龄。 [例2] You can't depend on them to do it. 你不能指望他们做这件事。

[翻译] 我能相信这事不会再发生吗？ Can I depend on it that this won't take place again? [知识拓展] (1)depend on sb.to do sth. ＝depend on sb./sb.'s doing sth. 依靠/指望某人做某事 depend on it that... (2)It/That(all) depends. 相信/指望……(it为形式宾语) 那得看情况(而定)。(交际用语) 知识要点7 calm adj.镇静的，沉着的；(天气)无风的；(海洋)风平浪静的；vt.& vi. (使)平静，(使)镇静

(教材原句P3) Keep calm and be prepared. 保持镇定，做好准备。

[例1] The sky is blue，and the sea is calm. 天空湛蓝，海上风平浪静。

[例2] He can always keep calm whatever happens. 不论发生什么事情，他总能保持镇静。 [翻译] 我平静下来后，足球踢得好多了。 After I calmed down，I played football better. [知识拓展] (1)keep/stay/remain calm (2)calm...down calm down 保持镇静 使……平静(或安静、镇静) 平静，安静，镇静 [词义辨析] calm，quiet，still，silent calm quiet still silent “平静的，镇静的”，指天气“无风”，指海洋“风平浪静”；指人的情绪镇静、平静。 “平静的，安静的”，指没有吵闹声、噪音或内心不烦躁。 “静止的”，指人时侧重某人一动不动地保持一种姿势；指物时表示静止不动。 “沉默的，不说话的，无声的”，指人时强调沉默不语，指环境时表示不喧闹的，无声的。 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 Sb.was doing sth.when...

(教材原句P2) I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard when I heard a voice behind me.

我正看着布告栏里的照片，这时我听到了身后的说话声。

句式分析：Sb.was doing sth.when...某人正在做某事，这时(突然)……，句中when作并列连词，连接两个并列分句。

[例1] He was sleeping when there was a knock at the door. 他正在睡觉，这时有人敲门。

[例2] I was thinking about the matter when I heard my name called. 我正想着这件事，突然听到有人叫我的名字。 [造句] 我们正在吃晚饭，这时一个陌生人进来了。 We were having dinner when a stranger came in. [知识拓展] when作并列连词时还常用于以下句型： Sb.had just done sth.when... Sb.was about to do sth.when... 某人刚做完某事，这时(突然)…… 某人正要做某事，这时(突然)…… Sb.was on the point of doing sth.when...某人正要做某事，这时(突然)…… [翻译] ①我刚做完试卷，这时铃声响了。 I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang. ②我们刚要出发，天就开始下雨了。

We were about to start/were on the point of leaving when it began to rain. 重点句式2 现在分词(短语)作时间状语

(教材原句P2) Turning around，I saw a white-haired man. 我转身，看到一位白发苍苍的老人。

句式分析：(1)现在分词(短语)作时间状语时，分词的逻辑主语为句子的主语； (2)现在分词(短语)作时间状语时，可以转换成时间状语从句；

(3)现在分词(短语)作时间状语时，分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作一般同时或几乎同时发生。

[例1] Opening the window，I saw a butterfly flying into my room. 打开窗户，我看见一只蝴蝶飞进我的房间。 [例2] Arriving in Paris，I lost my way. 到达巴黎后，我迷路了。

[造句] 在西部地区当志愿者老师时，这个女孩对种菜产生了兴趣。 Working as a volunteer teacher in the West，the girl took up growing vegetables.

简单句的七种基本句型

英语句子按照其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句的基本形式由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。

1．主谓(SV) [观察例句] The rain stopped. 雨停了。 The moon rose. 月亮升起来了。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需接宾语。 2．主谓状(SVA) [观察例句]

The time passed quickly. 时间过得很快。

The old man walks in the park every morning. 那个老人每天早上在公园里散步。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：谓语动词是不及物动词，副词、介词短语等作状语。 3．主谓宾(SVO) [观察例句]

We are learning English. 我们正在学习英语。 I don't know how to get there. 我不知道怎么去那儿。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，其后必须要接一个宾语，即动作的承受者。作宾语的可以是：名词、代词、动词不定式、疑问词＋动词不定式、动词-ing形式和从句。

4．主谓宾状(SVOA) [观察例句]

I like to stay at home on Sundays. 星期天我喜欢待在家里。

We planted many trees in our hometown. 我们在家乡种了许多树。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：谓语动词是及物动词，其后接宾语。副词、介词短语等作状语。 5．主谓双宾语(SVIODO) [观察例句]

Her mother bought her a skirt. 她妈妈给她买了一条裙子。 Mr Li told us an interesting story.

给我们讲了一个非常有趣的故事。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：谓语动词后接有两个宾语，这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，其前通常需要加介词for或to。

[名师点津]

常跟双宾语的动词：①需借助于to的动词：bring，give，lend，hand，offer，pass，promise，return，send，show，teach，tell，write等；

②需借助于for的动词：buy，call，cook，choose，draw，find，get，make，order，sing，save，spare等。

6．主谓宾宾补(SVOC) [观察例句]

The news made us very sad. 那个消息令我们非常难过。

The teacher asked us to answer the question. 老师叫我们回答那个问题。 My mother asked me to clean my room. 妈妈让我打扫我的房间。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：谓语动词后虽然已接有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，必须再加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。

[名师点津]

用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的结构。即：“主语＋谓语＋it＋宾补＋真正宾语”。it作形式宾语，通常和下列动词连用：consider，think，make，find，believe，feel，guess，imagine，judge，prove，see，suppose，take等。

7．主系表(SVP) [观察例句] My sister is a nurse. 我姐姐是个护士。 I feel quite hungry. 我感觉很饿。 Leaves turn yellow. 树叶变黄了。 [归纳用法]

句型特点：动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语的身份、特征、类属、状态等的表语。系动词除了be动词之外，还有：①表示感官的动词：feel，appear，look，smell，taste，sound等；②表示状态延续的动词：remain，stay，keep，continue等；③表示转变、变化的动词：become，get，turn，go，run，fall，come，grow等。

Unit 2 Exploring English

1.have trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难 2.ham n．火腿 3.eggplant n．茄子 4.pine n．松树

5.pineapple n．菠萝

6.sculpt v. 雕刻，雕塑 sculpture n. 雕刻品，雕像

7.seasick adj. 晕船的 airsick adj. 晕机的 carsick adj. 晕车的 homesick adj.想家的 8.speaking of...讲起……，说到……

9.opposite n．对立的人(或物)，对立面adj.相反的；对面的 opposing adj.相反的；对立的 oppose vt.反对，抵制 10.harmless adj.无害的，不会导致损伤的 harmful adj. 有害的，导致损害的

-ful是形容词后缀，表示“充满……，有……倾向的，有……性质的”，常用在名词后构成形容词。

-less是形容词后缀，表示“无……的，没有……的”，常用在名词后构成形容词。 11.shameless adj.无耻的，没廉耻的 shameful adj.可耻的，丢脸的 12.behavior n. 举止，行为

13.confusing adj.令人困惑的(修饰事物)

14.capitalize vt. 把……首字母大写；为……提供运营资本 15.wonder v. 感到诧异，非常想知道 n．惊讶；奇迹 wonder at对……感到诧异

(it's) to wonder that... ……不足为奇/并不奇怪 16.unique adj.独一无二的，独特的

17.madness n. 疯狂；愚蠢行为 -ness是名词后缀，常用在形容词后，构成名词。 18.burn up烧毁，烧尽 burn down(建筑物)(被)烧毁 19.fill in填写(表格等) fill out 填写(表格等) 20.alarm n．警报器；闹钟

21.reflect v. 显示；反映，映出；深思 22.creativity n．创造(性)的，有创造力的 23.human race人类

24.visible adj. 看得见的，可见的 invisible adj.看不见的

否定前缀in-放在形容词前，构成其反义词，意为“不……的，非……的”。 25.wind up给(机械)上发条，使(活动、会议等)结束

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 come across 偶然发现；偶然遇见，碰见；被理解

(教材原句P17) When you open a dictionary，you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words.

当你打开词典，你经常碰见许多不熟悉的单词。

[例1] He spoke for a long time but his meaning did not come across. 他讲了很久，但没把意思讲明白。

[例2] I absent-mindedly turned the pages of the phone book and came across a city map. 我无意中翻开电话簿的一页，偶然发现了一张城市地图。 [翻译] 今天早上我在牛津大街碰见一位老校友。

I came across an old school friend in Oxford Street this morning. [知识拓展] come about come out come to come to an end come up with come into being 发生 出版；出来 来到；合计，总共是；苏醒过来 结束 赶上；提出 形成；产生 知识要点2 contact vt.联系，联络 (教材原句P17) a friend that you contact by writing，traditionally using a pen 一个你通过书写联系的朋友，传统上是用钢笔 [例1] I contacted my uncle as soon as I went to Beijing. 我一到北京就和我的叔叔联系上了。

[例2] There is little contact between the two organizations. 这两个机构之间没有什么联系。 [翻译] 详情请与我们当地办事处联系。 For further details，please contact our local office. [知识拓展] get into contact with＝make contact with 与……取得联系 keep in contact with... lose contact with... be in/out of contact with... 与……保持联系 与……失去联系 与……有/没有联系 知识要点3 likely adj.可能的，可能发生的adv.或许，可能 [例1] Snow showers are likely tomorrow. 明天可能有阵雪。

[例2] I'd very likely have done the same thing in your situation. 我要是处在你这种情况，也有可能会那样做的。 [翻译] 这条法规可能会产生什么样的影响？

What are the likely effects of the law going to be? [知识拓展] (1)be likely to do sth. It is likely that... not likely (2)unlikely adj. 很可能做某事 很可能…… 绝不可能，才不呢(表示强烈反对) 不太可能的 知识要点4 remind v．提醒，使想起 (教材原句P20) Here are some of our favourites，to remind us that some of the English we learn in the classroom is rather different from the English in the outside world!

以下列出了我们最喜爱的几条，用以提醒大家，我们在课堂上学到的英语跟外部世界的英语大不相同！

[例1] This song reminded me of my childhood. 这首歌使我想起了我的童年。

[例2] He reminded me not to forget my promise. 他提醒我不要忘了我的诺言。

[翻译] 请提醒他明早有个重要的会议。

Please remind him that there is an important meeting tomorrow morning. [知识拓展] remind sb.of sth. remind sb.(not)to do sth. remind sb.that... 提醒某人某事；使某人想起某事 提醒某人(不要)做某事 提醒某人…… 知识要点5 comment n．[C，U]评论，议论v.发表意见，评论 (教材原句P20) 325 comments 325条评论 [例1] She made helpful comments on my work. 她对我的工作提出了有益的意见。

[例2] Someone made a comment that working in a hospital was like fighting in a war. 有人评论道，在医院里工作跟在战场上打仗似的。 [翻译] 到目前为止，库克先生仍未就这些报道发表评论。 So far，Mr Cook has not commented on these reports. [知识拓展] make comments/a comment on/about... 对……发表评论 offer comments comment on/upon... 提意见 对……进行评论 comment that.../make a comment that 评论说…… 知识要点6 intend v．计划，打算，想要

(教材原句P22) morally wrong and intending to hurt people 在道德上是错误的，并且打算伤害他人

[例1] Mr White is back home now and intends to write a book about his adventure. 怀特先生现在回家了，打算写一本关于他的奇遇的书。 [例2] He intends his son to take over his business. 他打算让他的儿子接管他的生意。 [翻译] 这些房间用于小组讨论和研讨会。

These rooms are intended for group discussion and seminars. [知识拓展] (1)intend doing sth.../to do sth. intend sb.to do sth. 打算/想要做某事 想要某人做某事 be intended for...(＝be meant for) 是为……而提供/设计的 (2)intention n. 意图，目的 知识要点7 recognise vt.认识，辨认出；承认；公认 (教材原句P24) recognise differences between American English and British English 辨认出美式英语和英式英语之间的差异

[例1] Jack has changed so much that I can hardly recognise him. 杰克变化这么大，我几乎认不出他。

[例2] We have to recognise that there are shortcomings in our work. 我们不得不承认我们的工作中有缺点。 [翻译] 我们认为他是一个勤奋诚实的人。

We recognise him as/to be a hard-working and honest person. [知识拓展] (1)recognise sb./sth.as/to be recognise that... It is recognised that... (2)recognition n. beyond recognition 承认……是…… 承认…… 人们公认…… 认出；认识 无法辨认 知识要点8 base vt.以……为根据/基础；基于n.基部；基地；基础 (教材原句P24) write a story based on given pictures 根据给定的图片写一个故事。

[例1] One should always base his opinion on facts. 一个人应该始终以事实为依据发表自己的观点。

[例2] In my diary，I set down a series of things that are all based on/upon facts. 在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。 [翻译] 以一个真实的故事为基础，这部电影非常受欢迎。 Based on a true story，the film is very popular. [知识拓展] (1)base...on... be based on/upon at the base of (2)based adj. 以……为……的基础 以……为基础/依据 在……底部 在……居住(或工作)； 基地(或总部)在…… 知识要点9 be/become aware of 对……知道、明白；意识到，察觉到 (教材原句P24) be aware of cultural differences 意识到文化的差异

[例1] In conclusion，people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage.

总之，全世界的人们应该意识到水资源短缺的真实情况。

[例2] As a member of society，I'm aware that being responsible is what it takes to make a better society.

作为社会的一员，我意识到有责任感是建设更好社会所需要的。 [翻译] 这个计划有什么缺点，希望大家提出来。

We hope that you will not hesitate to make us aware of any shortcomings which you may find in this plan.

[知识拓展] (1)be aware that ... as far as I'm aware (2)awareness n. develop an awareness of... raise awareness 知道/体会到…… 据我所知 意识；认识 培养……的意识 提高认识 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 not only...but also...不仅……而且……

(教材原句P20) Not only can you post specific questions，but you can also broaden your knowledge by reading posts from other English learners around the world.

你不仅能发帖问具体的问题，而且还能通过阅读世界各地学习者的帖子拓宽你的知识。 句式分析：not only ...but (also) ...连接两个并列分句，且not only位于句首时，not only所在的分句需使用部分倒装。

[例1] Not only does the sun give us light，but also it gives us heat. 太阳给我们提供光与热。

[例2] Not only do teachers pass on knowledge to children，but they also teach children how to behave themselves.

老师不仅把知识传授给孩子们，而且还教孩子们如何做人。 [造句] 他们不仅学习努力，而且很聪明。 Not only do they study hard，but also they are clever. [知识拓展] (1)not only...but...不仅……，而且……，其中but后省略了also。 (2)not only ...but (also) ... 连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的人称与数遵循“就近原则”。 [翻译] ①英国人和美国人不但语言相同，而且有很多相同的风俗习惯。

The British and the Americans not only speak the same language but (also) share a large number of social customs.

②不但学生们反对这个计划，这个老师也反对。

Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. 重点句式2 here引起的倒装句

(教材原句P20) Here are some of our favourites，to remind us that some of the English we learn in the classroom is rather different from the English in the outside world!

句式分析：Here are...为全部倒装结构。以here，there，in，out，up，down，away，back，now，then等副词开头的句子，如果主语是名词，常用全部倒装。

[例1] Here are a few tips to help you make your first impression. 这是帮你留下第一印象的一些提示。

[例2] The door opened and out rushed the children. 门开了，孩子们冲了出来。 [造句] 我们一直盼望的时刻来了。

Then came the moment we had been looking forward to. [知识拓展] (1)当表示地点的介词词组位于句首时，为加强语气，常用全部倒装。 (2)有时为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时，需要全部倒装。 [翻译] ①城南坐落着一座大型钢厂。 South of the city lies a big steel factory. ②我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。

Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.

Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 neither...nor...既不……也不……

(教材原句P14) Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple. pineapple(菠萝)里既没有pine(松树)也没有apple(苹果)。

句式分析：neither...nor...既不……也不……，连接句中两个并列的句子成分，当连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。

[例1] Neither was my wife nor my parents able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.

我妻子和我父母没能说服我女儿改变主意。 [例2] Neither has he done it，nor will he do it. 他没有做过这事，他以后也不会做这事。

[造句] 理论没有实践不行，实践没有理论也不行。

Neither could theory do without practice，nor could practice do without theory. [知识拓展] (1)可以单独使用 neither 作主语，表示“两者中没有一个”。 (2)neither 或 nor表示“一个人没有做某事，另一个人也没做同一类事”时，可用 neither 或 nor 的部分倒装句进行简略回答，其结构为：Neither / Nor＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋主语。 [翻译] ①他们俩都不喜欢足球。 Neither of them likes football. ②昨天他们没去公园，我们也没去。

They didn't go to the park yesterday.Neither/ Nor did we. 重点句式2 get sb.doing 使某人一直做或者处于某状态

(教材原句P14) This got me thinking how English can be a crazy language to learn. 这让我不禁思考，英语学起来怎么会是一门疯狂的语言。

句式分析：get sb.doing 使某人一直做或者处于某状态，宾语与宾补之间为主动关系，且宾补动作一直在进行。

[例1] He tried to get the machine running. 他尽力让机器转着。

[例2] Who can get the water running? 谁能让水流着？

[造句] 我们一启动加热器，汽车就开始预热。 Once we got the heater going，the car started to warm up. [知识拓展] (1)get sb.to do sth. (2)get sth.done 使某人做某事 使某事被做 [翻译] ①医生将让那位病人戒烟。 The doctor will get the patient to stop smoking. ②你最好去理发。

You'd better go and get your hair cut. 重点句式3 That/This is why...那/这就是……的原因。

(教材原句P15) That is why when the stars are out，they are visible，but when the lights are out，they are invisible.

那就是为什么星星出来(out)时，它们可以被看到(visible)，但是当灯熄灭(out)后，它们不能被看到(invisible)。

句式分析：That/This is why...意为“那/这就是……的原因”，why引导表语从句，表示结果。 [例1] That's why more and more foreigners are interested in learning Chinese. 那就是越来越多的外国人对学汉语感兴趣的原因。

[例2] That's why I insist the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice. 那就是我坚持认为长江之行是更好的选择的原因。

[造句] 那就是为什么鱼类喜欢浅水而不是深水的原因，因为前者更温暖些。 That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer. [知识拓展] (1)This/That/It is because...这/那是因为……(because引导表语从句，表示原因) (2)The reason why...is/was that...……的原因是……(why引导定语从句并在从句中作状语；that引导表语从句，表示原因) [翻译] ①Maybe it's because we have seldom sat down and exchanged our feelings and thoughts. 那可能是因为我们很少坐下来交流思想感情。

②The reason why he wasn't admitted into a key university was that his grades were too low. 他没有被重点大学录取的原因是他的分数太低。

构词法(Word Formation)

一、 构词法的定义及分类

按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫做构词法。英语构词法主要有转化法、合成法、

派生法、首尾缩略法等。

二、 构词法讲解 (一)转化法

1．概念：英语中一个词由一种词类转到另一种或几种词类而不发生词形的变化，称为转化。

2．四种转化 [观察典例]

Let's go out for a walk.我们出去散散步吧。

Women have an equal say in everything.妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。 He backed his car into the garage.他把车倒进车库。 Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗？ The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度减慢了一半。

We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 She was dressed in blue.她穿着蓝色衣服。

The old here are living a happy life.这里的老年人过着幸福的生活。 [归纳方法]

四种转化：①动词转化为名词 ②名词转化为动词 ③形容词转化为动词 ④形容词转化为名词。 (二)合成法

1．概念：由两个或多个单词合成一个新词，通常前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。 2．三种合成方式

(1)连成一个词：butterfly蝴蝶；rainbow彩虹

(2)用连字符：well-known著名的；good-for-nothing无用之人 (3)分开写：flower bed花坛；high and tight军人发型 3．四类合成词 (1)合成形容词 [观察典例]

noble-minded高尚的 good-looking好看的 hard-working勤劳的 peace-loving热爱和平的 state-owned国营的 well mannered举止得体的 large-scale大规模的

good-tempered脾气好的 fine-sounding动听的 far-reaching深远的 face-to-face面对面的 heartfelt由衷的 widespread广泛流传的 high-class高级的

duty-free免税的 [归纳方法]

lifelong终身的，毕生的

合成形容词的构成方式：①形容词＋名词＋ed ②形容词＋现在分词 ③副词＋现在分词 ④名词＋现在分词 ⑤名词＋过去分词 ⑥副词＋过去分词 ⑦形容词＋名词 ⑧名词＋形容词 ⑨名词＋介词＋名词

(2)合成名词 [观察典例] silkworm蚕 double-dealer两面派 waiting room候车室 pickpocket扒手 handwriting书法 get-together联欢会 downfall垮台 [归纳方法]

合成名词的构成方式 ：①名词＋名词 ②形容词＋名词

③动名词＋名词 ④动词＋名词 ⑤名词＋动名词 ⑥动词＋连词＋动词 ⑦副词＋动词 ⑧动词＋副词

(3)合成动词 [观察典例]

sleepwalk梦游overthrow推翻whitewash粉刷 [归纳方法]

合成动词的构成方式：①名词＋动词②副词＋动词 ③形容词＋动词 (4)合成副词

everywhere到处however无论如何forever永远downstairs在楼下 [归纳方法]

合成副词的构成方式：①形容词＋副词 ②副词＋副词 ③介词＋副词 ④介词＋名词 (三) 派生法

1．概念：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。

2．前缀

(1) 表示否定意义的前缀

bloodtest验血 shorthand速记 sleeping-pills安眠药 high school中学 wedding dress婚纱 hide-and-seek捉迷藏游戏 sit-down坐下休息

[观察典例]

appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的 legal合法的→illegal非法的lead带领→mislead错误引领 stop停下→non­stop不停possible可能的→impossible不可能的

regular规则的→irregular不规则的smoker吸烟的人→non­smoker不吸烟的人 usual寻常的→unusual不寻常的 [归纳方法]

表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-，il-，im-，in-，ir-，mis-，non-，un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。

(2)其他意义的前缀 [观察典例]

alone单独的asleep睡着的forward向前foresee预见

international国际的interview会见microscope显微镜microfilm微型胶片 midnight午夜mid-autumn中秋的minibus微型汽车miniskirt超短裙 rewrite重写return返回review复习superman超人supermarket超级商场 telephone电话telescope望远镜television电视 [归纳方法]

表示其他意义的前缀常用的有：a-表状态；for-，fore-先，前，预；inter-间，相互；micro-微；mid-中；mini-微型的；re-重，再，复；super-上，超；tele-远距离的

(3) 改变词性的前缀 [观察典例]

large(形容词，大的)→enlarge(动词，扩大) courage(名词，勇气)→encourage(动词，鼓励) value(名词，价值)→devalue(动词，降低……的价值) friend(名词，朋友)→befriend(动词，与……交朋友) little(形容词，小的)→belittle(动词，轻视) board(名词，甲板)→aboard(副词，在船上) side(名词，旁边)→aside(副词，在旁边) sleep(动词，睡觉)→asleep(形容词，睡着的) door(名词，门)→outdoor(形容词，户外的) [归纳方法]

改变词性的前缀有：en-，de-，be-，a-，out-等。en-前缀通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词；de-前缀通常加在名词之前构成动词，其意义大多和原名词相反；be-前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词；a-前缀常加在名词或描述性动词之前，构成形容词或副词；out-前缀可加在

名词之前构成形容词，加在动词之前构成名词。

3．后缀

(1) 构成名词的后缀 [观察典例]

Chinese中国人，汉语 Japanese日本人，日语 foreigner外国人teacher老师 cleaner清洁工sailor水手 actor演员visitor来访者 artist艺术家pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家importance重要 performance执行absence缺勤 difference区别invention发明 protection保护agreement同意

arrangement安排illness生病kindness善良 [归纳方法]

构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-ese(表某地人或语言)，-er/-or/-ist(表人)，-ess(雌性)，-ian(精通……的人)，-ist(专业人员)，-ment(性质；状态)，-ness(性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。

(2) 构成形容词的后缀 [观察典例]

nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的 [归纳方法]

构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。

(3) 构成副词的后缀

[观察典例]

angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards 朝……，向…… east东方→eastward向东 [归纳方法]

构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。

(4)构成动词的后缀 [观察典例]

wide宽的→widen加宽

beauty美人，美好→beautify美化 pure纯的→purify提纯 real真的→realize意识到 organ器官→organize组织 [归纳方法]

构成动词的后缀常用的有-en (用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。 (四)缩略法 [观察典例]

Labour→Lab.(英国)工党 November→Nov.十一月 [归纳方法]

上述缩略词是靠截去词的尾部构成的。 [观察典例] television→TV电视 postscript→PS附言，又及 [归纳方法]

上述缩略词是靠保留前缀及词根的首字母构成的。 [观察典例] mister→Mr 先生 doctor→ Dr 医生；博士 [归纳方法]

上述缩略词是靠保留单词的首尾字母构成的。 [观察典例]

Member of Parliament→MP议员

Very Important Person→VIP要人；大人物 information technology→IT信息技术

Internet Service Provider→ISP 互联网服务供应商 [归纳方法]

上述缩略词是用单词的首字母构成的，并且按字母分别读音，虚词省略。 [观察典例]

Test of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL 托福考试 computer assisted learning→CAL 计算机辅助学习

United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization→UNESCO 联合国教科文组织

[归纳方法]

上述缩略词是用单词的首字母构成的，并且按单词读音。

Unit 3 Family matters

1.play chess下国际象棋

2.nervously adv.焦急地；易紧张焦虑地 3.approach v．走近，靠近

4.turn to...向……求助(或寻求指教等) 5.chat n．闲谈，聊天

6.Here it is.[口语]此处意为“事情是这样的”。 7. focus v．(把……)集中(于) 8.career n．职业，事业

9.raise one's voice (因愤怒等)提高嗓门说话 10.in surprise吃惊地 11.lawyer n. 律师

12.assume n．假定，假设，认为 13.respect v．尊敬，敬重 14.studio n. (音乐)录音室，演播室 15.court n. ，法庭

16.calm down (使)平静，(使)镇定

17.ignore v．忽视，不理 ignorance n．无知 18.daydream v．做白日梦，幻想

19.easy在此意为“不要生气，别急”。 20.professional adj.职业的，专业的

21.football在英式英语中指足球，在美式英语中指橄榄球。 22.in the end最后 23.advise vt. 建议，劝告 advise sb.to do sth.建议某人做某事 advise doing sth.建议做某事 advice n．建议(不可数名词) 24.suit v. 适合 suitable adj.合适的 25.talent n. 天赋，才能 26.be proud of以……为自豪

27.Why don't you...？(提建议)为什么不……？ 28.take one's advice接受/听从某人的建议 29.jump in with both feet踊跃参加

30.option n．选择，可选择的东西 optional adj.可选择的 31.with a sigh n．& v. 叹气，叹息(尤因厌烦，失望，疲倦等) 32.curtain n. (舞台上的)幕；窗帘

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 aim v．力求达到；瞄准；对准；旨在n.目标，目的

(教材原句P31) It aims to deepen people's understanding of issues that are related to families.

其旨在加深人们对家庭相关事情的理解。

[例1] He went to Shanghai with the aim of finding a job. 他去上海的目的是找工作。

[例2] The project aims to educate and prepare students for a challenging career. 这个项目旨在教育学生使其为一个具有挑战性的职业做好准备。 [翻译] 开火之前仔细瞄准目标。 Take careful aim before firing. [知识拓展] (1)take aim at sth. with the aim of... 瞄准……；对准…… 目的是…… (2)aim at/be aimed at (doing) sth. 瞄准，对准；旨在(做)某事 aim to do sth. 目标是做某事 (3)aimless adj. aimlessly adv. 无目标的；无计划的 漫无目的地 知识要点2 (教材原句P31) With a different theme each year，the day is observed with a wide range of events that are organised at local，national and international levels.

一年一个主题，人们举行很多当地的、全国性的乃至国际标准的活动来庆祝这一天。 (1)observe v．庆祝，过(节日、生日等)；观察；注意到；遵守

[例1] Thanksgiving Day is observed as a general holiday by the American people. 感恩节是美国人普遍庆祝的节日。

[例2] The teacher stood at the corner，observing the behaviour of every student. 老师站在角落里观察每个学生的行为。 [翻译] 你出国时应该遵守当地的风俗习惯。 You should observe the local custom when you go abroad. [知识拓展] observe sb.do sth. observe sb.doing sth. 观察某人做某事(全过程) 注意到某人正在做某事 [名师点津] 和observe类似，后面可接动词原形、现在分词或过去分词作宾补的感官动词(短语)有：一感觉feel；二听listen to，hear；三使let，make，have；五看look at，see，watch，notice，observe。

[即学即练] 单句语法填空

①She observed a man walking (walk) on the opposite side of the way. ②They were observed to enter (enter) the blank. (2)range n．一系列；范围；射程；山脉vi.变化

[例1] Reading should be a pleasure，so the texts should be within your range. 阅读是一种乐趣，其内容应该在你的能力范围之内。

[例2] It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb in the whole range. 在整个山脉中，这是最难攀登的山峰之一。 [翻译] 我们等着敌人进入我们的射程。 We waited until the enemy within range. [知识拓展] a wide range of beyond/out of range range from...to... 知识要点3 apologise v．道歉 (教材原句P31) Later，on the phone she apologised and explained that she was busy with

一系列的；大范围的 超出……的范围 在……和……之间变化 work because someone was off sick.

后来，她在电话里道歉并解释说，她工作很忙是因为有人请了病假。 [例1] If you're late，you should apologise. 如果你迟到了，你应该道歉。

[例2] I apologised for losing my temper. 我道歉我不应该发脾气。

[翻译] 非常对不起，我真心道歉。 I'm so sorry，I do apologise. [知识拓展] (1)apologise vi. apologise for sth. apologise to sb.for (doing) sth. (2)apology n. accept/refuse an apology demand an apology 道歉 因某事道歉 因(做了)某事向某人道歉 道歉， 接受/拒绝道歉 要求道歉 make/offer an apology to sb.for (doing) sth.＝ offer/give sb.an apology for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而向某人道歉 知识要点4 admire v．钦佩，赞美，羡慕 [例1] My deskmate admires my fluent English very much and I usually feel encouraged by his compliments.

同桌非常羡慕我流利的英语，我经常被他的赞美所鼓舞。

[例2] When I was young，I admired clever people.Now that I am old，I admire kind people.

少时喜欢聪明人，老来喜欢仁厚人。

[造句] 中国和日本都有中秋节，这时人们会赏月。在中国，人们还品尝月饼。 Both China and Japan have Mid-Autumn Festivals，when people admire the moon and in China，enjoy mooncakes. [知识拓展] (1)admire sb.for (doing) sth. (2)admiration n. with/in admiration (3)admirable adj. 因(做)某事而钦佩某人 钦佩；羡慕 钦佩地 可钦佩的；值得赞赏的；令人羡慕 知识要点5 judge v．认为，判断n.裁判员；法官 [例1] When we play table tennis，we should judge the direction of the ball，and hit

it back with great strength.

打乒乓球时，我们需要判断球的方向，并用力把它打回去。

[例2] I am in no position to judge whether what she is doing is right or wrong. 我无权评判她在做的事是对还是错。 [造句] 我认为他四十岁左右。 I judged him to be about forty. [知识拓展] (1)judge sb./sth.by/from as far as I can judge (2)judging from/by... 通过……判断…… 据我判断 从……来看；根据……判断 知识要点6 settle v．使定居；平静；安定；解决；和解，结束(争论)；安家；定居；停留

[例1] With the problem settled，he went home happily. 问题解决了，他高兴地回家了。

[例2] Many Jewish people settled in the Lower East Side. 许多犹太人在下东区定居。

[造句] 孩子们静下来后，布朗小姐给他们发新的故事书。

When the children had settled，Miss Brown gave out the new reading books. [知识拓展] (1)settle for settle in/into settle down settle down to sth. (2)settlement n. settler n. 勉强接受，将就 安顿下来；习惯于；适应 (使)安定；定居 着手认真做某事 解决；定居 移居者；殖民者 知识要点7 detail n．细节，细微之处vt.详述，详细说明 (教材原句P32) Features are written in an individual style，with extra detail and background. 特写是用一种独特的风格写的，带有额外的细节和背景。 [例1] Dad planned our vacation down to the smallest detail. 爸爸把我们度假的事情安排得极为细致周到。

[例2] The brochure details all the hotels in the area and their facilities. 这本小册子详细介绍了这个地区所有的旅馆及其设施。 [造句] 今天的报纸详细报道了这起谋杀案。 Today's newspaper gives all the details of the murder. [知识拓展] (1)in detail go into detail(s) for further details (2)detailed adj. 详细地 详述 欲知详情 详细的；详尽的 知识要点8 contain vt.包含，含有；容纳 (教材原句P32) The middle part contains the “meat” of the story，with the ending being a summary，a powerful quote or even a surprise for the reader.

中间部分是故事的“肉”，结尾是一个总结，一句有力的引言，甚至是给读者的一个惊喜。 [例1] This book contains all the information you need.这本书包含你所需的一切信息。 [例2] The hall can contain 3,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳3 000人。

[造句] 听到这个消息，我抑制不住我的兴奋。

When I heard the news，I could not contain my excitement. [知识拓展] (1)contain“包含，含有”，侧重于“整体内有”，指在某一范围或容器内能容纳某物，不用于进行时态。 (2)include“包括”，侧重于被包含者只是整体中的一部分。include 常以including(名词/代词前)或included(名词/代词后)的形式出现。 知识要点9 in the lead 领先 (教材原句P32) With just 700 metres to go，Alistair Brownlee was in third place and his younger brother，Jonny，was in the lead.

离终点只有700米了，阿利斯泰尔·布朗利名列第三，他的弟弟约翰尼领先。 [例1] At first，we were in the lead throughout，but they gradually caught up with us. 本来我们一直领先，可是后来他们慢慢赶上来了。 [例2] She was in the lead during the race. 她在赛跑中领先。

[造句] 尽管疼痛难忍，这位运动员还是在整个比赛中处于领先地位，最终赢得了金牌。 Despite the pain，the athlete was in the lead throughout the entire race，and finally won the gold medal. [知识拓展] (1)take the lead(in doing sth.) play the lead (2)lead to 带头(做某事) 演主角 导致；造成(后果)；通向 lead sb.to do sth. lead/live a(n) ...life lead the way 使某人做某事 过……样的生活 引路；带路

Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 过去分词(短语)作状语

(教材原句P33) Watched by millions，the ending to the race has divided opinions：should the brothers have been disqualified or highly praised for their actions?

这场比赛有百万观众收看，人们对比赛结果存在分歧：是应该取消兄弟俩的比赛资格，还是对他们的举动大加赞扬？

句式分析：过去分词(短语)作状语时可以表示让步、条件、方式、原因、时间、伴随，表示方式或伴随时一般可转换为并列分句，其他情况下通常可转换为相应的状语从句。

[例1] Given a few minutes，I'll finish it. 再给几分钟，我就会完成它。

[例2] Asked about the matter，she kept silent. 当被问及那件事时，她保持沉默了。

[造句] 由于被这个故事深深地感动，孩子们哭了起来。 Deeply moved by the story，the children cried. [知识拓展] 过去分词作状语时，构成分词的动词与分词的逻辑主语之间为动宾关系，且过去分词的逻辑主语为句子的主语。 [翻译] ①尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 Laughed at by many people，he continued his study. ②那位女士回家了，福尔摩斯先生跟在她后面。 The lady returned home，followed by Mr.Holmes. 重点句式2 be＋adj.＋动词不定式

(教材原句P33) But for Alistair，his decision was easy to explain：“Mum wouldn't have been happy if I'd left Jonny behind.”

但对阿利斯泰尔来说，他的决定很容易解释：“如果我把约翰尼落下，妈妈是不会高兴的。” 句式分析：该句型是“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”结构，其中his decision和及物动词explain构成动宾关系。在该句型中常常使用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常用于该句型的形容词多为表示主语性质、特征的词，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting，comfortable等。

[例1] This machine is very easy to operate.

这台机器很容易操作。

[例2] The piece of music is pleasant to hear. 这首乐曲听起来很悦耳。

[造句] 早上的新鲜空气呼吸起来真好。 The morning air is so good to breathe. [知识拓展] (1)在上面结构中，动词不定式和主语在逻辑上是动宾关系；当不定式中的动词为不及物动词时，要加适当的介词。 (2)不定式有时会带上自己的逻辑主语。 [翻译] ①他很容易相处。 He's easy to get along with. ②这个长句对你来说很难记。

The long sentence is difficult for you to remember.

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 approach vt.& vi.靠近，接近，走近；临近n. [U](在距离或时间上的)靠近，接近；[C]方式，方法；路径，道路。

(教材原句P27) nervously approaching the table 紧张地靠近桌子

[例1] Walk softly as you approach the bed because the baby is sleeping. 当你靠近床时，步子轻些，因为这个婴儿正在睡觉。

[例2] Winter is approaching，so many animals are storing food. 冬季就要来临，所以许多动物在储存食物。 [翻译] 考试的临近使得她非常紧张。 The approach of the exam makes her very nervous. [知识拓展] an approach to with the approach of... at the approach of 通往……的道路；……的方法(注意to为介词) 随着……的来临/临近 在……临近的时候 知识要点2 focus vi. & vt.把……集中于n.焦点；关注 (教材原句P27) I want to focus on my band and have a career in music when I leave school.我想专心搞我的乐队，等(高中)毕业以后从事音乐行业。

[例1] Each exercise focuses on a different grammar point. 每个练习各有不同的语法重点。

[例2] Recently，traffic jams have become the focus of attention. 近来，交通堵塞已经成为关注的焦点。 [翻译] 你最好把你的注意力放在功课上。 You'd better focus your attention on your studies. [知识拓展] (1)focus (one's attention/energy)on...集中(某人的注意力/精力)于…… focus one's eyes on... (2)the focus of attention bring...into focus 注视…… 关注的焦点 使……成为焦点 知识要点3 assume vt.认为，假定，假设 (教材原句P27) You just assume I want to be a lawyer，but that's only because you are a lawyer.

你想当然地认为我想当律师，但那只是因为你自己是律师。

[例1] There are many big technology companies with resources.I just assumed one of them would do it.

有很多大的科技公司都有资源，我只是认为其中一个公司会做到这一点。 [例2] I assume that you have heard the news. 我想你已经听到了这个消息。

[翻译] 人们认为他们所做的对环境几乎没什么影响。

People assume that what they do has little effect on the environment. [知识拓展] (1)assume(that)... assume sb./sth.(to be)＋n./adj. It is(generally) assumed that... (2)assuming conj. assumption n. 认为…… 认为某人/某物是…… 人们(普遍)认为…… 假设……为真，假如 假定，假设 知识要点4 respect vt.尊重，尊敬n.[U]尊敬，尊重；重视[C](事物的)方面，细节；[pl.]问候，敬意

(教材原句P27) Lawyers help people and are respected by others. 律师帮助人们并且受人尊重。

[例1] He doesn't respect other people's right to privacy. 他不尊重别人的隐私权。

[例2] She finally gained the respect of her neighbors. 她最终赢得了邻居的尊重。

[翻译] [谚语]君须自敬，人乃敬之。

Respect yourself，or no one else will respect you. [知识拓展] (1)respect sb.( for sth.) (2)have/show(no)respect for... out of respect (因某事而)尊重/尊敬某人 (不)尊敬/尊重…… 出于尊重 (3)in respect of/with respect to... 关于……，就……而言 in some respects give/send one's respects to sb. (4)respectable adj. respectful adj. 在某些方面 代……问候某人 值得尊敬的，体面的 尊敬的，表示敬意的 知识要点5 ignore v．不理；忽视 (教材原句P15) ignoring Grandfather's words忽视祖父的话

[例1] Do you frequently ignore work，study，and other activities to check your phone for messages?

你经常把工作、学习和其他活动置于一旁而去查看手机短信吗？ [例2] He ignored her and went on with his work. 他没理她，继续干自己的活儿。

[翻译] 如果你想取得更大的进步，你就不应该忽视你的错误。 You should not ignore your mistakes if you want to make greater progress. [知识拓展] (1)ignorance n． out of ignorance (2)ignorant adj. be ignorant of/about sth. be ignorant that... 无知 出于无知 无知的，愚昧的 不知道某事 不知道…… 知识要点6 (教材原句P27) Yes，and you have found the career that suits your talents. 是的，然后你找到了适合自己天分的职业。 (1)suit vt.适合；合(某人)心意；合身n.西装 [例1] —Five o'clock？5点钟行吗？

—Any time will suit me.什么时候对我来说都行。 [例2] This business suit is for hire. 这套商务西装是供出租的。

[翻译] 作为一名学生，你最好选择那些你感兴趣并适合你的活动。

As a student，you'd better choose the activities which interest you and suit you. [知识拓展] (1)suit sb.(fine) suit sth.to sth./sb. (2)suitable adj. unsuitable adj. be suitable for... be suitable to do... (很)合某人的意；对某人来说(很)合适 使适合(或适应)某物/某人 合适的，适宜的 不合适的 适合于…… 适合做某事 (2) talent n．天才，天赋，天资；有才能的人，天才，人才；才能 [例1] He has a lot of talent，and his work is fresh and interesting. 他很有天赋，作品新颖有趣。

[例2] There is a wealth of young talent in British theatre. 英国戏剧界年轻一代人才辈出。

[翻译] 努力和天赋同等重要。我将踏踏实实地一步步前进。 Hard work and talent are equally important.I'll move forward step by step. [知识拓展] (1)have a talent/gift for... show a talent for (2)talented adj. 有……天赋 展现出……的天赋 有才干的，有才能的 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 全部倒装

(教材原句P27) Oh look，here comes my boy. 看，我儿子过来了。

句式分析：副词here位于句首时引起的全部倒装

[例1] Here is a table with the metals that react most at the top... 下面表格中金属反应最强的排在上面。

[例2] Here are the conclusions from the experiments. 下面就是实验的结论。 [造句] 看。公共汽车来了。 Look.Here comes the bus. [知识拓展] (1) 当here，there，now，then，in，out，down，up，off，away 等表示地点、时间和方位的副词位于句首时，谓语动词是come，go，be，lie，stand 等，且主语是名词时，句子要用全部倒装。其中谓语动词多用一般现在时或者一般过去时，不能用进行时态。 (2)当表示地点的介词词组位于句首时，为加强语气，常用全部倒装。 (3)有时为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时，需要全部倒装。 [翻译] ①城南坐落着一座大型钢厂。 South of the city lies a big steel factory. ②我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。 Gone are the days when we used foreign oil. 重点句式2 This/That/It is because...

(教材原句P27) You just assume I want to be a lawyer，but that's only because you are a lawyer.

你想当然地认为我想当律师，但那只是因为你自己是律师。 句式分析：This/That/It is because...这/那是因为……

[例1] From space，the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.

从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。 [例2] He didn't attend the party last night.That was because he was too busy. 他昨晚没有参加聚会，那是因为他太忙了。 [造句] 他被送到医院，那是因为他病了。 He was sent to the hospital.That was because he was ill. [知识拓展] This is why... 这就是……的原因，why引导表语从句，从句表示结果。 This is because... 这是因为……，because引导表语从句，从句表示原因。 The reason why...is that... ……的原因是……，why引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语； that引导表语从句(切记此处不可用because)。 [一句多译] 玛丽今天不想出门，那是因为她感觉不舒服。 ①Mary wouldn't like to go out today.That's because she doesn't feel well.

②The reason why Mary wouldn't like to go out today is that she doesn't feel well.

一、一般现在时

构成：动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。 [观察例句]

I often read books in my spare time.业余时间我经常看书。 Mary is good at music.玛丽擅长音乐。

The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

You'll make great progress if you work hard！你如果努力学习，就会取得很大进步。 The train leaves at 7：25 this evening.火车今晚7：25开。 [归纳用法]

1．一般现在时表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often，always，usually，sometimes，every day，once a week，rarely，seldom，hardly，ever，never等表示频率的时间状语连用。

2．一般现在时用于描述主语的特征、性格、能力等。 3．一般现在时用于陈述客观事实或普遍真理。

4．在主从复合句中，当描述将来的事情时，主句用将来时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

5．一般现在时表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的动作，通常限于表示“位置转移”的非延续性动词(词组)，如go，come，leave，start，begin，open，close，arrive，take off等，其后常跟有表示将来的时间状语。

二、现在进行时

构成：is/am/are＋现在分词 [观察例句]

All the classmates are reviewing the lesson in the classroom now. 同学们正在教室里复习功课。

These days we are helping the farmers work on the farm. 这些天我们一直在农场帮农民们干活。 She is always thinking of others instead of herself. 她总是想着别人而不是她自己。

The boy is constantly asking such silly questions. 那个男孩老是提这种愚蠢的问题。 Mr.Smith is leaving for Nanjing tonight. 史密斯先生今晚去南京。

The meeting is beginning at three this afternoon. 会议在下午三点开始。 [归纳用法]

1．现在进行时表示现在或目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与now，at present，at this moment，these days，this week/month等时间状语连用。

2．现在进行时常与always，continually，constantly，forever等表示频度的副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，常含有厌烦、责备、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。

3．现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，主要用于表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。常与come，go，leave，depart，arrive，stay，start/begin，lecture，take off等动词(词组)连用。

三、现在完成时

构成：have/has＋过去分词。 [观察例句]

I have already made a plan for my study ahead of time. 我已经提前制定了学习计划。 We have learned English for eight years. 我们学英语八年了。

He has lived in London since three years ago. 自从三年前他就住在伦敦。 It is the first time I have driven a car. 这是我第一次开车。

This is the most interesting film that he has made. 这是他拍过的最有趣的电影。 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 车未停稳，不要下车。 [归纳用法]

1．现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但对现在造成一定的影响或结果，常与already，yet，never，before，so far，up to now等连用。

2．现在完成时所表示的动作从过去开始持续到现在，也许还会继续下去。常用的时间状语有：for＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点，so far，recently，lately，this week，this month，this year，these days，during/in the last/past few years等。

3．在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋从句”与“It/This is the＋序数词或形容词最高级＋名词＋that从句”这两个句型中，从句中的谓语要用现在完成时。

4．现在完成时可用在状语从句中代替将来完成时，这时从句的动作要先于主句的动作发生。

四、一般将来时

构成：shall/will＋动词原形 [观察例句]

I will / shall go to visit him next week. 下周我将去拜访他。

—Tom was injured badly in the accident yesterday. —Oh，I didn't know.I will see him after work. ——汤姆在昨天的事故中受伤很严重。 ——噢，我不知道。我下班后去看他。

Wherever he goes，he will take an umbrella with him.

无论到哪儿，他总是带着一把伞。 Oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水面上。 [归纳用法]

1．shall/will＋动词原形，表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态，特别是表示客观性的事情或在某条件下临时决定去做的事情只能用此结构。

2．will＋动词原形，还表示习惯性动作或未来的倾向。 3．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可用以下形式：

(1) be going to＋动词原形，表示即将发生的事情或近期准备、打算、有迹象表明要做某事。

(2) be (just) about to＋动词原形，表示即将发生的事，常译为“刚要……，就要……”，不能与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但常与when连用。

(3) be to do表示按计划、职责、义务、约定要发生的动作。

五、一般过去时

动词过去式。 [观察例句]

I graduated from No.1 Middle School three years ago. 三年前我从一中毕业。

I had two eggs and a glass of milk for breakfast this morning. 今天早上我吃了两个鸡蛋，喝了一杯牛奶。 Your phone number again? I didn't quite catch it. 再说一遍你的电话号码好吗？我刚才没听见。

She got up，washed her face，cleaned her teeth，had her breakfast and then went to work. 她起床后，洗完脸，刷完牙，吃过早饭，然后就去上班了。 When I was a teenager，I played table tennis almost every day. 我十几岁时，几乎每天都打乒乓球。

Her father usually did some housework at home last year. 她爸爸去年常常在家做些家务。

I didn't know you were here.How long have you been here? 我不知道你在这里，你来了多久了？ We would not leave until the teacher came back. 直到老师回来我们才离开。 [归纳用法]

1．一般过去时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与明确表示过去的时间状语，如：yesterday，last week，in 1949，once，in the past，a few days ago等连用。

注意：有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态时，也要用一般过去时。

2．一般过去时表示过去连续发生的一系列动作。

3．一般过去时表示过去一段时间内经常发生的或习惯性的动作。常与often，usually，sometimes等表示频度的词连用。

4．一般过去时表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。

5．在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时，表示过去将要发生的动作。

Unit 4 Friends forever

1.mean v．产生……结果，意味着 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 2.lose track of失去联系 keep track of保持联系 3.thanks to 由于，多亏

4.advance n. 进步，进展 vi.前进；进展 5.significantly adv. 显著地，重大地 6.remain vi. 仍然是，保持不变

7.be up to从事，忙于；胜任；该由……负责 8.the digital age数码时代 digital adj.数字的，数码的 9.enable vt.使可能，使发生 10.unusual adj.异常的，不平常的 11.instrument n．乐器

12.connect sb.with...把某人同……联系起来 13.friend熟词生义 v．(社交网站上)加……为好友 14.It depends.视情况而定。 15.exchange vt. 交流，交换 16.meaningful adj. 有意义的 17.keep...in mind把……记在心上 18.tend to do sth.易于做某事

tend v．易于做某事，往往会发生某事

19.post v．公布，发布

20.smiling photos 面带微笑的照片 21.criminal n．罪犯 22.longing n．渴望，热望 longing for...对……的渴望

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 patience n．耐心

(教材原句P42) two drops of patience...两滴耐心……

[例1] Learning to walk again after she was injured in the leg required great patience.

她腿部受伤后重新学习走路要有更大的毅力。

[例2] Her endless patience made her the best teacher in the primary school. 她的无限的耐心使她成为这个小学最好的老师。 [翻译] 如果你想当老师你就得有耐心。 You'll need patience if you're going to be a teacher. [知识拓展] (1)with patience (2)patient adj. n. be patient with sb. 耐心地 耐心的 病人 对某人有耐心 知识要点2 anxious adj.焦虑的，不安的 (教材原句P42) the ability to wait without becoming anxious or angry 等待时不焦急或不生气的能力

[例1] Anxious all the time，I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.

我一直焦虑不安，每次精力集中不超过一小时。

[例2] After five minutes Mike returned，looking more hot and anxious than before.

五分钟以后，迈克回来了，看上去比刚才更加急不可耐。 [翻译] 那场棒球赛中有些时刻令人焦虑不安。 There were a few anxious moments in the baseball game. [知识拓展] (1)be anxious for/about... be anxious for be anxious to do sth. (2)anxiously adv. anxiety n. with anxiety 为……担心(忧虑) 渴望得到 渴望/急于做某事 焦急地，忧虑地，渴望地 焦虑，忧虑，担心 焦虑地 知识要点3 be set in以……为背景 (教材原句P44) The short story “After Twenty Years” is set in New York on a cold，dark night.

短篇小说《二十年后》以纽约的一个寒冷漆黑的夜晚为背景。 [例1] Great Expectations is set in England in the 1800s. 《远大前程》以19世纪的英格兰为背景。

[例2] The Chinese film，set in the Tang dynasty，is well received by many foreign film fans.

这部以唐朝为背景的中国电影广受外国影迷的欢迎。 [造句] 这部电影以法国为背景，很受年轻人的欢迎。

The film，which is set in France，is popular with the young people. [知识拓展] set off 出发，动身；引发，激起；(使等)爆炸 set out 动身，启程(＋for＋地点)；开始，着手( ＋to do sth.) set about set up 开始，着手(＋doing sth.) 设立；建立，创建；安排 set sb.a good example/set a good example to sb.为某人树立好榜样 set aside set down set back be set in 留出(钱或时间)；把……放到一旁 写下，记下；某人下车 使推迟，耽误 认……为背景 知识要点4 fortune n. [C]大笔的钱，巨款[U]命运，运气；幸运 (教材原句P44) The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune.

我准备第二天早上动身前往西部发财。

[例1] Inside the tombs，the workers discovered a great fortune of jewels and gold，along with the preserved bodies of dead kings.

在这些陵墓中，工作人员发现了一大笔珠宝和黄金，还有保存的已故国王的遗体。

[例2] When fortune smiled on him，he made the most of it. 当好运来临时，他充分把握住了。 [造句] 那个家庭的命运一夜之间改变了。 The family's fortune changed overnight. [知识拓展] (1)make a/one's fortune 发财，发迹 have the good/bad fortune to do...有幸/不幸做…… seek one's fortune (2)unfortunate adj. fortunate adj. misfortune n. unfortunately adv. fortunately adv. 寻找发迹的机会 不幸的 幸运的 不幸 不幸地 幸运地 知识要点5 distance n．距离；远方；遥远；冷淡，疏远 vt.使与……保持距离，撇清和……的关系

(教材原句P44) Well，we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time，no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.那天夜里我们约好：20 年后的同一日期、同一时间，我们还来这里会面，不管我们的境况如何，不管我们要从多远的地方来。

[例1] We think it would be best if you would distance yourself from her. 我们觉得你最好和她保持距离。

[例2] Raise your eyes once in a while and look into the distance. 每过一阵就举目远眺。

[造句] 她更喜欢和为自己干活的人保持一段距离。

She prefers to distance herself from the people who are working for her. [知识拓展] (1)in the distance at/from a distance at/from a distance of... 在远处 离一段距离；从远处 从……远的地方(of后跟具体的距离) keep sb.at a distance 同某人疏远；对某人冷淡；与某人保持一定距离 keep one's distance(from...) (2)distant adj. be distant from... (与……)保持距离；疏远，避免(与……)亲近 遥远的；远亲的；冷淡的 离……远 知识要点6 turn up(意外地或终于)出现；开大，调高(音量等)；(尤指失去后偶然)被发现，被找到

(教材原句P45) I came a thousand miles to stand in this door tonight，and it's worth it if my old partner turns up.今晚我从千里之外的地方赶到这里，站在这个门口，只要我的老搭档露面，那也就不虚此行了。

[例1] I waited for an hour but he didn't turn up. 我等了一个小时但他没有露面。

[例2] The old man's hearing is poor.Please turn up the TV. 这个老人的听觉不好，请把电视的声音调大点。 [造句] 别担心，我相信那封信会找到的。 Don't worry.I'm sure the letter will turn up. [知识拓展] turn down turn around turn away turn on/off turn in turn out turn over 拒绝；把……调低 转身；翻转 把脸转过去；赶走 打开/关掉 上交；交还 结果是；证明是 翻身，翻转；移交 知识要点7 appointed adj.约定的，指定的 (教材原句P46) I was at the appointed place on time. 我按时到达了约定的地方。

[例1] She arrived at the appointed time. 她在约定的时间到达了。

[例2] The appointed hour of the ceremony was drawing nearer. 该仪式的指定时间正在临近。

[造句] 他们无视约定的时间，只在规定的时间后才离开家。

They ignore the appointed time and leave their homes only after the fixed time. [知识拓展] (1)appoint vt. appoint sb.(as) appoint sb.to sth. appoint sb.to do sth. (2)appointment n. have an appointment with sb. 安排，确定(时间、地点)；任命，委任 职务任命某人担任某职务 把某人任命到某职位 委派某人做某事 任命 与某人有约定 make an appointment with sb. 与某人定一个约定 make an appointment to do sth. 预约做某事 keep/break an appointment 恪守约定/未赴约 知识要点8 strike (struck，struck striking) vt.划(火柴)；敲，报时；撞击，碰撞；打，击；(灾难、疾病)侵袭，爆发；给……印象；打动，把……迷住；突然想到；罢工

(教材原句P46) When you struck the match to light your cigar I saw it was the face of the man wanted in Chicago.

当你划火柴点烟的时候，我看出了你就是芝加哥警方在通缉的那个人。 [例1] The old man struck a match to light the fireworks. 那个老人划着一根火柴来点燃烟花。 [例2] The clock has just struck twelve. 时钟刚刚敲过12点。

[造句] 孩子跑到公路上，差点被车撞了。

The child ran into the road and was nearly struck by a car. [知识拓展] strike sb.＋ 介词 ＋ the ＋ 身体部位 击打某人某处 be struck by sth.strikes sb. It strikes sb.that/how/what/... be on strike go on strike 被……打动 某人突然想到…… 某人突然想到…… 在罢工 举行罢工 知识要点9 scene n．场景；现场；景色 (教材原句P46) Think about what happened in each of the three scenes，using the information you have already read in the story.

利用你在故事中已经读到的信息，想想这三个场景中的每一个场景发生了什么。

[例1] The scene of the film The Million Pound Bank Note is set in England. 《百万英镑》这部电影的场景是在英国。

[例2] You can see a happy scene of children playing on the beach. 你可以看到孩子们在海滩上玩耍的欢乐景象。 [造句] 他们流连忘返，因为山景非常美丽。

They couldn't tear themselves away because the mountain scene was beautiful. [知识拓展] on the scene behind the scenes 在场，出现，到场，当场 在幕后，暗中 Sentence Patterns

重点句式 have sth.done让/叫/使/请别人做某事

(教材原句P44) We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made，whatever they were going to be.

我们认为二十年后，我们俩应该有各自的命运，也应该各自都发了财，不管它们将会是什么。

句式分析：have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made是“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，destiny与work out为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词。

[例1] He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.他明天想去检查眼睛。 [例2] The machine is out of order.I must have it repaired.

机器出故障了，我必须找人修理一下。 [造句] 昨天你拔掉了一颗牙，是不是？

You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday，didn't you? [知识拓展] (1)该结构中，have为使役动词，sth.为宾语，过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动的含义，宾语sth.与done 之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。 (2)该结构的意思是“使某事被做”，可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做。此时have可用get替换。 (3)有时它还可表示“遭遇/经历某种不幸的事(此事违背主语的意愿)”。 [翻译] ①我一定要在周日前完成这项工作。 I must have the work finished before Sunday. ②她所有的珠宝都被偷了。 She had all her jewellery stolen.

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 familiar adj.熟悉的

(教材原句P37) With no familiar faces in view 看不到熟悉的面孔

[例1] I took a glance at the hall and found many familiar faces among the students. 我扫视了一下大厅，发现观众中有许多熟悉的面孔。 [例2] The voices on the phone sounded familiar. 电话里的声音很耳熟。

[造句] 回到熟悉的环境里让人松了一口气。 It was a relief to be back in familiar surroundings. [知识拓展] (1)sb.be familiar with... ...be familiar to sb. (2)unfamiliar adj. 某人熟悉……(主动) ……为某人所熟悉(被动) 陌生的，不熟悉的 知识要点2 prefer vt.更喜欢；选择某事物(而不选择其他事物) (教材原句P38) How do you prefer to communicate with friends every day? 你喜欢如何每天与朋友交流？

[例1] Which do you prefer，fish or meat?

你更喜欢吃什么， 鱼还是肉？

[例2] Of the two cars，I prefer that red one. 两辆小汽车中，我更喜欢那辆红色的。

[翻译] 就个人而言，我更喜欢沿长江旅行，它是中国最长的河，也是中华文明的母亲河之一。

Personally，I prefer the tour along the Yangtze，the longest river and one of the Mother Rivers of Chinese civilizations. [知识拓展] (1)prefer (sb.) to do sth. 更喜欢(某人)做…… prefer (doing) sth.to (doing) sth. 宁愿(做)某事……也不愿(做)某事 prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.＝would rather do sth.than do sth. 宁可……也不…… prefer that...(should) do sth. (2)preference n. 宁愿…… 偏爱；爱好 知识要点3 lose track of 不了解……的情况，不了解……的动态；忘记 (教材原句P38) How would you feel if moving to a new town meant losing track of your friends?

如果搬家到一个新的城镇意味着与你的朋友失去联系，那么你会感觉如何？ [例1] Mary lost track of her friends at camp after summer. 夏天过后，玛丽就和她一起宿营的朋友失去了联系。

[例2] His mind would wander，and he would lose track of what he was doing. 他会走神，忘了自己正在干什么。 [造句] 我们失去联系五年了。

It is five years since we lost track of each other. [知识拓展] (1)keep track of be on track (2)track down 与……保持联系，了解……的动态 稳步前进，走上正轨 追踪找到，追查到 知识要点4 (教材原句P38) Thanks to advances in technology，how we make friends and communicate with them has changed significantly.

由于科技的进步，我们结交朋友与朋友、沟通的方式已经有了明显的改变。 (1)thanks to归功于……，多亏……

[例1] Thanks to the timely help，many lucky people survived the earthquake. 多亏了及时的帮助，很多幸运的人得以在地震中幸存下来。

[例2] Thanks to his strong constitution，Jack was able to pull through his recent serious

illness.

幸亏他体质好，杰克才得以平安度过了最近这场大病。 [造句] 多亏我队友的帮助，我准时完成了这项任务。 Thanks to my teammate's help，I finished the task on time. [知识拓展] 表示“因为；由于”的短语还有：owing to，due to，because of，as a result of，on account of等。 (2)advance n．进步，进展；v.前进；促进；提出；提前 adj.预先的，在前的 [例1] There have been great advances in medicine in the last ten years. 在过去十年里，医学取得了巨大的进步。

[例2] The strikers advanced on/towards us，shouting angrily. 罢工的人愤怒地喊叫着向我们逼近。

[造句] 这是个很受欢迎的演出，所以一定要提前订票。 It is a popular show，so advance booking is essential. [知识拓展] (1)in advance＝ahead of time 提前，预先 in advance of... make an advance in sth. (2)advanced adj. 在……前面；比……进步/超前 在某方面有进步 先进的；高级的 知识要点5 up to 忙于，从事着(尤指坏事)；在捣鬼 (教材原句P38) Social media tools let us see what our friends are up to and maintain friendships.

社交媒体工具让我们了解朋友的最新状态并维系友谊。 [例1] What have you been up to this week? 你这个星期一直忙什么呢？

[例2] The children are very quiet.I wonder what they are up to. 孩子们很安静，我想知道他们在搞什么鬼。

[造句] 我认为父亲想要知道目前我在做什么，所以我决定给他发条短信。

I think my father would like to know what I've been up to so far，so I decide to send him a message. [知识拓展] up to其他用法： (1)达到……程度或数量(相当于 as far as) (2)表示时间，“直到……为止”(相当于 till) (3)(体力或智力上)，能胜任(相当于 fit for) (4)由……决定，取决于(常用于 It is up to sb.to do sth.句型) 知识要点6 tend v．易于做某事，往往会发生某事 (教材原句P39) On social media sites，people tend to post only positive updates that make them appear happy and friendly.

在社交媒体网站上，人们往往只会将正面的最新信息展现出来，让他们看起来很快乐、很友好。

[例1] Opportunities and success tend to be in favour of those who are ready. 机遇和成功往往青睐于那些有准备的人。

[例2] People under stress tend to express their full range of potential. 处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。 [造句] 别人不同意她的看法时，她很容易生气。 She tends to get angry when others disagree with her. [知识拓展] (1)tend to do sth. tend (to) sb./sth. tend towards (2)tendency n. have a tendency to do sth. 趋向做某事 照顾/护理/看护…… 倾向，有助于 趋向；倾向 倾向于做……；喜欢做…… 知识要点7 prove v．证明，证实 (教材原句P40) To prove that making friends was easier in the past. 为了证明过去交友更容易。

[例1] She wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 她想证明她既美丽又有智慧。

[例2] It's a challenging job but I'm sure you'll prove equal to it. 这是一份有挑战性的工作，但是我相信你会胜任的。 [造句] 去首都的旅行被证明是值得的。

It proved worthwhile to make the trip to the capital city. [知识拓展] (1)prove sth.to sb. prove that-clause prove n．/to be (2)proof n. 向某人证明某事 证明…… 结果是；证明是 证据 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 what if倘使……将会怎样

(教材原句P38) What if the only way of getting news from faraway friends was writing letters that took ages to be delivered?

如果只有通过写信和漫长的等待才能得知远方朋友的消息，你会怎样？ 句式分析：what if意为“倘若……将会怎样；即使……又有什么关系” [例1] What if he gets angry? I'm a little worried. 倘若他生气该怎么办？我有点儿担心。

[例2] We've already ordered a table.What if they do not come? 我们已经定好了位子。要是他们不来该怎么办呢？

[造句] 那个提议听起来很诱人，但如果是个会怎么样？ It sounds like a good offer，but what if it's a trick? [知识拓展] (1)How come？用于口语交际中，表示疑惑，意为“为什么会这样呢，怎么搞的？”How come 还可以接从句或v.-ing 形式。 (2)So what？ (3)what for... (4)what about.../how about... 那又怎么样？ 为……目的 ……怎么样(表建议) [翻译] ①既然她在巴黎待了五年，她的法语怎么还会这样糟糕？ If she spent five years in Paris，how come her French is so bad? ②他比你小十五岁呢！

He is fifteen years younger than you! 那又怎么样？ So what? 重点句式2 whatever引导让步状语从句

(教材原句P39) Whatever our hobbies，the Internet can connect us with others who also enjoy doing them，even if they live on the other side of the world.

无论我们爱好什么，互联网总能把我们与喜爱做这些事情的人联系起来，即使那些人生活在世界的另一边。

句式分析：whatever引导让步状语从句，其相当于no matter what，意为“不管什么，无论什么”。

[例1] Whatever you do，you can't go against nature. 无论你做什么，都不能违背自然规律。

[例2] Whatever/No matter what you say，I won't believe you.

无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。

[造句] 无论遇到什么困难，我们都能解决它们。

No matter what/Whatever difficulties we meet，we can work them out. [知识拓展] whatever/whoever/whichever这一类词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句；而however/wherever/whenever一般只引导让步状语从句。 [翻译] ①既然我考试及格了，可以做任何我喜欢的事了。 Now that I have passed my exams，I can do whatever I like. ②无论问题有多难，他都能回答。

He can answer the question however hard it is.

语法精讲

一、定语从句的定义与分类

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的有关系代词、关系副词和介词＋关系代词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为性定语从句及非性定语从句。前者紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省略；后者主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句 [观察例句]

They ignored the details (which/that) might account for the accident. 他们忽略了可能导致事故的细节。

This is the suitcase (that/which) she is looking for. 这是她正在找的手提箱。

The number of the people who/that come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这个城市的人数达到一百万。

Danny was the man who/whom/that we rescued from the ruins. 丹尼是我们从废墟中救出的那个人。

I know the person whose house was totally destroyed in the earthquake. 我认识那个房子在地震中被完全摧毁的人。 It's the house whose door is painted red. 这就是门漆成红色的那个房子。

She is no longer the girl(that) she was ten years ago. 她不是10年前的那个小姑娘了。 I hate the way (that)she always criticizes me.

我讨厌她一贯批评我的方式。 [归纳用法] 关系代词 who whom which that whose 指代 人 人 物 人/物 人/物 在从句中所作的成分 主语、宾语 宾语 主语、宾语 主语、宾语、表语、状语 定语 作主语和定语时不能省略。作宾语、表语和状语时可以省略。 是否省略 三、在性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况 [观察例句]

Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? 能不能给我点儿里面没有糖的东西？

This is the first two-storey bus that runs in our city. 这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。

Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited. 桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。

This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for. 这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。

Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain? 你能告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗？ [归纳用法]

1．当先行词是all，little，few，none，anything，something，everything，nothing等词时。 2．当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 3．当先行词被the only，the very，the same，the right等修饰时。 4．当先行词既有人又有物时。

Unit 5 Into the wild

1.from one place to another从一个地方到另一个地方 2.annual adj. 一年一度的，每年的 annual meeting 年会 annual report 年度报告 .3.eek v．寻找，寻求

4.in search of寻找

5.wonderful adj.令人惊奇的；令人赞叹的 6.insect n．昆虫

7.somehow adv.用某种方法；不知怎么地anyhow adv.无论如何 8.manage v．完成(困难的事)；勉力完成manage to do sth.设法做成某事

9.lead (led，led，leading) v．掌管；领导；率领；过(某种生活)vi.导致；造成lead to...导致……

10.professor n．教授 11.measure v. 量，测量 12.position n．位置 13.allow vt.允许

allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事 allow doing sth.允许做某事 14.determine v．测定，确定 15.eventually adv.终于；最终

16.solution n．答案；谜底；解决；解决方法 a solution to...……的解决方法 17.amazing adj.惊人的，了不起的 18.population n．数量；人口

19.crash v．狂跌，暴跌vi.& vt.(车)碰撞；(飞机)坠毁 20.per cent n．百分比(＝percent) fifty per cent百分之五十 21.destroy v．破坏；毁掉 22.cut down砍倒；减少

23.chemical n．化学品adj.化学的 24.behaviour n．行为；举止 behave v．表现；表现得体 behave oneself表现良好；行为良好 25.awareness n．认识；意识 26.creature n．生物；动物

27.survive vi.活下来；幸存 vt.幸存；幸免于难；艰难渡过

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 variety n．[U]多样化；变化；多变性[C](植物、语言等的)变种；品种 (教材原句P56) As the world's first national park，Yellowstone is famous for the variety of its

wildlife，but it is probably best known for its bears.

作为世界上第一个国家公园，黄石国家公园因园内野生生物的多样性而著名，但最为出名的可能是公园内的熊。

[例1] When preparing meals，we need to think about variety and tastes as well as nutritional value.

准备饭菜时，我们需要考虑(菜品的)多样性、味道以及营养价值。

[例2] The article was about the different varieties of English spoken all over the world. 这篇文章是关于世界各地所说的各类英语。 [翻译] 所供应的菜肴之丰盛让我叹服。 I was impressed by the variety of dishes on offer. [知识拓展] (1)a (wide) variety of/varieties of 各种各样的…… (2)vary vi. vary from...to... vary with... vary in... (3)various adj. 相异；变化，变更 从……到……不等 随……变化而变化 在……方面相异/不同 各种不同的，各种各样的 知识要点2 concentrate vi.& vt.集中(注意力)，聚精会神；使……集中(或集合、聚集) (教材原句P57) While I was concentrating on photographing this amazing scene，I suddenly had a feeling that I was being watched.

我正专注于拍摄这个令人惊叹的场景时，突然感到有人在注视着我。 [例1] Be quite，let me concentrate on my homework. 请安静，让我专心做作业。

[例2] The population of Japan is concentrated in large cities.日本的人口集中在大城市。 [翻译] 他晚上睡不好，白天上课时思想开小差。

He slept badly at night and couldn't concentrate in class at daytime. [知识拓展] (1)concentrate on(doing)sth. concentrate...on (doing)sth. (2)concentration n. concentrated adj. 专心于(做)某事 集中……于(做)某事 集中；专心，专注 全力以赴的；集中的；浓缩的 知识要点3 freeze (froze，frozen) vi.突然停止，呆住；(使)冻结，结冰；(天气)严寒，冰冻；冷冻贮藏，冷藏

(教材原句P57) Slowly，and with the camera still held to my eye，I turned...and froze.

我的眼睛仍然盯着相机，但我慢慢地转过身去，我吓呆了。

[例1] I froze and listened carefully；someone was in my apartment.我突然停下来仔细听：有人在我的公寓里。

[例2] It's so cold that even the river has frozen.天气冷得河都封冻了。 [翻译] 我想把多余的肉冷冻起来。 I think I'll freeze the extra meat. [知识拓展] (1)freezer n． (2)freezing adj. freezing point freezing cold (3)frozen adj. 冰柜，冷冻柜 冰冻的；极冷的 冰点 极冷 冷冻的；结冰的；冻硬的；冻僵 知识要点4 stare vi.& vt.凝视，盯着看 (教材原句P57) With water falling off its thick，brown hair，the bear stared back at me. 水正从它浓密的棕色毛发上滴下来，它盯着我。 [例1] The child stared the stranger up and down. 那个孩子上下打量着这个陌生人。

[例2] I stared at the door and wondered why she didn't appear. 我盯着门口看，想知道她为什么没有出现。

[翻译] 她凝视着这幅画，想知道自己曾在哪里见过它。 She stared at the painting，wondering where she had seen it. [词义辨析] stare at，glance at，glare at stare at glance at glare at 指长时间盯着某个目标看，且常带有粗鲁、茫然或不礼貌的意味。 指匆匆一看、瞥一眼，强调看的时间短暂。 指怒视，强调敌对或威胁的态度。 知识要点5 (教材原句P57) When I recovered from the shock，I looked at my camera. 当我从震惊中恢复过来后，我看了看相机。

(1)recover vi.复原，恢复常态；恢复健康，痊愈；康复vt.恢复(能力、知觉、对情绪的控制、活动能力等)；找回，寻回

[例1] With my special care，my mother recovered quickly.在我的精心照料下，妈妈很快就康复了。

[例2] He lost his new bike，but he recovered it in the school.他丢了他的新自行车，但又在学校找到了。

[翻译] 一旦造成损害，耕地要好多年才能恢复。

Once the damage is done，it will take many years for the farmland to recover. [知识拓展] (1)recover from recover one's sight recover oneself (2)recovery n. [U，C] make a quick/slow recovery make a full recovery 从……中恢复过来 恢复视力 镇定下来 恢复，痊愈 恢复很快/缓慢 完全康复 (2)shock n. [U]震惊，吃惊，惊愕；[C]令人震惊的事vt.使震惊，使惊愕 [例1] Seeing the scene，the little boy was speechless with shock. 看到那个场面，小男孩惊讶得说不出话来。

[例2] The news of his death came as a great shock to everyone. 他去世的消息让所有人都非常震惊。

[翻译] 听说这家电影院就要关闭，我们惊讶不已。 It shocked us to hear that the cinema was closing down. [知识拓展] (1)shocking adj. (2)shocked adj. be shocked at sth. 知识要点6 after all毕竟 (教材原句P57) It is after all we who are the visitors to their world. 毕竟，在它们的世界里，我们才是客人。

[例1] After all，not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts，feelings，and most importantly，equal rights to survive.

毕竟，并非每个人都意识到野生动物也有思想、情感，最重要的是平等生存的权利。 [例2] No matter where you go in life or how old you get，there's always something new to learn about.After all，life is full of surprises.

不管你生活在哪里，你多大，总有新东西要学习，毕竟，生活总是充满惊喜。 [翻译] 没有人能轻易成功，毕竟，“罗马不是一日建成的。” No one can easily succeed.After all，“Rome is not built in one day.” [知识拓展] in all above all 总计，总共 最重要的是；尤其是 令人震惊的，令人气愤的(常用来形 容事物) 吃惊的，震惊的(多用来形容人) 对……感到震惊 at all first of all (否定句)根本；(疑问句)到底；究竟 首先

Sentence Patterns

重点句式 强调句型

(教材原句P57) It is after all we who are the visitors to their world. 毕竟，在它们的世界里，我们才是客人。

句式分析：强调句型的基本结构为“It＋ is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他”。该句型可对句子的主语、宾语、状语等进行强调，但不能强调谓语。使用强调句型时需要注意以下几点：

(1)强调句型中的It本身没有意义，但不能用其他词代替。 (2)被强调部分指人时用that/ who 均可，其他情况一律用that。

(3)被强调部分无论是单数还是复数，It后的be动词均用单数形式，即 is或was。用is还是was要根据原句的时态而定。属于现在或将来时间范畴的时态，用is；属于过去时间范畴的时态，用was。

(4)被强调部分如果是原句的主语，that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与原句的主语保持一致。

[例1] It was John that/who I met in the library this morning.今天上午我在图书馆里遇到的人是约翰。

[例2] lt was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors. 正是当我回到公寓的时候，我第一次遇到我的新邻居。 [造句] 是艾丽斯和她的朋友把那位老人送到了医院。 It was Alice and her friend who sent the old man to the hospital. [知识拓展] (1)强调句型的一般疑问句式 ：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他 (2)强调句型的特殊疑问句式：疑问词＋is/was＋it that＋其他？ (3)not until的强调句式：It is/was not until...＋ that＋其他 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 替代词that的用法

(教材原句P50) One of the most wonderful migrations in nature is that of the North American monarch butterfly.北美黑脉金斑蝶的迁徙是大自然中最为美妙的迁徙之一。

句式分析：本句是简单句，that替代的是One of the most wonderful migrations。

[例1] I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city.

我准备搬到乡下去，因为那儿的空气比城里的要清新得多。(that替代的是不可数名词air) [例2] She preferred the seat here to that near the window.与窗边的那个座位相比，她更喜欢这个座位。(that替代的是可数名词seat)

[造句] 书桌上的书比书桌底下的那本新。 The book on the desk is newer than that under the desk. [词义辨析] that，one，it

只指物，不指人，可代替可数名词或不可数名词，指的是同类事物中另一样东西，that one it 即同类异物，复数用those。 可指人或物，只代替可数名词，是泛指，复数形式为ones。 代指上文提到的名词，指同类事物中的同一物体，复数为they。 [翻译] ①我希望有足够的书，让每一位嘉宾都可以有一本。 I hope there are enough books for each guest to have one. ②研究发现，早起锻炼的人比晚上锻炼的人睡得好。

Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. 重点句式2 the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)，the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)

(教材原句P51) The more we know about this lovely creature，the greater the chance it will survive and keep its place in the natural world for a long time to come.

我们对这种可爱的生物了解得越多，它生存的机会以及在很长一段时间内保持它在自然界中的地位的机会就越大。

句式分析：“the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)，the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)”表示“越……就越……”

(1)该结构表示后者随着前者的变化而变化。

(2)通常情况下，前一个“the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)”相当于条件状语从句，后一个“the＋比较级(＋主语＋谓语)”相当于主句。

(3)在表示将来意义的情况下，前者常用一般现在时，后者用一般将来时。 (4)如果句意明确，该结构常以省略形式出现，即“the＋比较级，the＋比较级” [例1] The more money you make，the more you spend. 你挣得越多，花得越多。

[例2] The more you give，the happier you'll be. 你给予的越多，你就会越高兴。 [造句] 多多益善。 The more，the better. [知识拓展] (1)比较级＋and＋比较级 越来越……(表示自身程度的改变) (2)the＋比较级＋of the two＋可数名词复数，表示“两者中比较……的那一个”。 [翻译] ①随着冬天的到来，天气变得越来越冷。 With winter coming，the weather is getting colder and colder. ②鲍勃是两个男孩中较高的那个。 Bob is the taller of the two boys.

语法精讲

一、关系副词引导的定语从句 1．when引导的定语从句 [观察例句]

I can not forget the day when I first saw you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。

I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane. 我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。

We will never forget the year when the 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing. 我们将永远不会忘记第29届奥运会在北京举办的那一年。 [归纳用法]

when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语。先行词通常是time，day，week，year 等。 2．where引导的定语从句 [观察例句]

This is the house where they lived a week ago. 这是一个星期前他们住过的房子。

Finally，we got to a factory，where many mobile phones of high quality were produced. 最后，我们来到一家工厂，在那里许多高质量的手机被生产出来。 [归纳用法]

where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语。先行词通常是place，street，house，city，country 以及一些抽象意义的名词，如 point，case，position，condition，situation等。

3．why引导的定语从句 [观察例句]

The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies. 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。

Can you explain the reason why you don't help him? 你能解释一下你不帮助他的理由吗？

[归纳用法]

why指原因或理由，在从句中作地点状语。先行词是reason。 [名师点津]

(1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于“介词＋which”结构： ①when＝on (in，at，during ...) which ②where＝in (at，on ...) which ③why＝for which

二、关系代词与关系副词的选用 [观察例句]

I still remember the day which/that we spent together in the city. 我仍然记得我们在那座城市一起度过的那一天。 Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？

I don't know the reason why he didn't turn to his good friend for help yesterday. 我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。 I won't listen to the reason that/which you have given us. 我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。 [归纳用法]

当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时，如果定语从句缺少主语或宾语，应用关系代词which或that；缺少状语时，才能用关系副词when 、where或why。

unit 6 At one with nature

1.imagine v．想象；设想 imagination n．想象力；想象

imaginary adj. 想象中的；幻想的；虚构的

2.sheet n．一大片(覆盖物)；床单，被单；一张通常指标准尺寸的(纸) 3.frost n．霜；严寒天气；霜冻 4.dynasty n．朝代 Yuan Dynasty 元朝 Tang Dynasty唐朝

5.completion n．完成，结束 complete adj.完全的；彻底的

completely adv.完全地，全部地；彻底地

6.go to so much trouble to do sth./of doing sth.费尽周折做某事；不辞辛苦做某事 7.region n. 地区；区域 8.therefore adv.因此，由此 9.steep adj.陡的，陡峭的 10.soil n．土壤

11.shallow adj.浅的；肤浅的，浅薄的 12.catch v．熟词生义：接(落下的液体) 13.prevent v．阻挡，防止

14.significant adj.重要的；影响深远的 15.in harmony with与……协调一致/和谐 harmony n. 融洽，和谐

harmonious adj. (关系)友好和睦的，和谐的；协调的 16.design v. 设计；制订 n．设计；布局；安排 17.waterway n．水路；航道

18.⑱heat v．加热；(使)变热；(使)变暖 n．热；温度；炎热天气 19.vapour n. 蒸汽

20.feed on(动物)以……为食 21.harm v．伤害，损害 n．[U]伤害，损害

22.crop n．庄稼，作物。此时常用复数形式。 23.tradition n．传统；传统的信仰(或风俗) traditional adj.传统的；习俗的；惯例的 24.generation n．一代人 25.agriculture n. 农业

agricultural adj.(与)农业(有关)的 26.maintain v．维持，保持；维修；保养 27.attract v．吸引；引起……的兴趣 28.admire v．欣赏，观赏；钦佩；仰慕

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 replace vt.代替，取代；替换，接替；把……放回原处

(教材原句P65) In sentence (a)，can we replace “in which” with “where” without changing the meaning?

在句子(a)中，我们能否用where替换 in which而不改变其意思？

[例1] Can anything replace a mother's love and care？有什么东西能代替母亲的爱和关怀吗？

[例2] He replaced the book on the shelf.他把那本书放回了架子上。 [翻译] 另一种反对电视的观点是，它取代了阅读成为一种新的娱乐方式。

Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a new form of entertainment.

[知识拓展] (1)replace A (with/by B) (2)replacement n. (3)“代替”的其他表达法： instead of代替 in place of顶替，代替 take sb.'s/sth.'s place＝ take the place of sb./sth. 代替，替换某人/某物 (用B)替换/接替/取代A 更换，替换 知识要点2 narrow adj.狭窄的，窄小的；狭隘的；勉强的，刚刚好的vt.& vi.使窄小，变窄，缩小

(教材原句P66) Tourists can stand on a narrow glass platform called the Skywalk to see the Grand Canyon.

游客可以站在一个名为“空中走廊”的窄窄的玻璃平台上观看科罗拉多大峡谷。 [例1] The road is too narrow for cars to pass. 道路太窄了，汽车无法通过。

[例2] New tax laws will narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. 新税法将会缩小差距。

[翻译] 一些狭窄的街道被拓宽了，所以交通堵塞减少了。

Some narrow streets have been broadened，so there are fewer traffic jams. [知识拓展] (1)a narrow escape a narrow victory (2)narrowly adv. 死里逃生 险胜 勉强地，以毫厘之差；狭隘地 知识要点3 desert n．沙漠，荒漠vt.抛弃；遗弃vt.& vi.擅离(岗位等) (教材原句P66) We are also going to ride camels，“the ship of the desert”． 我们也会骑号称“沙漠之舟”的骆驼。

[例1] The Sahara Desert is a natural barrier between North and Central Africa. 撒哈拉沙漠是北非与中非之间的天然屏障。

[例2] True friends don't desert each other when one is facing trouble. 当其中一人面临困难时，真正的朋友是不会抛弃对方的。 [翻译] 这幢无人居住的房子笼罩在深深的寂静中。

There was the heavy hanging silence of a house that has been deserted. [知识拓展] (1)deserted adj. (2)(形近词)dessert n. 无人居住的；被遗弃的 [C，U](饭后)甜点 知识要点4 expert adj.熟练的，行家的，专家的，经验(或知识)丰富的n.专家，行家 (教材原句P68) Expert gardeners know just the right corner for roses，and others spend hours trying to grow perfect vegetables to enter into competitions.

专业的园丁知道种植玫瑰花的恰当地方，其他人则花上好几个小时试图种植出完美的蔬菜来参与比赛。

[例1] She is expert in figure skating.她擅长花样滑冰。

[例2] He is a well-known expert in finance.他是一位知名的金融专家。 [翻译] 他善于烹制好吃的饭菜。 He is expert at cooking good meals. [知识拓展] (1)be expert at/in/on( doing) sth. 是某方面的专家 (2)be an expert at/in/on (doing) sth. 是某方面的专家 知识要点5 reflect on/upon沉思，思考 (教材原句P70) And if you're in any doubt about this，take a moment to reflect on this line from The Secret Garden：“Where you tend a rose...A thistle cannot grow.”

如果你对此有任何怀疑的话，静下来想一想摘自《秘密花园》中的这一句：“在人们精心呵护玫瑰的地方……不长杂草”。

[例1] The old man reflected on the changes that had taken place since his youth. 老人回想起自己的青年时期以来所发生的种种变化。

[例2] The teacher allowed us several minutes to reflect on the inside meaning of the passage.

老师给了我几分钟的时间，让我们思考这篇文章的内在含义。 [翻译] 我好好地反省了自己，努力寻找自身的不足。

I reflect on/upon my own good，trying to find my own shortcomings. [知识拓展] (1)reflect v． reflect...in (2)reflection n. 知识要点6 limited adj.有限的 反射；思考 在……中反映出/映照出…… 反射；反映；思考 (教材原句P70) But in cities，limited space has led to people looking for new solutions. 但是在城市里，有限的空间使得人们寻找新的解决方法。

[例1] But our money was limited，and none of the house prices seemed satisfactory. 但是我们的资金有限，似乎没有一套房价令人满意。 [例2] We must make good use of our limited time and money. 我们必须好好利用我们有限的时间和金钱。 [翻译] 我经营饭店的知识有限。

My knowledge of running a restaurant is limited. [知识拓展] (1)be limited to (2)limit vt. limit...to... beyond/over the limit set a limit to to the limit 限定在……；受于…… ，限定 n．；界限；(常作复数)范围 把……限定在……范围内 超过限度 ，控制，设定……的限度 到了最大限度 知识要点7 benefit n．益处，优势vt.使受益vi.得益于，得利于 (教材原句P70) What are the benefits of gardening？园艺的好处是什么？

[例1] One of the many benefits of foreign study is learning how to deal with the unexpected. 出国留学的诸多好处之一就是学会如何应对意外事件。

[例2] These facilities have benefited the whole town.这些设施使全城镇受益。 [翻译] 好的意见值得坚持，因为对我们大家都有益。 Good opinions are worth sticking to because they can benefit us all. [知识拓展] (1)for the benefit of sb.(＝ for sb.'s benefit) 为了某人的利益，为帮助某人 be of (great) benefit to to sb.'s benefit (2)sb.benefit by/from sth. (3)beneficial adj. be beneficial to... 对……(很)有益 对某人有利 某人得益于某物 有利的，有用的 对……有益 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 “否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义

(教材原句P68) And while many Brits like nothing better than spending their Sunday cutting the grass，some are happy just to sit under the branches of the trees and enjoy the beauty of the world around them.虽然许多英国人最喜欢在星期天修剪草坪，但也有一些人只是喜欢坐在树下欣赏他们周围世界的美景。

句式分析：while在此表示“而，然而”，作并列连词。nothing better than...the grass属于“否定词＋比较级”结构。nothing，none，nobody或“no other＋可数名词单数”与比较级连用时，表示最高级含义。

[例1] Nothing is more precious than time.没有什么东西比时间更宝贵。 [例2] Nobody is more careful than him！没有人比他更细心！ [造句] 没有什么比躺在海滩上更令人愉快。 Nothing is more pleasant than lying on the beach. [知识拓展] 主语＋表示否定意义的谓语含not或never＋比较级 没有比……更…… [翻译] ①你觉得昨晚的电影怎么样？ What do you think of the film last night? 没有比它更糟糕的了。 It couldn't be worse. ②这是我读过的最有趣的小说。 I have never read a more interesting novel.

Words And Phrases

知识要点1 prevent vt.防止；阻止

(教材原句P63) The flat terraces catch the rainwater and prevent the soil from being washed away.

平坦的梯田可以收集雨水，防止土壤被冲走。

[例1] The accident could have been prevented.这次事故本来是可以防止的。 [例2] Bad weather prevented me from starting. 恶劣的天气使我不能动身。

[翻译] 昨天晚上是什么事使你不能和我们在一起？ What prevented you (from) joining us last night? [知识拓展] (1)prevent...(from)doing sth. 阻止……做某事 (2)与“prevent...(from)doing sth.”意义相近的短语还有：stop...(from) doing sth.keep...from doing sth. (3)以上短语用于主动语态时，“prevent...from doing sth.”与“stop...from doing sth.”中的from可省略，而“keep...from doing sth.”中的from不能省略。“keep...doing”意为“让……一直做某事”。所以用于被动语态时，这三个短语中的from都不能省略。 知识要点2 in harmony with与……和谐相处 (教材原句P63) But perhaps what is most significant is the way in which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.

但也许最有意义的是人们用与自然和谐相处的方式建造了这些梯田来种植水稻。 [例1] We are aware that we should live in harmony with nature. 我们意识到我们应该和自然和谐相处。

[例2] In this peaceful land，people live in perfect harmony with nature，far away from the noise and worry of the outside world.

在这片宁静的土地上，人们和大自然和谐相处，远离外界的喧闹和烦恼。 [翻译] 这两个企业必须和衷共济。

Here are two industries that must be in harmony with one another. [知识拓展] (1)sense of harmony out of harmony with (2)harmonious adj. 和谐感 与……不和谐 和谐的 知识要点3 design vt.设计，构思；计划；意欲n.设计；设计方案；装饰图案；打算 (教材原句P63) The terraces are cleverly designed，with hundreds of waterways that connect with each other.梯田设计巧妙，数百条水道相互连接。

[例1] Our school invited two engineers to design a language lab for us. 我们学校邀请了两位工程师为我们设计了一个语言实验室。 [例2] A project about protecting the natural resources is being designed. 正在设计一个保护自然资源的项目。

[翻译] 这两个城市之间的一条新公路正在设计中。

A new highway between the two cities is being designed at present. [知识拓展] (1)designs sth.for sb./sth. be designed for... be designed to do... (2)by design (3)designer n. 为某人/某物设计某物 为……而设计 意欲做……，目的是…… 故意地 设计者；构思者 知识要点4 harm vt.& n．[U]伤害，损害

(教材原句P63) These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish，some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.

这些梯田也为鸟类和鱼类提供了一个完美的环境，它们中的一些以损害水稻的昆虫为食。 [例1] Smoking a lot of cigarettes can harm one's health and even may kill people over a long period of time.

长期大量吸烟会危害身体健康，甚至可能导致死亡。

[例2] What he did did harm to his image.他的所作所为的确损害了他的形象。 [翻译] 他说几种因素凑在一起，伤害了他们的友谊。 He said that several factors had combined to harm their friendship. [知识拓展] (1)do sb./sth.harm＝do harm to sb./sth. There is no harm in doing sth (2)harmful adj. be harmful to sb./sth. (3)harmless adj. 做某事无害 有害的 对某人/某物有害 无害的 Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 无生命名词＋see＋宾语(＋宾语补足语)

(教材原句P62) Summer sees the mountains turn bright green with growing rice. 盛夏，佳禾吐绿，将群山染成一片青翠

句式分析：句中无生命的名词summer作主语，see在此处意为“见证；目睹”是一种拟人的用法。

[例1] Dusk saw the little boy wandering in the street.黄昏时，这个小男孩在街上闲逛。 [例2] The city has seen many changes. 这座城市经历了很多变化。

[造句] 这棵古树见证了人们生活水平的提高。

The old tree has seen the improvement of people's living standard. [知识拓展] 无生命名词作主语see，find，witness等词前用表示时间、地点或其他无生命的名词作主语，用来增添语言色彩，意为“在某段时期或某地发生某情况，经历或经受了某事”。 [翻译] ①20世纪60 年代，钱钟书的著作《围城》第一次有了英译本。 The 1960s witnessed the first translation into English of the famous work Fortress Besieged written by Qian Zhongshu.

②黄昏时，一个小女孩在街上哭。

The dusk found a little girl crying in the street. 重点句式2 what引导主语从句

(教材原句P63) But perhaps what is most significant is the way in which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.

但也许最重要的是人们用与自然和谐相处的方式创造了这些梯田来种植水稻。 句式分析：句中what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。 [例1] What was most important to her，she told me，was her family. 她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家人。

[例2] What made people excited was that the solar ship had completed around-the-world trip.

让人们激动的是太阳能船已完成了环游世界的旅行。 [造句] 他说的话已被录音。 What he said has been recorded. [知识拓展] 从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数，但what引导的主语从句意义上表示复数或what从句有两个以上动词，是表示复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词也用复数。 [翻译] ①我说什么想什么都与你无关。 What I say and think are none of your business. ②这所学校最需要的是书。 What the school needs most are books. 语法精讲 定语从句(Ⅲ)

一、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 [观察例句]

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？

In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。 [归纳用法]

在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只可用whom或which，不可用that。 二、关系代词前介词的选用 [观察例句]

This is the house in which the inventor lived. 这就是那位发明家住过的房子。 He is a person of whom everyone has heard.

他是一个大家都听说过的人。

He has a book in his hand the cover of which is missing. 他手拿一本缺了封面的书。

There are sixty students in our class，twenty of whom are girls. 我们班有六十名学生，其中二十名是女生。

The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80% of which are sold abroad. 这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋子，其中的80%销往国外。 There are two rooms，the smaller of which is my study room. 有两个房间，较小的那个是我的书房。 [归纳用法]

介词的选择可以总结为：“一先、二动、三意义、四特殊”。

1．一先，即先看先行词，从先行词入手。介词往往和先行词构成固定搭配。(比如先行词表示时间，常和on，in，by搭配；表示地点，常与on，in，at搭配；表示原因，与for搭配；表示方式，常与in，by，with搭配)

2．二动，即看从句中的谓语动词。根据从句中谓语动词与介词的固定搭配选择合适的介词。

3．三意义：通过判断主句表达的全部意义来确定合适的介词。 4．四特殊：介词of 常用于表示部分与整体的关系或所属关系。

表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词neither，either，some，any等数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词＋名词；the＋最高级/比较级，以及表示数目或数量的词语many，most，few，several，enough，half，a quarter。

[名师点津]

像listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of等固定动词短语，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开，关系代词除用whom或which外，也可以用who或that。

This is the person whom/who/that you are looking for. 这就是你在找的那个人。