Questions on appreciation:
1. Speeches are generally highly rhetorical. Point out some of the different rhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his inaugural address as forceful and impressive as possible.
2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed the different groups of nations and people.
3. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words.
4. Is his tone and message suited to the different groups he ad-dresses? Give your reasons.
5. This inaugural address is regarded by many in the United States as a classical speech, and many passages are often , quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? Give reasons for your choice.
6. Is Kennedy's argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions?
III. Paraphrase：
1. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still
at issue around the globe (para 2)
2．This much we pledge --- and more. (para 5)
3．United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para 5)
4．…our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace (para 10)
5．…to enlarge the area In which its writ may run (para 10)
6．…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity In planned or accidental self-destruction (para 11)
7．…yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war (para 13)
8． So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness (para 14)
9． Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. (para 17)
10. …each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty (para 21 )
11. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love (para 27)
V. Translate paras 23-26 into Chinese.
IV. Practice with Words and Expressions (P.56-58)
A. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the itali-cized words:
1. …the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago
(para 1)
2. for man holds in his mortal hands the power (para 2)
3. …disciplined by a hard and bitter peace (para 3)
4. …to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights (para 3)
5. …we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder (para 6)
6. …to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny ( para 7 )
7. struggling to break the bonds of mass misery (para 8)
8. …to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective…(para 10)
9. …to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (para10)
10. …that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)
11. …tap the ocean depths… (para 17)
14. …not as a call to bear arms... but a call to bear the burden ' of a long twilight struggle…
(para 22)
B. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:
1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal
2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resolute
C. The following sentences all contain metaphors. Explain their meaning in plain, non-figurative language:
1. … those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (para 7)
2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile
powers. (para 9)
3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (para 9)
4. we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak…(para 10)
5. And if ca beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion…(para 19)
6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. (para 24)
V. Translation (refer to the translation of the text)
1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has made great progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him．
2．According to Kennedy，the belief still at issue around the globe is the belief that all man are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights
which no state or ruler can take away from them．
3．Kennedy considers as friends：
a)the old allies of the U．S．， such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries； b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．
4． Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also include France．
5．Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa． In 1 960 alone， just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech， the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Central Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Dahomey，The People’s Republic of the Congo，The Jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc．
6．The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．)
7．The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the
phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the chains of poverty．
8．Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary” is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary． From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．
9．He calls on his fellow Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do． He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary， to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The “long twilight struggle” is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．
10．There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed office at a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises． At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy． So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．
Ⅲ．
1． The rhetorical devices/ figures of speech employed included：parallel and balanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses．
2． Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and appropriate．
3．In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence \"To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge\is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay减轻；使平静 the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north. And in the sentence \"Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request\\"would make themselves our adversary\" is again cleverly chosen to throw the blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party, It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.
4. Kennedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and
advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.
5. Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be \"we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty\as this is not only a carefully thought out, well-balanced sentence easy to remember and elegantly pleasant to read aloud, but also a sentence that best expresses the proud feelings of the Americans as the self-appointed leader of the \"free democracies \". Kennedy's call for Americans to \"ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country\" is also very often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit进取精神；创业精神of the Americans of which Kennedy is a best example.
6. Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on emotional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.
III. (P.56 )
1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.
2. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.
3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.
4. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.
5. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate授权；命令，指令 would continue to be in effect or in force.
6. before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place
7. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.
8. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.
• 9. Let both sides try to call forth唤起；使起作用 the wonderful things that
science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.
• 10. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their
loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).
• 11. Let history finally judge whether we have done our task well or not, but
our sure reward will be a good conscience for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.
• IV. (P.56)
A.
1.prescribe: set down or impose
2.mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die)
3.disciplined: received training that developed self-control and character
4.undoing : abolishing
5. at odds: in disagreement ; quarreling
6. iron: cruel; merciless
7. bonds: chains; fetters束缚；枷锁
8. invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insults, curses, etc.
9. run：continue in effect or force
10．stays：restrains
11．tap：draw upon or make use of
12．bear：take on；sustain
B．
1．fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物 (不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。如an illness which might not be serious for a young person．but which will almost certainly prove fatal to the old lady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重，但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。deadly在表示“必然致命”这一点上与fatal完全相同，可互换使用。但deadly还有一种为fatal所没有的用法，它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如：The murdered man had many deadly enemies．(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。mortal像deadly一样，可以指能置人于死的人或物。如：Because of an ancient family feud不和；争执，the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth．用于指物时， mortal之不同于fatal及deadly之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如：He was struck down by a mortal blow upon the head．(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。lethal 致命的，致死的指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡，而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如：Cyanide is a lethal poison．(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。) 除lethal之外，以上各词均可用来形容某种造成恐慌或极度不安，会带来灾祸但不一定造成生命伤亡的事物。如：a fatal mistake(十分严重的错误)；a deadly insult(难以容忍的侮辱)；in mortal terror(极端的恐怖之中)。
2．faithful指出于对个人荣誉、友谊或爱情等的珍惜而体现出的信义和忠诚，如a faithful wife(忠实的妻子)。loyal则指因受道德良心或正义感、责任感的驱使而对某人、某项事业或某个组织表现出坚定不移的耿耿忠心，如a loyal friend(忠实可靠的朋友)。constant一般指爱情或事业上的用心专一，不见异思迁，朝秦暮楚，如a constant lover(用情专一的情人)。staunch(或stanch坚定的；忠诚的；坚固的)指为维护某种原则或信念而表现出毫不动摇的意志和决心，如a staunch defender of the truth(真理的坚决捍卫者)。resolute也表示坚定不动摇的决心，不过多指在小事上或为私人目的而表现出的决心，如：She was resolute in her decision to stay．(她决定留下，很难改变。
C.
1. But we shall not always expect to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by calling in strong, greedy countries ended up by losing their independence to these countries.
2. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which will bring hope of progress to all our countries.
3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere will not tolerate any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere.
4. We renew our pledge: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its power so that it can protect the newly independent and weak nations.
5. And if a little bit of co-operation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides .
6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will inspire not only the United States and her people but also the whole world.
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