英语 必修4 Unit 5
语法知识——构词法
一.概念
英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法. 二.相关知识点精讲 1.转化法
英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。 1)动词转化为名词
很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。例如： ①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。 ②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。 ③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。 2)名词转化为动词
很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如：
①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗? ②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。 ④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。 3)形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4)副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如： Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。 5)形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如： You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 2.派生法
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。 1)前缀
除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：
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appear出现→disappear消失 correct正确的→incorrect不正确的 lead带领→mislead领错 stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
alone单独的antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作enjoy使高兴 internet互联网reuse再用 subway地铁telephone电话 2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一„„)，-ian (精通„„的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如： differ不同于→difference区别 write写→writer作家 Japan日本→Japanese日本人 act表演→actress女演员 mouth口→mouthful一口 music音乐→musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使„„化)，-ize (使„„成为)。例如：
wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化 pure→purify提纯 real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像„„的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如： nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的
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east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry生气的→angrily生气地 to到→towards朝„„，向„„ east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如： six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六 four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十 3.合成法 1)合成名词 构成方式例词
名词＋名词weekend周末 名词＋动词daybreak黎明 名词＋动名词handwriting书法
名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药 名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑 代词＋名词she-wolf母狼 动词＋名词typewriter打字机 动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室 现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词＋名词gentleman绅士 副词＋动词outbreak爆发 介词＋名词afternoon下午 2)合成形容词
名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的
名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的 名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的 名词＋过去分词man-made人造的 数词＋名词one-way单行的
数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的 数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的 动词＋副词see-through透明的 形容词＋名词high-class高级的 形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的 副词＋形容词ever-green常青的
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副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的 副词＋过去分词well-known著名的 副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 介词＋名词downhill下坡的 3)合成动词
名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷 副词＋动词overthrow推翻 4)合成副词
形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词＋副词everywhere到处 副词＋副词however尽管如此 介词＋名词beforehand事先 介词＋副词forever永远 5)合成代词
代词宾格＋self herself她自己 物主代词＋self myself我自己 形容词＋名词anything任何东西 6)合成介词
副词＋名词inside在„„里面 介词＋副词within在„„之内 副词＋介词into进入 4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1)截头
telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus 2)去尾
mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi 3)截头去尾 influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script 5.混合法(混成法)
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混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast电视播送 smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场 6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物 television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato 三.巩固练习
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness 2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai. A.die B.dead C.died D.death 3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded. A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad 4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________. A.chemistry B.chemical C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off. A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged 6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely 8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well. A.satisfied B.satisfactory C.satisfying D.satisfaction 9.—What are you doing here?
—Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English. —You can write________passage in English? A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police. A.permit B.permission C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you. A.headquarters B.headline
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C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________. A.intend B.intention C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile. A.practice B.practise C.practical D.practiced 14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A.judger B.judgment C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War? A.lately B.latest C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________. A.longer B.length C.long D.longing 17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily. A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness 18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________. A.foolish；foolishly；fool B.fool；foolish；fool C.foolish；fool；fool
D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________. A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America. A.in danger B.danger C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________. A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded 23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely. A.free B.freely C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue. A.reasonable B.reasonful C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries. A.advance B.advancing
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C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day. A.nearby B.near C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.
A.official；officer；office B.officer；office；official C.official；official；official D.officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________. A.health B.healthy C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest
[参考答案]
1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA
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