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起重机

CRANE

A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a winder (also called wire rope drum), wire ropes or chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight; in the construction industry for the movement of materials; and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

The invention of crane has greatly increased people’s work efficiency.People can use crane to handle with huge articles,which used to be taken a long time to do, especially in a small area.The bridge type hoist crane is required to handle with huge accessory or huge device.

The bridge type hoist crane car consists of protmoted organization，the car frame，the car movement organization，hoisting mechanisms and so on. Its operation structure is composed of reducer，the driving wheel group，the driven wheel group，the transmission shaft and some connect fitting. The core of this structure is the design of the reducer.

The crane is wildly used in industrial and mining enterprises, port ,station warehouse,building site,sea development, space navigation and so on.,it is certain that the crane do a efficient job in the aspects of the land.the sea,the sky,the civil use, and the military use.

With development,the crane and transport machines have become the base of the reasonable parts in mass product and mechanical line procdcut areas and now it is one of the important symbols of modern manufacture.The crane will play an important part in development of the four modernizations and promot on mechanical level,produce effieincy in every industry departments.

A significant word for the decade as far as the crane industry was concerned, was railways, as cranes for this industry were still very important. On 7 September 1949, for example, the Deutsche Bundesbahn (Federal German Railway) was founded. It

needed high-capacity lifting。devices that could be taken to the job site as part of a train. Four steam-driven cranes, each of which could lift 57 tonnes, were ordered from Ardelt. In 1950 followed a special type of crane with a boom designed for working below overhead wires. The cranes featured a counterweight attachment system which was connected to the lifting gean This innovative design did not prove successful, but was replaced in 1955/56 by a similar hydraulic mechanism. Also in Germany, MAN had been actively building not just harbour, dockyard and travelling cranes, but also diesel-powered slewing cranes with pneumatic steering. These had been built since 1946 (picture 204), were driven by a 70 kilowatt six cylinder truck engine and could lift 6 tonnes at 7 metres radius and weighed 48 tonnes. A small concession to safety was also introduced as the company brochure tells us: \"A load moment safety device, built in to the boom mechanism and thus linked to the lifting mechanism, cuts in if the permitted load moment is exceeded\". The brochure writer realised the significance of the fact that the device acted when the load was exceeded and not \"... as was the case ten years ago, at the point when the superstructurehas already tipped over!\" These load moment safety devices, although a small part of the overall crane, were very important in the development of cranes. This graduation design bridge type installs the unloading device is one kind in the realm of production may the widespread application material transporting machinery. After more than four months endeavors, finally in instructed teacher under the devotedly instruction to complete this graduation project. Feeder loading bridge is to improve from a crane, so the overall table with reference to the principle of a crane to carry out the design This time designs me mainly to aim at this machinery the king post and the car actuates the system to carry on the design. The king post already was the mature technical project, carries on the different choice according to the different situation, according to the design criterion which has has carried on the design. And then to check on the main beam. The car actuated the system after to refer to the traditional plan, has carried on the new old plan contrast analysis. Finally, actuated the system to the car to carry on the innovation. Design criteria based on the existing drive system on the car all the design components, and then drive to the

car system to carry out the various parts of the check.Caused its transmission efficiency and the security all had the enhancement, moreover the manufacture difficulty and the traditional plan difference was not big, has realized the economical and the benefit double abundant harvest.

Bridge crane is horizontal plane in workshop, warehouse and yard over rigger materials of lifting equipment. Because of its ends located in tall cement posts or metal stents, shape like bridge. Bridge crane along the bridge on both sides laying in elevated the orbit of longitudinal operation, can make full use of the space below girder hoisting materials, does not suffer ground equipment obstacles. It is to use the widest range, the largest number of a kind of hoisting machinery.

Bridge crane is the modern industrial production and lifting transportation in realizing realize mechanization, automation production process to important tools and equipment. So bridge crane in interior industrial and mining enterprises, steel chemical industry, railway transportation, ports and logistics departments and establishments are widely used.

Bridge crane can be divided into ordinary bridge crane, simple girder crane and metallurgical special bridge crane 3 kinds. Ordinary bridge crane is general by lifting trolley and bridge operation organization, bridge metal structure group into. Lifting car again by lifting mechanism, trolley mechanism and the car frame of three parts. Lifting mechanism including motor, brakes, reducer, drum and pulleys. Driving speed reducer, electromotor through reel rotation of wire rope around the drum drum down, or from lifting weights with. Car frame is a torre and installation of hoisting mechanism and the car mechanism, etc. Parts of the frame, usually for welding structure. Crane operation organization drive mode can be divided into two kinds: one kind is concentrated drive, which is a motor driving long shaft drive on both sides of the active wheels, Another kind is respectively driven, namely on both sides of the active wheel each with a motor drives. Medium and small bridge crane is increasingly used brakes, reducer and electric generator synthetic one of three-in-one drive mode, a big weight of ordinary bridge crane for ease of installation and adjustment, device drivers often adopt universal shaft coupling.

Crane operation organization generally in four active and driven wheels, if lifting weight is very big, commonly used to increase the wheel to reduce the pulley. When more than four wheels when, must use hinged equilibrium frame device to make the crane load evenly distributed in each wheel. Bridge of metal structure composed by main girder and girders, divided into the single girder frame and main double girder frame two kinds. Single main girder bridge girder and frame is located in single span on both sides of the girders composition, double girder frame girder by two root and girders composition. Girder and girders rigid connection, girders, supporting both ends with wheels in elevated bridge to run on. The main welding have orbit, for lifting car running. Bridge girder structure type more comparatively typical have box structure, four truss structure and open-web truss structure. Box structure can divide again on track box shuang liang, slant rail box shuang liang, slant rail box single girder to wait for a few kinds. Track box shuang liang is widespread adoption of a basic form the girder, consists of flange plate and bilateral vertical webs composition, car rail decorate in the center of the flange plate online, its simple structure, easy fabrication, suitable for mass production, but self-respect greatly. Partial rail box double beam and partial rail box single main section is by the upper and lower flange plate and the different thickness of the Lord vice webs composition, car rail decorate in the main webs, short circuits inside above stiffening plate can save, including partial rail box girder is composed of a single root box girder wide flange instead of two root girder, respect smaller, but manufacturing complex. Four truss structure featured by four plane truss by combined into closing in on the spatial structure, the level of general shop to have walked surface truss bedplate, light dead weight, stiffness big, but compared with other structure size, shape, manufacturing is relatively complex, fatigue strength low, has less production. Open-web truss structure similar to slant box girder by rail, four plates form a closed structure, in addition to the main webs for real abdomen i-section beam outside, the rest 3-piece plate according to the design demand cutting into many window, forming a without rods of open-web truss, in the upper and lower horizontal truss surface covered go bedplate, crane operation organization and electrical equipment

installed in bridge internal, self-respect lighter, whole stiffness big in China is that more widespread adoption of a type. Ordinary bridge crane mainly adopts electric drive, it is to be in commonly driver indoor manipulation, also have long-distance bridge crane control. Lifting weight can reach 500 tons, span of 60 meters. payments and plate steel composed of simple beam, with the hand type hoists or electric hoist match on simple car as lifting car, the car is in commonly strander beam under operation on the flange. Bridge along on a high orbits, also can along the suspensory on elevated the following orbits, this kind of crane beam cranes called suspension. Metallurgy special bridge crane in steel production process can participate in particular process operation, its basic structure and ordinary bridge crane is similar, but in lifting cars also has a special working organs or device. This kind of crane characteristics of the work is used frequently, conditions and job level is higher. Basically has five types.

Bridge crane safety check to ensure the safe operation of the bridge cranes, in crane operation period to some general safety inspections and inspection items and points as follows: (1) the hoisting height peneumatied device, travel limit switches and all the interlock device performance is bridge crane often, safe and reliable. (2) the main parts meet safety requirements: less than the original size increase openings less than 10%, 15% torsional deformation, Board hook bushing wear less than the original size, 50% of the board hook mandrels wear less than 5%, no spalling, burr, weld repairs. Hook rack and pulley without obvious flaw. Wire rope surface wire wear and corrosion is less than 40% of wire diameter, broken wires in a twined within less than the total silk from the number of 10%, no bufo, without obvious attenuate, without mandrel department of emergence, blind Angle twisting, extrusion, annealing, burning phenomenon. At the end of the wire rope connection and fixed clip next, clips, -200 block connect intact, without loosing, linking piece not less than 2, clip next amount not less than 3. S no crack, links, fixed without shake, A hollow wear less than 20% of the original wall thickness, Safety coil not less than 2 laps, drum and wire rope diameter ratio meets the requirement. Balance wheel fixed intact, the wire rope should comply with the requirements. Brake flawless, without

loose, no serious wear and brake clearance sides equal size, have enough braking force, brake with less than 50% of the original thickness wear. Through the bridge crane safety routine inspection, to prevent accidents and reduce equipment accidents and improve equipment availability, reducing maintenance cost etc are plays a remarkable role.

翻译：

起重机是一个装备了钢丝绳鼓，用钢丝或铁链与滑轮来升降和平移材料的，用来举重物的机器。起重机的优点在于它是由一个或更多的简单机械组成的，因而具有在远超与人力的移动装载能力。起重机在运输工业常常作为装货和卸载货物的工具; 在建筑业作为运输材料的工具; 并且在制造工业用来聚集重物的设备。

起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。在工厂的厂房内搬运大型零件或重型装置桥式起重机是不可获缺的。

起重机械广泛应用于工矿企业、港口码头、车站仓库、建筑工地、海洋开发、宇宙航行等各个工业部门，可以说陆地、海洋、空中、民用、军用各个方面都有起重机械在进行着有效的工作。

起重机械与运输机械发展到现在，已经成为合理组织成批大量生产和机械化流水作业的基础，是现代化生产的重要标志之一。在我国四个现代化的发展和各个工业部门机械化水平、劳动生产率的提高中，起重机必将发挥更大的作用。

就起重机工业而言，二十世纪四十年代的一个重要词汇是“铁路”，因为起重机对于铁路行业来说仍然十分重要。例如，在1949年9月7日，Deutsche Bundesbahn（联邦德国铁路公司）成立。公司需要大载重量起重设备，将火车的一部分吊到工地现场。他们从Ardelt订购了四台起重量各57吨的蒸汽驱动起重机。1950年，出现了一种特殊的带有悬臂设计的起重机，用于在高架电线下工作。这种起重机带有一个连接到起重装置上的配重附着系统。这种创新设计被证明并不成功，但它于1955/56年被一种类似的液压机制所取代。也是在德国，MAN公司一直以来不仅积极制造港用、造船厂用和自走式起重机，还制造柴油动力驱动的带有汽动转向的旋臂式起重机。这种起重机自1946年起就开始制造，它由70千瓦六缸卡车引擎驱动，起重量6吨，起重半径7米，自重48吨。公司还为了安全性作了一些小妥协而推出了一种装置，其宣传册上写着：\"这种载荷矩安全装置内置于悬臂机制内，从而与起重机制相连，在载荷矩超过允许值时断开\"。宣传册的作者认识到设备在负载超过极限时需要有所动作的重要性，而非如“十

年前那样，上层构造已经到了翻倒的临界点!\"。尽管这种载荷矩安全装置只是整台起重机的一小部分，但在起重机的发展过程中起着非常重要的作用。

本次毕业设计桥式装卸料机就是一种在生产领域可以广泛应用的物料搬运机械。经过四个多月的努力，终于在指导老师悉心指导下完成了本次毕业设计。桥式装卸料机是由起重机改进而来的，因此总体上来是参照起重机的原理来进行设计。本次设计我主要针对该机械的主梁和小车驱动系统进行设计。主梁已经是个成熟的技术项目了，根据不同情况进行不同的选择，按已有的设计准则进行设计。然后对主梁进行校核。小车驱动系统在参考了传统的方案后，进行了新旧方案的对比分析。对小车驱动系统进行了革新。依据已有的设计准则对小车驱动系统的各个零部件进行设计，然后对小车驱动系统的各个零部件进行了校核。使它的传动效率和安全性都有了提高，而且制造难度和传统方案差别不大，实现了经济和效益的双丰收。

桥式起重机是横架于车间、仓库和料场上空进行物料吊运的起重设备。由于它的两端坐落在高大的水泥柱或者金属支架上，形状似桥。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。它是使用范围最广、数量最多的一种起重机械。

桥式起重机是现代工业生产和起重运输中实现实现生产过程机械化、自动化得重要工具和设备。所以桥式起重机在室内外工矿企业、钢铁化工、铁路交通、港口码头以及物流周转等部门和场所均得到广泛的运用。

桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易梁桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器，带动卷筒转动，使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下，以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架，通常为焊接结构。起重机运行机构的驱动方式可分为两大类：一类为集中驱动，即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮；另一类为分别驱动、即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。中、小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一”驱动方式，大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整，驱动装置常采用万向联轴器。起重机运行

机构一般只用四个主动和从动车轮，如果起重量很大，常用增加车轮的办法来降低轮压。当车轮超过四个时，必须采用铰接均衡车架装置，使起重机的载荷均匀地分布在各车轮上。桥架的金属结构由主梁和端梁组成，分为单主梁桥架和双梁桥架两类。单主梁桥架由单根主梁和位于跨度两边的端梁组成，双梁桥架由两根主梁和端梁组成。主梁与端梁刚性连接，端梁两端装有车轮，用以支承桥架在高架上运行。主梁上焊有轨道，供起重小车运行。桥架主梁的结构类型较多比较典型的有箱形结构、四桁架结构和空腹桁架结构。箱形结构又可分为正轨箱形双梁、偏轨箱形双梁、偏轨箱形单主梁等几种。正轨箱形双梁是广泛采用的一种基本形式，主梁由上、下翼缘板和两侧的垂直腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在上翼缘板的中心线上，它的结构简单，制造方便，适于成批生产，但自重较大。偏轨箱形双梁和偏轨箱形单主梁的截面都是由上、下翼缘板和不等厚的主副腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在主腹板上方，箱体内的短加劲板可以省去，其中偏轨箱形单主梁是由一根宽翼缘箱形主梁代替两根主梁，自重较小，但制造较复杂。四桁架式结构由四片平面桁架组合成封闭型空间结构，在上水平桁架表面一般铺有走台板，自重轻，刚度大，但与其他结构相比，外形尺寸大，制造较复杂，疲劳强度较低，已较少生产。空腹桁架结构类似偏轨箱形主梁，由四片钢板组成一封闭结构，除主腹板为实腹工字形梁外，其余三片钢板上按照设计要求切割成许多窗口，形成一个无斜杆的空腹桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面铺有走台板，起重机运行机构及电气设备装在桥架内部，自重较轻，整体刚度大，这在中国是较为广泛采用的一种型式。普通桥式起重机主要采用电力驱动，一般是在司机室内操纵，也有远距离控制的桥式起重机。起重量可达五百吨，跨度可达60米。

简易梁桥式起重机又称梁式起重机，其结构组成与普通桥式起重机类似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均较小。桥架主梁是由工字钢或其他型钢和板钢组成的简单截面梁，用手拉葫芦或电动葫芦配上简易小车作为起重小车，小车一般在工字梁的下翼缘上运行。桥架可以沿高架上的轨道运行，也可沿悬吊在高架下面的轨道运行，这种起重机称为悬挂梁式起重机。冶金专用桥式起重机在钢铁生产过程中可参与特定的工艺操作，其基本结构与普通桥式起重机相似，但在起重小车上还装有特殊的工作机构或装置。这种起重机的工作特点是使用频繁、条件恶劣，工作级别较高。主要有五种类型。

桥式起重机的安全检查为了保证桥式起重机的安全运行，在起重机运行期间需进行一些安全常规检查，检查项目及要点如下：（1）起升高度限位器、行程限位开关及各联锁机构性能正常，安全可靠。（2）各主要零部件符合安全要求：开口增大小于原尺寸的15%，扭转变形小于10%；板钩衬套磨损小于原尺寸的50%，板钩心轴磨损小于5%，无剥落、毛刺、焊补。吊钩挂架及滑轮无明显缺陷。钢丝绳表面钢丝磨损、腐蚀量小于钢丝直径的40%，断丝在一个捻距内小于总丝数的10%，无断头，无明显变细，无芯部脱出、死角扭拧、挤压变形、退火、烧损现象。钢丝绳端部连接及固定的卡子、压板、锲块连接完好，无松动，压板不少于2个，卡子数量不少于3个。卷筒无裂纹，连接、固定无松动；筒壁磨损小于原壁厚的20%；安全卷不少于2圈，卷筒与钢丝绳直径比例符合要求。平衡轮固定完好，钢丝绳应符合的要求。制动器无裂纹，无松动，无严重磨损，制动间隙两侧相等尺寸合适，有足够的制动力，制动带磨损小于原厚度的50%。通过对桥式起重机的安全常规检查，对杜绝人身事故，减少设备事故，提高设备运转率，降低检修费用等均起到了显著作用。