翻译就是将一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
机械工程英语翻译就是将机械工程学科的英语原著由原作语言(source language)用译文语言(target language)忠实、准确、严谨、通顺、完整地再现出来，使人们能够借助汉语译文准确无误地了解英语机械工程著作所阐述的工程技术内容和科学理论。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering 2. 翻译例句
例1. Control Center, Smoking Free. 例2. The tolerance should not be so big.
例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 例4. Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house. 例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering 例1. Control Center, Smoking Free. 错误译法：控制中心，吸烟自由。 正确译法：控制中心，严禁吸烟。 例2. The tolerance should not be so big. a. 此公差不应给这么大。（机械学） b. 忍耐力不会有这么大。(关于人体的耐受性) c. 抗毒性不会有这么强。（医学）
例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 错误译法：狗驾驶员使轮子停转。
专业译法：止动器使轮子停止旋转。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
例4. Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house. 错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏罩上。
例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated. 错误译法：计算机在制造业应用上的重要性
不能被估计过高。
正确译法：计算机在制造业应用上的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering 3.专业英语与基础英语的不同：
首先，专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。掌握专业词汇是学好专业英语的基础，专业词汇的含义和上下文有关，因此查阅专业书籍的Index并参照课文确定词意是学习和掌握专业词汇的有效方法。
其次，英语科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多，被动语态多，大量的名词化结构等，这都给对英文原文的理解和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
再者，专业英语对听说读写译的侧重点不同，其主要要求在于“读”和“译”，也就是通过大量的阅读对外文资料进行正确的理解和翻译，在读和译的基础上，对听、说、写进行必要的训练。 此外，专业外文资料由于涉及科技内容而往往极为复杂难以理解，加之这类文章的篇幅通常很长，所以只有经过一定的专业外语训练，才能完成从基础英语到专业英语的过渡，达到英语学以致用的最终目的。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
作为工程技术人员，阅读专业英语文献的目的是理解掌握文献所叙述的理论或方法，以便在科研或生产实践中实施这些理论方法，或是进一步发展改进这些理论方法。
为了达到这些目的，首先要准确地理解原文。另一方面科技文献的写作特点是严谨，简洁。在论述理论和方法时一般都只给出重要的步骤。对有关的基础知识一般不详细阐述，也不给出公式的详细推导过程。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
读者往往需要通过认真地思索才能俯所述的关键 问题。因此专业英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读
方法也有所不同，专业英语阅读要把准确理 在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅
读速度。和 其他的英语能力一样，专业英语阅读能力，需要 通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多 读多练是提高专业英语阅读能力的最有效的方 法。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
4.学习专业英语翻译技巧与方法的主要内容： (1.介绍和掌握单词与词组的¡°对应关系¡±
•The tube is second to none.
这个管子不亚于任何管子。（首屈一指）
•Monel metal is resistant to both fresh and salt water corrosion.
莫耐尔合金能耐淡水和盐水的腐蚀。
(2. 学习普通词汇的专业化译法，避免说“外行话”。
•Heat-treatment is used to normalize, to soften or to harden steels. 直译：热处理用来使钢正常化、软化或硬化。
正译：热处理可用来对钢正火、退火或淬火。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
(3.学习改变原文的词类和句子成分的规律，使译文通顺。
•Scientific evidence must be gathered in such a
way, that other scientists can be sure of its accuracy.
直译：科学的论证必须以这样一种方法收集，因而别的科学家能确信它的精确性。 正译：在收集科学的论证时，应能使别的科学家确信其精确性。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering
(4.学习一些较为特殊的词法和句法，介绍一些值得注意的容易译错甚至完全译反的语法现象，避免一些错译。
• Everyone cannot do this test.
错译：每一个人都不能做这个实验。 正译：并非每一个人都会做这一实验。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering 5. 翻译的标准
由于机械工程著作所叙述的内容涉及自然
规律的技术概念，具有科学性、严密性等特点、因此，对于机械工程英语著作的翻译质量，人们普遍认为应以“准确”、“简练” “通顺”、这三个方面作为衡量标准。也就是所谓：ABC标准。准确－accuracy；简练－brevity；通顺－clarity 准确：译文要忠实于机械工程英语原著，准确、明白表达原著内容。
简练：译文语言必须力求简洁、精练。 通顺：译文必须符合汉语修辞规则和习惯。
机械工程专业英语概述 English in Mechanical Engineering 6.机械工程专业翻译应具备的能力：
作为机械工程专业领域的翻译，必须具备以下能力：
1) 具有较好的英语基础； 2) 较高的汉语修养；
3) 较为丰富的机械工程专业知识； 4) 懂得翻译的理论、技巧和方法。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
The branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i. e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.
Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces, e. g., from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
deal with 涉及，论及，与……打交道
1. The physical and chemical properties of the stainless steel are dealt with in this article. 本文论及了不锈钢材料的物理化学性质。 be made up of 由……组成 / 构成 (整体由部分组成)
1. Cast-iron is made up of about six different substances.
铸铁大约由六种不同的物质组成。 be composed of / consist of
1.The machine is composed of several different parts.
这台机器由几种不同的部件组成。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
constitute 构成，组成 （部分组成整体） 1. Ferrite and carbon constitute the mild steel. 铁素体和碳组成低碳钢。
be transmitted into / to…through把…通过…传递给…
1. The piston movement is transmitted into / to the wheels through a crankshaft.
活塞的运动通过曲轴传递给轮子。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
It is necessary to know the magnitudes of these forces for a variety of reasons. The distribution of the forces at the boundaries or mating surfaces must be reasonable, and their intensities must be within the working limits of the materials composing the surfaces.For example, if the force operating on a journal bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating, and rapid failure of the bearing. If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
distribute 分布，分配，供给
1. The heat is distributed evenly throughout the material.
热量在整个材料内部均匀分布。
distributed bending moment 分布弯矩 distributor 配电器
distributed load 分布载荷 distributed mass 分布质量
be reasonable 合理，合适
1. The distribution of loads over the foundations must be reasonable. 负载在地基上的分布必须合理。 a reasonable moment, 大小合适的力矩
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
operate on 作用在…上 ( work on, place
on, act on)
1. The moment operating / working / placing /acting on the rotation axis is 20 N-M. 作用在旋转轴上的力矩为20牛-米 result in 导致,引起,产生 …… (结果) （lead to, bring on, conduce to,）
1. Standardizing the size of the blades result in / lead to / bring on / conduce to/ production costs being lowered.
叶片尺寸的标准化，能使(导致)生产成本不断降低。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
In the study of mechanics we are principally interested in determining the magnitude, direction, and location of the forces.
Some of the terms used in this phase of our studies are defined below. Force Our earliest ideas concerning forces arose because of our desire to push, lift, or pull various objects. So force is the action of one body acting on another. Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
define 给…下定义，规定，界定，解释， 1. The boundary conditions should be defined before the electron optics computation. 在进行电子光学计算之前，必须先界定边界条件。
2. The property of this new material is defined in the description.
说明书中解释了这种新材料的特性。
concern 与…有关系，关心，concerning 关于
1. We are very much concern about the property of this new material. 我们非常关心这种新材料的性能。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
act on 作用于… action 作用，reaction 反作用
1. A force which acts on an object is opposed by an equal and opposite reaction.
作用于物体上的力会受到大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
Include 包括，把…包括在内；(反意词:exclude )
1.The mild steel includes the constituents of ferrite and carbon.
低碳钢包括了铁素体和碳的成分。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
characteristic 特性,特征;characterize 具有…特性
1. Many motors do have a nearly constant torque-speed characteristic during starting. 许多电动机在启动时的扭矩转速特性几乎不变。
2. Many motors are characterized by its constant torque-speed characteristic during starting.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1
Matter is any material or substance; if it is completely enclosed, it is called a body.
Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter that a body or an object contains. The mass of the body is not dependent on gravity and therefore is different from but proportional to its weight. Thus, a moon rock has a certain constant amount of substance, even though its moon weight is different from its earth weight. This constant amount of substance, or quantity of matter, is called the mass of the rock.
Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
measure 度量，尺寸，措施，测量，量具 •All the necessary measures should be taken for the safety in this important experiment.
需采取一切必要的措施保证这次重要实验中的安全。
2. The measures including micrometer, calipers, depth gauge etc.
量具包括千分尺、卡尺、深度尺等。
3. The inch measures length. 英寸是长度的测量单位。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
be dependent on 依靠,依赖，取决于, 与…有关 1. The behavior of the entire machine is
dependent on the design of the cam motion. 整台机器的特性都取决于凸轮运动的设计。 2. The steel will be mild or hard depending on the proportion of carbon it contains. 钢的软硬与它所含碳的比例有关。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一 Words Learning
property 特性，性质，所有权
characteristic / performance / behavior 特性，性质
1. Tolerances cover dimensional variation and surface-roughness range and also the variation in mechanical properties from heat treatment and other processing operations.
公差这个概念既包括尺寸偏差范围和表面粗糙度范围，也包括由热处理和其它处理操作所引起的机械特性的变化。
2. System calculations is often used in designing cam and follower mechanisms and in analyzing their performance. 系统计算法常常用于设计凸轮和从动件机构以及分析其特性。
机械工程专业英语 作业一
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work 1)
一、将下列中文翻译为英文： 作为机械工程专业领域的翻译，必须具备以下能力：
1、具有较好的英语基础； 2、较高的汉语修养；
3、较为丰富的机械工程专业知识； 4、懂得翻译的理论、技巧和方法。 二、阅读课文2并翻译第一段
机械工程专业英语 第二课
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择 Skills of Translation –acceptation selection 要提高译文的质量， 使译文达到“准确”、“简 练”、“通顺”这三个标准，就必须学习翻译技巧。翻 译的技巧就是在翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法。 如词的选择、词义的引伸、增词、减词、转换词 类、改变句子结构、变更词序和改换译法等。 一、词义的选择 词义的选择实际就是英语词在特定句子中的词义的判断和确定。词在特定句子中的确切含义，在很大程度上取决于上下文。也就是说，词的含义
必须根据词在句子中的作用．词的搭配习惯以及词的应用场合予以判断和确定。一般可从下列几个方
面去判断。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择 Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
1、根据词类判断词义 英语中，有些词用作不同的词类时，其词义有时是不相同的。因此我们可根据词类来确定词义。
z Every metal part is of great importance to machines. 每一个金属部件对机器都是很重要的。(n) z Aluminum machines faster than other metals. 铝加工起来比其它金属快。(v)
z icroprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars.
微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。(v)
z The patient was connected to a television wave
monitor. 病人的情况曾通过波形监视器监视。 (n)
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择 Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
2、根据上下文选择词义 严格说来，孤立的一个词很难确定它是什么意思，因为同一个词在不同的场合可能具有不同的意
义，因此有些词必须根据上下文来确定其词义。
z The country’s industry has developed quickly in the last decade.
过去十年里，我国工业迅猛发展。 z To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.
在研制这种仪器时请了许多专家。 z The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power. 发动机的功用就是产生所需要的动力。 翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择 Skills of Translation –acceptation selection z This cooling system failed. 这个冷却系统失效了. z Newton’s laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms. 牛顿的一些定律未能阐述电子在原子里的运动。 z If the beam fails, the top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.
如果桥梁垮断，则支柱的上面几层会压垮，而下面会破裂。
z Few metals occur free. 金属呈游离状态的很少。 z One of the parts worked free. 有一个部件松了。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择 Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
3、根据专业内容选择词义 英语中，同一个词在不同的专业中往往具有不
同的词义。因此，在判断英语词的词义时，必须考虑到英语著作阐述的内容所涉及的概念属于哪个学科、哪个专业的。
例：power power brake 自动制动器 power stroke 工作行程
power shaft 传动轴 rated power 额定功率 power source 电源 power fuel 发动机燃料 power tool 电动工具 power feed 自动进给 power unit 动力头;功率单位 power country 大国
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择 Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 z To drive machines requires power. 开动机器需要动力。 z The power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.
因而这种电池的功率约为三十瓦。 z China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers. 尽管中国被看作是核大国之一，但中国决不会首先使用核武器。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection z We have finished repairing that pump. 我们已经结束了对水泵的修理。
z These workpieces must be finished on a grinder. 这些工件必须在磨床上精加工。
z These methods convert raw plastic into finished products. 这些方法均可把塑料原料变为成品。
z The stock market crash finished many speculators.
股票市场暴跌使许多投机者破产
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection 4、根据搭配选择词义
1)形容词与名词的搭配：一个形容词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，可根据与其搭配的名词来确定形容词的词义。
例：physical: 物质的，物理的，体力的，实际的… physical change ；physical circuit ;physical science 物理变化 实际电路 自然科学 physical constant; physical contact; physical design 物理常数 直接接触 机械的结构设计 physical exercise; physical construction; 体育活动、体操 机械结构 physical address 实际地址
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
z Everything in our physical world is continually changing.
我们的物质世界的一切都在不断地变化着。 z A cutaway view showing the physical relationship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2. 表示这些部件的实际关系的剖视图表示于图2中。
z Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations. 物理量之间的关系通常用公式表示。
z The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and
make physical use of it. 工程师的工作是掌握知识并加以实际的应用。 翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection 2）动词与名词的搭配：
一个动词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，要根据名词来确定动词的词义。 例：make:做，制造…… make a recording make readings make a circuit 录音 取读数 构成电路,接通电路 make a calculation make n turns make a change 进行计算 转ｎ圈 改变 make measurements 进行）测量
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection z This makes a close circuit. 这就构成了一个闭合电路。
z They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.
他们经常对旧机器和旧设备进行革新。 z Scales can also be used to make calculations. 天平也可用来进行计算。
z When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?
当你的手电筒不能发出足够亮的光时，你该怎么办呢？
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection
3) 动词与介词（或副词）的搭配：一个动词与不同的介词（或副词）搭配，就具有不同的词义。因此，可根据动词后面的介词（或副词）来确定该动词短语的词义。
例：turn 转动，旋转……
turn on turn off turn up turn over 打开 关闭 举起，占有， 翻转 turn into turn over turn out turn to 把…转化为 接收 生产 变成，转向
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择
Skills of Translation –acceptation selection z Don’t turn off the lamp. 请不要关灯。
z When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes. 当你打开开关时，电路就闭合。 z When heated, water turns into steam. 水受热时变为蒸汽。
z This factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.
这家工厂在1979年生产了一种大型卧式镗铣床。
z Please turn to page 5. 请翻到第五页。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Weight is the force with which a body is attracted to the earth or another celestial body, equal to the product of the object's mass and the acceleration. Particle A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected. Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by force． When the deformation of such bodies is small，they are frequently assumed to be rigid．i.e., incapable of deformation，in order to simplify the analysis．
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
be attracted to 吸引，有吸引力，引起注意 z Magnetic poles are attracted to their opposites.
正反磁极互相吸引
product 乘积, 产品，产物
z Most of this kind of industrial products are sold
abroad.
这种工业产品大部分销往国外。 finished products 成品，
product accumulator 乘积累加器，
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
be neglected 忽视，忽略 (ignore , disregard) negligible 微不足道
z The losses due to leakage past the pistons can be
neglected ( ignored / disregarded ) since they are negligible.
由活塞漏气造成的损耗可以忽略不计，因为这些损耗是微不足道的
deform 变形 （deformation）
z There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.
在力的作用下，没有一种材料不或多或少产生一定的变形。 机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
assume 假定，假设 , 假如（suppose, if）( assumption)
z It is assumed that the gas temperature in the cylinder is constant.
假定气缸中气体的温度不变。
z Suppose / if that “V” is the velocity of the steam, then R is its relative velocity. 假如“V”是蒸气的速度，则“R”就是它的相对速度。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Deformable Body the rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces are to be analyzed． Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming．Such analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis，using the additional assumption that the body remains elastic within the range of the applied forces． Newton's Laws Newton's three 1aws are：
Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced，the particle with either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity．
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
due to 由于，应归于，因为 （作为复合介词用） z The metal rod is bended due to the force action. 由于力的作用，金属杆弯曲了。 表示原因的的词或词组还有：
Because (语气最强，表示直接的原因) since (语气稍弱，表示已知的原因) as (语气更弱，表示明显的原因)
In view of / on account of / owing to / seeing that /表示“由于”
起连词作用。上述词或词组引出原因状语从句。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
z Since the compensating jet is larger, it can supply more petrol.
由于补偿喷嘴较大，它能供给较多的汽油。
be analyzed 分析，解析
z The main experimental problems are also
analyzed with the method of ultra-low-frequency measurements.
用这种超低频测量方法分析了主要的实验问题。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
remain 保持, 保留, 剩余 ( retain , keep)
z Permanent magnets are capable of remaining their magnetism indefinitely. 永久磁铁能够永久保留磁性。 balance 平衡，衡量
z The balance of nature is upsetted through the use of insecticides.
由于杀虫剂的使用破坏了自然界的平衡。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced，the particle will experience an acceleration proportional to the resultant force and in the direction of the resultant force．
Law 3 When two particles react，a pair of interacting forces come into existence；these forces have the same magnitudes and opposite senses，and they act along the straight line common to the two particles．
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
experience 经历,体验,经验 (n. vt) experiment 试验 (n. vi)
z Newton carried out several experiences on light
and color. (错)
z Newton carried out several experiments on light and color.(对)
牛顿做过一些关于光和颜色的实验。 z Try some of this perfume, as an experiment. 用点这种香水，作为一种试验吧。
z Try some of this perfume, as an experience. 体验一下这种香水吧。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning 几种用法：
experience happiness 体验幸福； suffer a loss 受到损失；
sustained an injury 遭到伤害；tasted freedom 领略自由；
has undergone a religious conversion 经历一次宗教信仰的转变
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
be proportional to 成比例
z The linear speed of rotation of a pulley is proportional to its diameter.
皮带轮旋转的线速度和它的直径成正比。 be directly proportional to 成正比
z The power of an engine is directly proportional to the area of cross-section of the cylinder. 发动机的功率和气缸横断面的面积成正比。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
be inversely proportional to 成反比
z The insulation resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to its length.
电缆的绝缘电阻与它的长度成反比。 common 共同的，公共的，公有的
z Our common problems can be solved by these methods.
用这些方法可以解决我们共同的问题。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Words Learning
associate 使发生联系，使联合，与…有关 ( 相关词汇deal with, involve )
z Detonation in a cylinder is associated with accelerated flame speeds.
气缸中的爆燃与火焰速度加快有关。 dissociate 使分离，
z Some molecules dissociate into simpler molecules when they are heated.
有些分子受热时便分离为较简单的分子。 possess 具有，掌握，支配
z This new material possess the property of super conduction.
这种新材料具有超导性
机械工程专业英语 第三课
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development 二 、词义的引伸
当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择恰当的汉语词或词组译出。这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法。引伸的目的在于避免由于直译而造成的生硬或离意。引伸的词义应该在意义上与原基本词义相关联，避免歪曲原意 。
1. 使基本词义专业化：在专业性文章中，某些生活常用基本词汇已含有专业概念，可根据专业而引伸出词义。
- The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.
分动卡盘有四个爪，而万能卡盘只有三个。 independent 的－引伸为专业词义分动的
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament.
灯丝所消耗的功率完全用于从灯丝表面发射电子。
（literally –确实地、简直是，引伸为-完全；boil-沸腾, 引伸为-发射）
- This load is resisted by the tangential stress acting uniformly over the stressed area.
这个载荷由切向应力所平衡，而切向应力则均匀分布在应力作用面积上。
（resist- 抵抗，反抗，阻止，引伸为-平衡）
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development 2. 使基本词义明确化 ：当基本词义在该句中意义含糊或比较费解时，应使其明确化。这时可采用解释性语言。
- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it. 在许多用途方面，青铜要比构成青铜的锡和铜更好。
（将 “two metals” 明确译为“锡和铜”）
- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward. 因此要注意，当我们把刻度刻成欧姆读数时，这些刻度是从大到小的。
(these calibrations go backward 若译为“这些刻度是向后的”, 就令人费解了。因此backward 在句中应引伸为“从大到小”)
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
3. 使基本词义具体化：英语中有的词意思很笼统，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得极其广泛，但具体“好”在哪里呢？我们应根据具体情况翻译，使语意更加清晰。
- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar. 电变为动力的典型例子是电车。
- Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power. 河流提供丰富的水力资源。
- The workers gave the machine a good checking. 工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- It has long been thought of making good use of the sun’s energy to serve the human being.
人们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为人类造福。 - Good switches move quickly. 优质开关通断灵活。
- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases. 激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。 - That engine sounds good. 那台发动机听起来很正常。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.
一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能译两千到三千个词。
- The tungsten shines and gives a good light. 钨丝发亮而发射出耀眼的光芒。
- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design. 工程师们试图通过完美的设计来尽可能地减少摩擦。
- The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green. 我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
4. 使基本词意抽象化：英语中，有的词意思很具体，但在某些场合，它已经失去原来的具体词义而表示较抽象较笼统的意思，或者被借用来表示另一方面的意思。
- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.
目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。
- An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.
电站是把一种能或另一种能转变成电能的地方。 -The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape. 这些人的性格既残暴，又狡猾。
- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life. 每个人的生活中都有甜有苦。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development 5. 名词的引伸
- Very often a machine is made in different pieces. 一台机器通常由许多不同的零件组成。
（块、片、个）
- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design.
显然，设计还大有改进的余地。
（许多地方） 6. 动词的引伸
- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop.
电缆从区域变电站沿人行道下方铺设至每栋房屋和商店。（跑）
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- The workpiece is chucked quickly, because the three jaws move in together. （向内运动） 工件迅速卡紧，因为三爪同时收拢。 7. 形容词的引伸
- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope. （最强的、最大功率的）
甚至通过最高放大倍数的显微镜，原子也小得看不见。
- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.
这里，引人注目的一点是，电磁波可以传播到很远的地方去。（卓越的； 大的）
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development 8. 副词的引伸
- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in watts.
成天同电打交道的人们经常用瓦特(单位)来测量电。
- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.
导线越粗，导电就越容易。
9. 词组的引伸
- This current which flows first in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current. 方向交替变化的电流叫做交流电。 翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸
Skills of Translation –acceptation development
-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills and valleys. 我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之处。 (丘陵和溪谷)
- The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core. 初级线圈和次级线圈互相重叠地绕在铁芯的臂上。（一个在另一个之上）
- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.
半导体是一种其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上）
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Fasteners and Springs 1
Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. The acceptability of any product depends not only on the selected components, but also on the means by which they are fastened together. The principal purposes of fasteners are to provide the following design features:
(1) Disassembly for inspection and repair; (2) Modular design where a product consists of a number of subassemblies. Modular design aids manufacturing as well as transportation.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning Fasten （ Fastener）
1.普通词义：集中，系紧, (扣件,钮扣)
All eyes fastened on the speaker.所有的眼光都集中在演讲者身上
Belt fastener 皮带扣, paper fastener 书钉 2.专业词义：紧固，栓紧（紧固件,）
The bolt, nut, cotter pin and rivet are all common fastener. 螺栓、螺母、开口销及铆钉都是常用紧固件。 spring fastener 弹簧扣, clamp fastener 夹持器 acceptability 可接受性, 合格, 满意(度)
The acceptability of a new machine lies on its function and easy operation.
新机器的可接受性取决于它的功能和可操作性。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning
component
1. 普通词义：成分，要素，组成的
Please analyse the component parts of this sentence. 请分析这个句子的成分。
2. 专业词义：零件，部件，元件
This factory supply components for the car industry. 这个工厂为汽车制造业提供零件 。
Faulty of control system caused by the failure of a electronic component. 控制系统故障是由于一个电子元件失效引起。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning assembly 1. 普通词义：集会，集合
The national assembly have met to discuss the crisis. 国民大会已对这一危机进行了讨论。 ２. 专业词义：装配，安装，装置
Each component is carefully checked before assembly. 每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。 disassembly 拆卸，拆除，分解，解体
For repairing the transmission system we have to make disassembly to some parts of the lathe . 要对这台车床传动系统进行维修，必须拆卸某些部件。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning
modular 组合的，模块化的，组件化的
Modular machine is the modern way of machine design.
标准化组合机床是机床设计的新模式。 manufacture 制造，加工，制造业，产品
Most car components are manufactured by standardization manufactory.
大部分汽车零件是由标准化生产厂制造的。 To develop manufactures to the utmost, China must have new markets for her products.
中国若要最大限度地发展制造业就必须拥有销售其产品的新市场。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Fasteners and Springs 1
There are three main classifications of fasteners, which are described as follows: (1) Removable. This type permits the parts to be readily disconnected without damaging the fastener. An example is the ordinary nut-and-bolt fastener. (2) Semipermanent. For this-type, the parts can be disconnected, but some damage usually occurs to the fastener. One such example is a cotter pin.
(3) Permanent. When this type of fastener is used, it
is intended that the parts will never be disassembled. Examples are riveted and welded joints.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning
classification 分类,分级
The classification of machine tool can be based on its function.
机床可按其功能进行分类。 classification of fits security classification 配合类别 安全保密级别， 密级 describe 描写，描述，阐述，沿着……画，
Performance and measuring method of the material are briefly described in the paper.
本文简述了该材料的性能与测量方法。 He describe a circle with a compass. 他用圆规画一个圆。
removable 1. 普通词义:可移动的,可更换的 2.专业词义:可拆卸的
Taper pin is classified as removable component. 锥销属可拆卸零件类。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Fasteners and Springs 1
The following factors should be taken into account when selecting fasteners for a given application: (1) Primary function; (2) Appearance;
(3) A large number of small size fasteners versus a small number of large size fasteners (an example is bolts); (4) Operating conditions such as vibration, loads and temperature;
(5) Frequency of disassembly; (6) Adjustability in the location of parts; (7) Types of materials to be joined;
(8) Consequences of failure or loosening of the fastener.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning
take into account 重视, 考虑
Security should be taken into account during experiment.
实验期间必须重视安全问题。
given application 特定的应用，指定的应用
This equation can only be used in a given application. 这个公式只能用于指定的应用情况。 operating condition 工作条件，工件环境
Operating condition should be improved for grinding works.
应为磨削工人们改善工作环境。 consequences 结果，后果，影响
A machine without proper oil will cause failure consequences 不对机器进行润滑保养会导致各种故障。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Fasteners and Springs 1
The importance of fasteners can be realized when referring to any complex product. In the case of the automobile, there are literally thousands of parts which are fastened together to produce the total product. The failure or loosening of a single fastener could result in a
simple nuisance such as a door rattle or in a serious situation such as a wheel coming off. Such possibilities must be taken into account in the selection of the type of fastener for the specific application.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning
realize 认识到，了解，实现，达到
The engineers realized that force analysis is very important before making a mechanical design.
工程师们认识到在进行机构设计前作受力分析是很重要的。
The plan of machining 200 workpieces a day was realized. 已经实现了每天加工200个零件的计划。
failure 1.普通词义:失败,不成功 2.专业词义:故障,失效,失灵,损坏
Failure is the mother of success. （=Failure teaches success.） 失败是成功之母。
Bearing failure caused by lack of oil. 润滑油不足导致轴承损坏。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Words Learning
nuisance 令人讨厌的事（人），麻烦事，障碍，损害
The loud noise of that failure machine was a nuisance to the whole workshop. 那台出故障的机器产生那么大的噪声让整个车间都厌烦。
selection 选择，挑选
Components filter selection is so important that it is the determinant of whole machine property.
零部件的筛选十分重要，它决定了整台设备性能的好坏．
机械工程专业英语 作业二
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work ２) 1. 英文造句，将下列单词分别用到所造的句子中： components, assembly, modular, manufacture, describe, removable, take into account , selection,
operating conditions, consequences, failure
4机械工程专业英语 第四课 翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词 Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 三 、增词与减词 （一）增词译法:在对英文进行翻译时，若按字面
翻译，句子的结构不完善，或句子的含义不明确，或词汇的概念不清晰时，需要增
加某些词语，以便更完善、清楚地表达英语句子
的内容。例：
Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance
increases weight.
直译：效率花费金钱，安全增加复杂性，性能增
加重量。
增词译法：对设备(或器件)来说，要提高效率就要
增加成本，要想保证安全势必要增加其复杂程度，
而要改善性能就要增加其重量。 1. 增加表示时态的概念的词
英语中表达时态的词往往是没有词义的，翻
译时必须用一些中文词将其表达出来：
Balloons were (and are) usually filled with hydrogen.
气球过去（和现在）一般都用氢气来充气。
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words
We can learn what we did not know.
我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。
（过去时） The generator set will start working tomorrow.
这台发电机组将于明天开始运行。
（将来时） An object is said to possess kinetic energy if it if
moving.
如果一个物体在运动，就可以说它有了动能。
（进行时）
We have learned how to fit the computer.
我们已经学会了怎样安装电脑。（完成时）
Reamers are used to finish drilled holes.
绞刀用来将已经钻好了的孔进行精加工。(过去分
词表示“完成”的状态)
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words
2. 补充原文省略的词
英语中常根据语法或语言习惯省略某些词
语，如重复出现时，省去形容词修饰的名词，用
do代替实义动词，在省略句中，省去连
词、主语、谓语动词或其它成分等： In figure 5, P is the resistance, S the distance and C the effort.
在图5中， P是阻力，S是距离，C是作用力。
All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.
所有物体均由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。(补译出 these 后面省略的molecules consist) The changes in matter around us are of two types, physical andchemical.
我们周围的物质变化有两种，物理变化与化学变化。
When pure, water is a colorless liquid. 水纯时,水是无色的液体。 翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词 Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 3. 补充表示数的概念的词语
一般来说，表示单数的不定冠词a和名词的复数形式是不必译出的。但在某些情况下，必须补足具体的表示数量的词。 Hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton. 氢原子由一个电子和一个质子构成。 (此处的数词a 表示具体的实际数量) The bottom part of the hanging wire is placed between the poles of a small horseshoe magnet. 悬挂着的导线下端放在一个小型马蹄形磁铁的两个磁极之间。 We can stop this trouble if we use a special rod. 如果我们用某种特制的杆，就能解决这个问题。 Some typical fabrication methods are shown in Fig.11-36. 若干种典型的组装方法如图11-36 所示。 翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词 Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 在应当表示名词的复数概念时，要根据上下文判断其复数是“二”还是“几个”。要善于选择适当的量词。 Metals can be classified as pure metals and alloys. 金属可分为纯金属与合金两类。 Since its formation the earth has been undergoing changes. 地球自形成以来，一直经历着各种变化。 Chromium improves the properties of steel. 铬可改进钢的各种性能。 The air is made up of mixture of gases. 空气是由多种气体混合而成的气体。 We saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我们看到一个个水泡从水下升起。 The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
频率、波长与声速三者密切相关。
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 4. 补充句子成分：英译汉时，有时所有的词汇都相应地译出后，汉语句子的结构显得不完整。这时，应
补充缺少的句子成分。
It has long been known that electricity is a form of energy.
我们早就知道电是能的一种形式。（补充主语） An exact solution demands much calculation.
一个精确的解答要求进行很多次计算。
（补充谓语）
When the wire stops moving, the current stops.
当导线停止移动时，则电流就停止流动。
（补充宾语）
Fuses are cheap, other equipment is much more expensive.
保险丝很便宜，但其它保险设备却昂贵得多。
（补充定语）
Why do satellites stay in orbit? Why don’t they shoot off intoouter space?
为什么卫星会留在轨道上运行？它们为什么不会飞出轨道而进入外层空间呢？（补充状语）
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 5. 补充解释性词语：
当按照英语句子逐词翻译不能清楚、明确表达原句概念时，可补充解释性词语进行解释说明。 The following discussion assumes the teeth to be perfectly formed, perfectly smooth, and absolutely rigid. 下面的讨论中假定轮齿加工没有误差， 轮齿表面完全光滑， 轮齿为绝对刚体。
You can also purify water by boiling it and condensing the steam which you have collected. 你也可把水煮沸,将收集到的蒸汽凝结,用这样的方法来提取纯水。
The angle β shown in the figure is the angle between plane PQ and a horizontal plane.
图中所示的β角为PQ 平面和水平面之间的夹角
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 6. 补充语气连贯性词语：
The reliability of semiconductor devices is very important, especially in space applications.
半导体器件的可靠性至关重要, 特别是在空间技术应用中尤其如此。
Take the case of the hydrogen atom. It has only one electron in the shell. How many electrons more are needed to complete this shell? The answer is one. 以氢原子为例，它的壳层中仅有一个电子，还需要加几个电子来补满这个壳层呢？回答是：还需要一个。
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words
（二）减词译法
有时在英语句子必不可少的词，在汉语中有时是可有可无，甚至是多余的。这时，汉译时必须省译。英语中的介词、连接词、代词、冠词等在汉译时也常常省译。
Now that we are all here, we begin to make our experiment at once. 直译：既然我们都到齐了，我们立刻开始我们的实验。 正译：都到齐了，我们立刻开始做实验吧。
If the wire has small cross section, the electric current which flows through it per second will be small in quantity. 直译：如果导线的截面积小，每秒钟通过导线的电流在数量方面将是小的。
正译：导线的截面积小，每秒钟所流过的电流就小。
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 1. 省译从修辞角度看不必重复的词
Steel contains a smaller proportion of carbon than cast iron contains. 钢的含碳率比铸铁小。(第二个contains 系重复词) Matter is constantly changing and is constantly moving. 物质在不断地变化和运动着。 2. 省译逻辑上不必要的说明语
The present process of making steel from iron in only about 100 years old.
目前的炼钢法只有约100年的历史。（不必译出“由铁炼钢的方法”）
Domestic lighting circuits should be at least two in number.
家用照明电路至少应该是两条。 （不必译出“在数量上是两条”）
翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词
Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 3. 省译修辞上所不需要的词
Copper is a material which has the property of elasticity. 铜是一种具有弹性的材料。(省译property因为“弹性”已表明“性质”
To start a car moving, work must be done on it. 要开动汽车，就必须对它做功。(不必译为“开动汽车运动”)
There are two kinds of materials used in engineering. 工程材料有两种。（不必译为“工程中所使用的材料”“工程材料”自
然是“使用在工程中”的。）
A generator can not produce energy, what it does is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
发电机不能产生能量,它只是把机械能变为电能. (省译“它所做的事”)
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2
Springs are mechanical members which are designed to give a relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load. Hooke's Law, which states that deflection is proportional to load, is the basis of behavior of springs. However, some springs are designed to produce a nonlinear relationship between load and deflection.
The following is a list of the important purposes and applications of springs:
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
spring 1. 普通词义:春天, 泉，2. 专业词义：弹簧,弹性,弹力,发条
Spring begins in March. 春天从三月开始。 There is a hot spring in the village. 村子里有一口温泉。
Please adjust the spring on the equipment to increase the axial
spring applied on the axle. 请调节一下设备上的弹簧，使作用在轴上的弹力增加。
elastic deflection 弹性变形
When a force is applied on a spring, elastic deflection will appear. 当对弹簧加力时，弹簧就会发生弹性变形。
We can make a light signal deflect to another direction by a Prism. 我们可以用一个棱镜使光信号偏转一个角度。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
state 陈述, 说明, 状况，国家
The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly in this article.
本文简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。
Every body continues in its state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by forces applied on it.
每一个物体保持其静止状态,除非有加于其上的力,它才会改变那种状态。
state universities 国立大学； critical state 临界状态；
existing state 现状； finished state 成品形状；
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
nonlinear relationship 非线性的，非直线的
The output voltage and input current in this circuit is a nonlinear relationship. 这个电路的输出电压与输入电流是一种非线性关系。 The deformation of a metal bar on a elongation test machine and the force on it is nonlinear relationship after its elastic deformation.
在拉伸试验机上拉伸金属棒,在弹性变形之后其变形量与所加的力成非线性关系。 be linear with 与……成线性关系
Deformation of a spring is linear with the force applied on it.
弹簧的变形量与施加在其上的作用力成线性关系。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2
(1) Control of motion in machines. This category represents the majority of spring applications such as operating forces in clutches and brakes. Also, springs are used to maintain contact between two members such as a cam and its follower.
(2) Reduction of transmitted forces as a result of impact or shock loading. Applications here include automotive suspension system springs and bumper springs.
(3) Storage of energy. Applications in this category are found in clocks, movie cameras and lawn mowers. Many parking meters use spring mechanisms which perform the timing function. (4) Measurement of force. Scales used to weigh people is a very common application for this category.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
category 种类，类别，范畴
Works place all machined parts in category so that the installation of the production line will be more efficiency.
工人们把加工好的机器零部件分门别类的放好以便提高生产线的安装效率。
represents 表现，表示，描写
The basic concepts of laser technology and data collected are represented in this paper. 本文给出了激光技术的基本概念和收集的数据。 maintain 维持，坚持，维修，保养
He bring enough food to maintain life and leave for forest.
他带够了足够维持生命的食物然后向森林出发了。 Engineers maintain all machines once a year. 机械师每年将全部设备维修一次。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
storage 贮藏， 存储器
A storage is such a device that can retain data. 存储器是一种可以保存数据的设备。 Spring is a storage element. 弹簧是一种储能元件。
perform…function 实现…功能, 起…作用
This program performs optic calculating function in the computer.
该程序在计算机上实现光学计算功能。
Bolts and nuts perform fastening function on the machine.
螺栓螺母在设备上起紧固作用。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2
Most springs are made of steel, although silicon bronze, brass and beryllium copper are also used. Springs are universally made by companies which specialize in the manufacture of springs. The helical coil spring is the most popular type of spring; torsion bars and leaf springs are also widely used. If the wire diameter (assuming a helical coil spring) is less than 8mm, the spring will normally be cold-wound from hard-drawn or oil-tempered wire. For larger diameters, springs are formed using hot-rolled bar.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
universal 普遍(的), 通用(的), 世界的, 万向的, 万能(的)
A universal chuck and the universal motor are fitted on the new lathe.
新车床装上了万向卡盘和通用电机。 specialize 专攻, 专门研究
He specializes in physics. 他专攻物理学。
The factory specialized in manufacturing mechanic products in 1990’s but now change to electronic products.
这个厂在90年代专门生产机械产品，但现在转为生产电子产品了。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
assuming 假定，设想
Assuming the friction is neglect, does a machine can be made 100% efficiency? 假定不考虑摩擦力，机器的效率可做到100%吗？ be cold-wound 冷卷绕(法)
The cylinders can be cold-wound by circle rolling machine as they are big diameter and small thickness.
这些圆柱筒由于直径大厚度小，可以在滚轧机上冷卷出来。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Fasteners and Springs 2
It is good practice to consult with a spring
manufacturing company when selecting a spring
design, especially if high loads or temperatures are to be encountered, or if stress reversals occur or corrosion resistance is required. To properly select a spring, a complete study of the spring requirements, including space limitations, must be undertaken. Many different types of special springs are available to satisfy unusual requirements or applications.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
It is good practice to do sth. 应该做某事，好的习惯做法 It is good practice to be punctual. 应该养成准时的习惯。
It is good practice to make full preparation before doing it.
在做事之前应该做好充分地准备工作。 consult 请教,商量, 商议
You should consult to the specialists for detailed information of this technology.
你应该向专家请教该项技术的详细情况。
You can consult with an experience person for good advice.
你可以和有经验的人商量得到有益的建议。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四 Words Learning
encounter 遭遇, 遇到, 相遇
He encountered many difficulties when he first started this job.
他开始做这项工作时，遇到许多困难。
The tool of high speed steel should be selected when encounter a harder material. 碰到加工较硬的材料时，要选用高速钢工具。 undertake 着手作,从事,承担, 担任
A group of five undertake the experiment and calculations.
5人小组着手进行实验与计算工作。
She undertook the organization of the whole scheme. 她负责整个计划的组织工作。
5机械工程专业英语 第五课
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 四、转换词性：
转换词性是根据翻译的需要将英语某一词性的词译为汉语另一词性的方法。
例：The workers have succeeded in making high quality semiconductor devices of all types.
工人们成功地制造了各种类型高质量的半导体装置。(汉语不说工人们在…方面成功，而把动词“succeed”译为副词\"成功地\")
在以下情况下可考虑转换词性：
- 当英语某一词性的词相当于汉语另一词性时； - 当某词按同一词性翻译不能确切表达该词的意义时；
- 当某词按同一词性翻译而使得汉语句子不通顺时。
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 1. 转换为汉语的名词 1）动词转换为汉语名词
Has the house been wired for electricity? 这房子的电线装好了吗？（动词wired 译为“装线”“给…装电线”）
Vacuum rectifiers are characterized by the following.
真空管整流器具有如下的特性。 Properties of non-metals vary widely. 非金属材料的各种性能有很大的差异。(不宜译为“…性能变化很大”)
However, we observe that the a.c. ammeter reads about 1A.
然而,我们看到,交流电表的读数为大约1安培。(不译:读为大约1安)
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 2）形容词转换为汉语名词
Most materials used in engineering are elastic. 工程中所用的大多数材料都具有弹性。（而不说“是弹性的”）
Computers are more flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs. (汉语不说“计算机是更灵活的”，把“灵活的”改译成“灵活性”)
计算机的灵活性比较大，因此能做更多种不同的工作。
Jet engines are very powerful. 喷气发动机的功率非常大。(若将“Powerful ”译为强大的，未能表达“功率”这一概念，使词义不明确。) The microscope serves to render the small larger. 显微镜能使小物体变大。(the small 转换成名词“小物体”)
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 3) 副词转换为汉语名词
Sodium and copper have one electron in the outer shell and are chemically similar. 钠和铜在外壳上具有一个电子，因而其化学性质相似。（不说“化学地相似”而是将chemically 译为“化学性质”）
This loss may be partially reduced by using cores of silicon steel or of certain other alloys. (汉语不说“部分地减少”)
采用硅钢芯或其它合金做的芯可使这种损耗减少一部分。
4) 代词转换为汉语名词
The properties of semiconductors are different from those of conductors.
半导体的性质与导体的性质大不相同。（将these还原译为“性质”）
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 2. 转换为汉语的动词
1) 名词或动名词转换为汉语动词
One of the principal rules of the lathe maintenance is timely lubrication of all friction surfaces. 车床维护的主要规律之一就是及时润滑所有摩擦面。
The voltmeter is an electrical instrument for measurement of voltage. 伏特计是用来测量电压的仪表。
2）形容词或“形容词+介词”转换为汉语动词
We are also familiar with other transformations of energy.
我们还熟悉别的能量转换现象。
The force is perpendicular to the surface. 此力垂直于表面。
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 3）副词转换为汉语动词
Engineers took the machine apart yesterday. 工程师昨天把这台机器拆开了。 Now the experiment is over. 现在实验结束。
The reaction force to this action force pushes rocket ship along. 这个作用力所产生的反作用力推动宇宙飞船前进。
4）介词或介词短语转换为汉语动词
The application of plastics is on the increase. 塑料的应用正在增多。
The number of tools stored in the drum is above forty.
刀库中储存的刀具超过四十把。
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 3. 转换为汉语的形容词 1）副词转换为汉语形容词
Why is electricity widely used in industry? 为什么电在工业中得到广泛的使用呢？ Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic. 气体与液体都有良好的弹性。 2）名词转换为汉语形容词
When an excess of electrons is present, we may call the material n-type; when a lack of orbital electrons occurs, we call the material p-type.
当呈现多余的电子时，我们称之为n型材料，当缺乏轨道电子时，我们称之为p型材料。（将“电子的过剩”译为“多余的电子”）
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 4. 转换为汉语的副词
1) 形容词转换为汉语副词
A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship.
图能直观地表示所要说明的关系。
(形容词visual“视觉的”转换成副词“直观地”)
To the successful research, manufacture and launching of China’s astronautic vehicle, our space industry has already make great contributions.
我国航天工业对成功地研究、生产和发射宇宙飞船做出了巨大的贡献。（形容词successful 转换成副词）
The molecules are still free to move about. 分子仍可自由运动。（形容词free 译成副词，修饰动词“运动”。）
翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性
Skills of Translation –transform part of speech 2）动词转换为汉语副词
In the long and laborious search, Marie Curie succeeded in isolating two new substances. 在长期辛勤的研究中，玛利．居里成功地分解出两种新物质。（动词succeed 转译成副词“成功地”） 3）名词转换为汉语副词
Gears may be form cut on a milling machine. 齿轮可以在铣床上成形切削。（form 修饰 cut） Most of machine parts are mass produced. 大多数机器零件是批量生产的。（mass 修饰 produced）
Several cutters are arbor mounted on the spindle of a milling machine.
铣床主轴上可借助刀杆装上几把铣刀。（arbor 修饰 mounted）
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1
One of the primary considerations in designing any machine or structure is that the strength must be sufficiently greater than the stress to assure both safety and reliability. To assure that mechanical parts do not fail in service, it is necessary to learn why they sometimes do fail. Then we shall be able to relate the stresses with the strengths to achieve safety. Ideally, in designing any machine element, the Engineer should have at his disposal the results of a great many strength tests of the particular material chosen.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning
considerations 考虑，意见，需要考虑的事项
Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.
在选择汽车时安全是最重要的考虑因素。
We will give your proposal consideration. 我们会仔细考虑你的建议
Time is a very important consideration in this case. 在这种情况下时间是极为重要的因素。
strength 普通词义：力, 力量, 力气, 实力；专业词义：强度
Earning money to support his mother is the source of his strength. 挣钱赡养母亲是他力量的源泉。 The strength of this frame depends on designing structure .
这个钢架的强度大小取决于其设计的结构。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning reliability 可靠性
All mechanical parts on car should make the reliability trials. 汽车上的所有机械零件必须进行可靠性试验。 in service 使用中，运行中
A good maintenance makes the machine in good service. 良好的设备维护确保设备良好的运行。
This new optical device will put in service next week.
这台新的光学仪器将于下周投入使用。
relate …with 使…联系, 使…与…发生关系， Every one should learn how to relate himself with others.
每个人都应学会怎样与人相处。 achieve 完成，达到，取得成功
He achieved because he was a hard worker. 他之所以取得成功是他努力的结果。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1
These tests should have been made on specimens having the same heat treatment, surface finish, and size as the element he proposes to design; and the tests should be made under exactly the same loading conditions as the part will experience in service. This means that, if the part is to experience a bending load, it should be tested with a bending load. If it is to be subjected to combined bending and torsion, it should be tested under combined bending and torsion. Such tests will provide very useful and precise information. They tell the engineer what factor of safety to use and what the reliability is for a given service life. Whenever such data are available for design purposes, the engineer can be assured that he is doing the best possible job of engineering.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning
be subjected to 受支配, 从属于, 可以...的, 经历,遭受
As a test these specimens were subjected to high temperature heat treatment.
这些样品经过了高温热处理试验。 precise 精确的, 准确的
To get a precise measurement, a precise instrument should be used.
为了得到精确的测量必需采用精密的仪器。 factor 因素, 要素,系数
Safety factor is an main consideration in engineering design.
安全系数是工程设计中主要考虑的因素。 service life 使用寿命
Works often lubricate the machine for longer its service life. 工人们经常给机器加油可延长机器的使用寿命。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1
The cost of gathering such extensive data prior to design is justified if failure of the part may endanger human life, or if the part is manufactured in sufficiently large quantities. Automobiles and refrigerators, for example, have very good reliabilities because the parts are made in such large quantities that they can be thoroughly tested in advance of manufacture. The cost of making these tests is very low when it is divided by the total number of parts manufactured.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning
is justified 证明…是正确的 / 合理的 / 值得的 Such investment is justified on the result of productivity increasing.
生产力的提高证明了这项投资是值得的。 You can’t justify yourself. 你无法证明自己有理。
endanger 使遭到危险, 危及, 危害 Smoking endangers person’s health. 吸烟危害健康。
The metal pipes are endangered of corrosion in such a damp environment.
在这样潮湿的环境下这些金属管有生锈的危险。 The giant panda is an endangered species. (种) 大熊猫是面临绝种危险的动物。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning
in sufficiently large quantities 大量的，大批量的 The price of purchasing in sufficiently large quantities is much lower than by retail. 大批量购买的价格比零售价格要低得多。 in advance 提前，预先，在…之前
50% of the payment should be made in advance after the contract put into force. 合同生效后须付50%的预付款。
If any modification should be made an writing information should be submitted in advance to the Buyer .
如果要作更改须以书面形式预先通知买方。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1
You can now appreciate the following four design categories:
(1) Failure of the part would endanger human life, or the part is made in extremely large quantities; consequently, an elaborate testing program is justified during design.
(2) The part is made in large enough quantities so that a moderate series of tests is feasible. (3) The part is made in such small quantities that testing is not justified at all; or the design must be completed so rapidly that there is not enough time for testing.
(4) The part has already been designed, manufactured, and tested and found to be unsatisfactory. Analysis is required to understand why the part is unsatisfactory and what to do to improve it.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning
appreciate 鉴赏, 感激,珍惜,评价, 鉴别
A musician can appreciate small differences in sounds. 音乐家能辨别声音中极细微的差别。
A group of specialists appreciated the value of the design work.
专家组对这项设计工作进行了评价。
consequently 因此，结局的， 跟着发生的
Operation system is malfunction consequently on a resistor element failure.
一个电阻元件坏了后操作系统就失灵了。
His long illness and consequent absence put him far behind in his work.
他因病缺席很久， 耽误了很多课程。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五 Words Learning
elaborate 完善(的), 精心制作(的), 详细阐述(的), 精细
Engineers made an elaborate plan for this project. 工程师们为这项工程制定了一个完善的计划。 moderate 中等的, 适度的, 适中的
The workpiece on the machine is rotating at a moderate speed. 机床上的工件正以中等的速度旋转。 feasible 可行的，可用的
We should find a feasible method to solve these problems.
我们应寻找一种可行的办法来解决这些问题。 improve 改善, 提高, 改进
They adopt a new technology to improve the productivity.
他们采用了一项新技术来提高生产率。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
6机械工程专业英语 第六课
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
改变句子结构的翻译处理方法包括两个方面:改变句子的成分和改变句子类型。 一、改变句子的成分
为了使译文符合汉语习惯，必须改变句子的成分。如将原文中的状语、定语、表语、宾语等译为主语；将原文中的定语、主语、表语译为谓语;将主语译为宾语、定语;状语译为定语等。 (一) 转换为汉语主语 1. 状语译为主语 1) There be …结构：
There are different element in nature. 自然界有各种不同的元素。
There are many reading rooms in our institute. 我们学院有许多北阅览室。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
2) 原文句中状语在逻辑意义上说明主语时，原状语译为主语，原主语转为定语：
When water freezes, it becomes larger in volume. 水结冰时，其体积变大。
The machine is lighter in weight and simple in structure. 这种机器的重量轻、结构简单。
There has been a decrease in our imports this year. 今年，我们的进口物品减少了。
3) 被动语态句子中的地点状语及由by 和for引导的其它状语，往往可译为主语：
Within 3 years great advances have been made in our industry. 近3年，我国工业获得很大发展。 An engine is operated by a worker. 工人操纵发动机。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
2. 定语译为主语：这种转换主要见于“there be +主语+介词”句型。
There are three states of matter: gas, liquid and solid. 物质有三种状态：气体，液体与固体。
There are three main laws of mechanics, or three laws of newton. 力学有三大定律，即牛顿三定律。 3. 宾语译为主语：
Semiconductors have a lesser conducting capacity than metals.
半导体的导电性能比金属差。
（英语为动宾结构）A car battery has a voltage of 6 or 12 volts. 汽车电瓶的电压为6伏或12 伏。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
4. 表语译为主语
Wood is not as dense as water and therefore it floats. 木材的密度比水小,因而能浮在水面上。
A transistor radio is a less complicated structure than a TV.
晶体管收音机的结构不象电视那样复杂。 (二) 转换为汉语谓语
1. 主语译为谓语：若主语为动名词时，往往可译为谓语。
The statement of the conservation and transformation of energy is as follows.
能量守恒与能量转换可表述如下。
The expression of the relation between pressure, volume and temperature is as follows.
压力、体积与温度的关系可表述如下。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
2. 定语译为谓语
The two machines have the same efficiency. 这两台机器的效率相同。
Solids have a shape independent of the container. 固体的形状与容器无关。 3.表语译为谓语
This explanation is against the natural laws. 这种解释违反自然定律。 The axle is out of true. 轴部位不正常了。
We realize that potential energy is different form kinetic energy
我们知道，势能不同于动能。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
(三) 转换成宾语
1.被动语态的句子若无“by”导出的逻辑主语,主语往往可译为宾语。
A great force was needed to separate the two hemispheres.
分开这两个半球，需要很大的力。
If there is a hydroelectric plant at the waterfall, the energy of the falling water is used to drive the turbines. 假如瀑布附近有一水电站,那么就利用流下的水的能量驱动涡轮机。
Work is done, when a object is lifted. 当举起一个物体时就作了功。
2.若被动语态句子有by (for)引导的逻辑主语,则可译成主谓宾结构。
Two systems of units are commonly used by the scientists.
科学家们通常使用两种单位制。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
(四) 转换为定语
1.状语译为定语:位于句首的某些地点状语有时可译为主语的定语。
Throughout the world ,coal consumption is growing rapidly.
全世界的煤炭消耗量正在迅速增长。
In any machine the work accomplished never exceeds the amount of work expended in working the machine.
任何机器所完成的功永远还会超过开动机器所消耗的功。
2. 主语译为定语：
Aluminum has poorer conductivity than copper. 铝的导电性比铜差。
A large steam engine may have as much power capacity as 100000 horses.
大型蒸汽机的功率可达100000马力。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
3. 若形容词译为名词作主语，则原主语可译为定语。
Steel is much stronger than wood. 钢的强度比木材大得多。
This gas turbine is only about 30 per cent efficient. 这种燃汽轮机的效率只有30%左右。
The atmosphere of Mars is not so dense as that of the earth.
火星的大气密度不及地球的大。
4. 若动词译为名词作主语，原主语则译为定语。 Steel weighs about eight times as much as water. 钢的重量大约 是水的8倍。
Power means the speed, or rate of doing work. 功率的意思是作功的速度或速率。
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
二、改变句子的类型
英语和汉语都把句子划分成简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句三种类型，但在翻译时，译句的句子类型却不一定要与英语原句的
类型完全相同。为了使译文符合汉语习惯，常常需要将英语句子改译成另一种类型的汉语译句。 (一) 定语从句译成状语从句：有些定语从句具有明显的状语意义，说明主语的时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步等，对于这种包
含状语意义的定语从句，往往可译为状语从句。 Heat energy that is not so obvious as kinetic energy exists in many things.
热能虽然不像动能那样明显，
但它却存在于许多物体之中。（让步状语）
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
The door of which you lost the key cannot be opened. 因你把开门的钥匙丢了，所以这个门打不开。(译为原因状语)
We have to oil the moving parts of machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 为显著减少摩擦，我们必须给机器运动部件加油。(译为目的状语)
(二) 定语从句译成并列分句：
The cable are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-tensile steel, which are galvanized to resist corrosion. 钢缆由成千根高强度钢拉制的钢丝所组成，
这些钢丝经过电镀，以防生锈。（译为与主句并列的单独句子）
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
小结定语从句的三种译法：
(1) 译为定语， (2) 译为单独句子， (3) 译为状语 The electric power which is consumed in an electrical circuit is measured in watts or kilowatts. 电路中消耗的电力是以瓦或千瓦计量的。(译为定语) The cable are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-tensile steel, which are galvanized to resist corrosion. 钢缆由成千根高强度钢拉制的钢丝所组成，
这些钢丝经过电镀，以防生锈。（译为单独句子）
We have to oil the moving parts of machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 为显著减少摩擦，我们必须给机器运动部件加油。(译为目的状语)
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
(三) 从句译为主句：
1. When 引导的时间状语从句,有时译为主句,以符合汉语规范。
Hardly had he got to the station when the train left.
他刚到车站，火车就开了。(比较：当火车开动时，他刚到车站。)
Scarcely had the circuit been closed when the current started to flow.
电路刚一闭合,电流就开始流动。(当电流开始流动时,电路刚闭合)
2. 由before引导的时间状语从句，翻译时有时需作主从对换处理。
The cooling water must be supplied before the machine start operation.
必须先提供冷却水，才能开动机器。 It will be five years before we meet. 五年后，我们才能再见面。（比较：我们再见面前，需要五年。）
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
(四) 简单句译成复合句
Steel is widely used in engineering, for its properties are most suitable for construction purposes. (简单并列句)
钢广泛用于工程中,因其性能极适合用于建筑. (译为因果关系复合句)
The line ab, representing the direction of the forces, is called the line of action.（现在分词短语作定语的简单句）
线段ab称为作用线，它代表力的作用方向。（译为并列复合句）
When we “oil” a machine, it turns easily, and it does not get hot either. (简单并列句)
我们给机器“加油”, 它就转动自如,因而不再发热. (译为因果关系复合句)
翻译的基本方法 – 改变句子结构
Skills of Translation –transform sentence structure
(五)复合句译成简单句
The material we choose must also obey Hooke’s law. (定语从句)
所选材料必须符合虎克定律。
Factories everywhere are demanding for the new instruments with which it is possible to perform many experiments.
各地的工厂都需要这种新仪器，用它能作许多试验。
By means of an engine steam is changed into energy of moving machinery, and then, by the aid of a generator, into electrical energy, which is transmitted over wires and, at some distant point is changed into light, or heat, or energy of moving machines. 利用发动机把蒸汽能变成运转机器的机械能，然后再用发电机变成电能，电能通过电线输送出去，在某一远处转换成光、热或运转机 器的能量。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
It is with the last three categories that we shall be
mostly concerned. This means that the designer will usually have only published values of yield strength, ultimate strength, and percentage elongation. With this meager information the engineer is expected to design against static and dynamic loads, biaxial and triaxial stress states, high and low temperatures,
and large and small parts! The data usually available for design have been obtained from the simple tension test, where the load was applied gradually and the strain given time to develop. Yet these same data must be used in designing parts with complicated dynamic loads applied thousands of times per minute. No wonder machine parts sometimes fail.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
publish 出版,公布,发表
We can find the values of yield strength and ultimate strength for many kinds of material in a published material hand book.
我们可以从出版的材料手册中查到许多材料的屈服强度和极限强度的数据。 expect 期待,预期,盼望
We expect that the percentage elongation of the new material will reach the needed goal.
我们期待着新材料的延伸率能达到要求的指标。 available可得到的,可达到的,可利用的,有效的
Biaxial and triaxial drawings are available by Solidworks.
用 Solidworks 软件可作出二维和三维图。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
obtain 达到, 得到, 获得
We can obtain the data of yield strength and ultimate strength of this material by making test on tension machine.
我们可在拉伸试验机上作试验而获得这种材料的屈服强度和极限强度的数据。
She obtain the honor by all students for her excellent teaching.
她出色的教学水平赢得了广大学生的尊敬。 No wonder 不足为奇，难怪
The cylinder is leaking oil so seriously no wonder the oil pressure is so low.
油缸严重漏油，难怪油压那么低。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
To sum up, the fundamental problem of the designer is to use the simple tension-test data and relate them to the strength of the part, regardless of the stress state or the loading situation. It is possible for two metals to have exactly the same strength and hardness, yet one of these
metals may have a superior ability to absorb overloads, because of the property called
ductility. Ductility is measured by the percentage elongation which occurs in the material at fracture. The usual dividing line between ductility and brittleness is 5 percent elongation. A material having less than 5 percent elongation at fracture is said to be brittle, while one having more is said to be ductile.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
To sum up 概括, 总结
Now I sum up my views in a few words. 现在把我的观点用几句话来概括一下。 regardless 不管，不顾，不考虑，不注意
Regardless of the consequences, danger and expense he started the experiment of uranium.
他不顾后果、危险和代价开始了对铀的试验。 superior 优秀的,优等的,好的，强的，上级
The properties of this material are superior to other two.
这种材料的各项性能都优于其它两种材料。 This machine is superior in many respects to that. 这台机器在很多方面比那台好。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
absorb 吸收，缓冲，消减
A fabric can absorbs sound and a bumper cab absorbs impact. 纤维可以吸收声音, 缓冲器可以减震。 occur 发生，出现
Plastic deformation of the material occurs after elastic deformation.
材料的塑性变形发生在弹性变形之后。 dividing line 分界线
To gain the dividing line between the liquid and solid for these new material we have to do a lot of experiments.
要得到这些新材料的固液分界线，我们还需做大量试验。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
The elongation of a material is usually measured over 50mm gauge length. Since this is not a measure of the actual strain, another method of determining ductility is sometimes used. After the specimen has been fractured, measurements are made of the area of the cross section at the fracture. Ductility can then be expressed as the percentage reduction in cross-sectional area.The characteristic of a ductile material which permits it to absorb large overloads is an additional safety factor in design. Ductility is also important because it is a measure of that property of a material which permits it to be cold-worked. Such operations as bending and drawing are metal-processing operations which require ductile materials.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
gauge 标准尺, 规格, 量规, 计量
A gauge is an instrument for measuring or testing such as air gauge, angle block gauge, bearing gauge, chock gauge etc.
量规是一种测量或检验用的仪器如：空气压力计、角度块规、同心度量规、塞规等。
fracture (使)破碎, (使)破裂,断口;断裂
The fracture is always occurred at ultimate strength when make a tension test to a specimen.
进行样品的拉伸试验时，
断裂总是发生在极限强度达到时。
permits 充许，准许，许可
Too much impurity is not permitted in the high quality steel.
优质钢中不充许有太多的杂质。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六
The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
When a material is to be selected to resist wear, erosion, or plastic deformation, hardness is generally the most important property. Several methods of hardness testing are available, depending upon which particular property is most desired. The four hardness numbers in greatest use are the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop.
Most hardness-testing systems employ a standard load which is applied to a ball or pyramid in contact with the material to be tested. The hardness is then expressed as a function of the size of the resulting indentation. This means that hardness is an easy property to measure, because the test is nondestructive and test specimens are not required. Usually the test can be conducted directly on an actual machine element.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
resist 抵抗, 反抗, 抗, 忍得住
Asbestos material is used on the furnace to resist heat. 炉子中的石棉材料是用来隔热的。
Coating layer on the metal is used to resist corrosion. 金属上的镀层用于抗腐蚀。 desire 期望,希望,愿望,要求
It is desired that the modular machining system can be put into practical use.
期望模块化加工系统能在实际中得到应用。 employ 雇用,使用,利用，从事
Working efficiency is greatly improved by employing new machining methods.
使用了新的加工方法使工作效率大大提高。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六 Words Learning
function 功能, 作用, [数]函数
The value of deformation is the function of force. 变形量是力的大小的函数。
The function of a lathe is to manufacture the circular parts.
车床的作用是加工回转形的零件。 nondestructive 非破坏性的, 无损的
A new measuring method which do not destroy the mechanical parts is called nondestructive measurement.
一种不破坏机械零件的新检测方法称为无损检测。
conduct 指导, 进行, 控制, 传导
All parts are readied to conduct the installation. 进行安装用的所有零件都加工好了。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
7机械工程专业英语 第七课
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 一. 基本概念:
英译汉时,常将形式上的肯定句处理为否定句， 或将含有一个以上否定词的句子处理为肯定句或各种否定句。有时也会将形式上 的否定句处理为肯定句。
（一）形式上的肯定句译为汉语的否定句 1. The experiment is too difficult to make. 实验太难了，因而不能做。（结构上的肯定句，意义上的否定句）
2. Sliding friction is independent of the area of surface in contact.
滑动摩擦与相互接触的表面积无关。（表语含有否定意义的词）
3. A true scientific law admits of no exception. 真正的科学定律不容许有例外. (谓语是肯定式，但宾语中有否定词)
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
（二）句子中有两个或两个以上的否定词，可根据否定词数量分别译为肯定句或否定句
1. Without radio we can not observe satellites at all. 没有无线电我们根本不可能观测卫星。（双重否定译法） 或：我们观察卫星必须有无线电才行。（肯定译法） （本句谓语是否定形式。但由于还有一个表示否定的词without, 因此，实际上表示肯定意义。） 2. No one has never found a way to create energy out of nothing. 谁也没找到一种凭空产生能量的方法。
（本句有三个否定词：no one, never, nothing。双重否定表示肯定，那么，三重否定仍表示否定。）
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
(三)英语形式上的否定句译为汉语的肯定句
The importance of preloading of bolts cannot be overestimated
对螺栓预加载荷的重要性无论怎样估计也不会过高。
(本句是对“过高估计”这个概念的完全否定,不可译成“不能过高估计”
The masses Ma and Mc are located at supports where they cannot move.
质量Ma和Mc位于固定支座上。
二、英语否定词的位置：英语最典型的否定词是no, not。no用于否定名词，not用于否定动词、形容词和副词。
（一）谓语用否定式的否定句
The electric current does not flow if there is not potential difference between the ends of a conductor. 如果导体两端没有电位差，电流就不会流动。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
（二）谓语用肯定式，但主语或宾语被否定的否定句 1. Clearly no profession can exist in isolation. 显然，没有哪种职业能孤立地存在。（否定主语） 2. An ideal machine has no friction. 理想的机器是没有摩擦力的。（否定宾语）
3. It is important not to confuse mass, volume and density.
不把质量、体积和密度弄混淆是很重要的。（否定动词不定式） 注意：有些句子，形式上否定主句，实际上否定从句。这种情况主要为表示“相信”“想”“让”“认为”等一类的词
I don’t suppose he has any chance of success. 我想他没有成功的希望。（不译为：我不想他有成功的希望。）
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 三、否定句的种类 1. 一般否定
例：Electromagnetic waves cannot be seen. 电磁波是看不见的。 （一般意义的否定，并无表示完全否定之类的语气强烈的词。） 2. 完全否定
例:The efficiency of a practical machine can never reach 100%.
一台机器的实用效率绝不可能达到百分之百。 （“绝不可能”表示句意的完全否定) 3. 部分否定
例：Not all machine tools perform precision work.. 并不是所有的机床都能完成精密加工工作。(有些可以有些不可以)
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 4. 不完全否定 It is hardly right. 这几乎是不对的。
（基本上是不对的，但不是完全不对。） 5. 排除否定（不完全肯定）
Except for this change, the circuit performance is the same.
除此点不同外，电路的性能是相同的。 （否定一点，肯定其余。） 6. 双重否定（实际肯定）
Without gravity liquid will not pour out of a bottle. 没有引力作用液体就不能从瓶子里倒出来。 （有了引力液体才能从瓶子里倒出来。）
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 7. 多重否定
He never thought of nothing wrong with the computer.
他完全没有想到计算机会出什么毛病。（wrong—坏了，不好）
(否定+否定+否定=强烈否定)
Nor can we do without an insulator to prevent electric leakage. 没有绝缘体防止漏电也不行。(一定要有绝缘体防止漏电。)
（prevent —防止，不要； leakage —漏电或电没有了）
（否定+否定+否定+否定=强烈肯定） 8. 特指否定
Master Li told students not to touch broken wires. 李师傅告诉学生们不要去碰断了的电线。(谓语是肯定，否定宾语)
He did not come to school by bus. (谓语是否定, 意义上是特指否定。)
他不是乘公共汽车来上学的。(他来上学了, 但不是坐公共汽车来的)
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 四、各种否定句详解
（一）一般否定：谓语用否定式，表示一般意义的否定。略！ （二）完全否定
1. 表示完全否定的词+肯定形式的谓语
None, no one, nothing, nobody, not at all, neither…nor, never
由以上词 + 肯定形式的谓语构成第一种结构的完全否定
No one has find a good way to solve this problem. 还没有人能找到一种好的办法来解决这个问题。 None of the material was wasted. 材料一点也没浪费掉。
Sound does not travel at all through a vacuum. 声音一点也不能通过真空。
Nobody knew the composition of this substance before now.
以前没有人知道该物质的组成。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
Neither glass nor rubber has the ability to conduct electricity.
无论玻璃或橡皮都没有导电的能力。 Neutrons carry no charge. 中子不带电荷。
2. 表示完全肯定的词+否定意义的词
all，both，everybody， everywhere， everyone，everything, entirely，every，always，wholly
由以上词 + 带否定词缀的词或含否定意义的词构成第二种完全否定
All this is unnecessary (=Nothing is necessary.) 所有这一切都是不需要的。
It is entirely impossible for a body to attain speeds faster than that of light.
要让一个物体获得比光速还快的速度是完全不可能的。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate （三）部分否定
1. 表示“部分”意义的词 + not
some, several, somebody, something, somewhere, sometimes
由以上表示“部分”意义的词 + not 构成第一种部分否定，这种句子容易理解，翻译照字面意思翻译既可，此处不再详述。
2. 表示完全肯定的词 + not
这种结构是用否定词not和表达全体意义的词some, both, always, all, every, every body, everything, everywhere, much, often,
配合使用来表达。常译为：有的没有，二者并不都，并不总是，不全是，并非都是，不是每一（人/事/处），不多，不经常，有的。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate All these metals are not good conductors. 错译：所有这些金属都不是良导体。 正译：这些金属并不都是良导体。 All that glitters is not gold.
错译：所有闪光的东西都是金子。 正译：闪光的东西并不都是金子。
Every machine here is not produced in our factory. 错译：这里的每一台机器都不是我们厂生产的。 正译：这里的机器并非每一台都是我厂生产的。 In the usual steam power plant, all the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat. 在一般蒸汽动力装置中，燃料中的化学能并非都能变成热。
(错译: 燃料中的全部化学能都不变成热。)
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate Both the instruments are not precision ones. 错译：这两台仪器都是不精密的。 正译：这两台仪器并不都是精密的。 I do not remember all these formulas. 错译：我不记得所有这些公式了。 正译：这些公式我并不全都记得。
Every part of machine is not treated in the same way. 错译：每一个机器零件都用相同的方法处理
正译：并不是每一个机器零件都用相同的方法处理。
Although this is not always the case, but we shall assume it to be so in this chapter.
虽然事实并不总是如此，但本章暂且假定情况就是这样。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Mechanism 1
A mechanism has been defined as \"a combination of rigid or resistant bodies so formed and connected that they move upon each other with definite relative motion.
Mechanisms form the basic geometrical elements of many mechanical devices including automatic packaging machinery, typewriters, mechanical toys, textile machinery, and others. A mechanism typically is designed to create a desired motion of a rigid body relative to a reference member.
Kinematic design of mechanisms is often the first step in the design of a complete machine. When forces are considered, the additional problems of dynamics, bearing loads, stresses,
lubrication, and the like are introduced, and the larger problem becomes one of machine design.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning mechanism
普通词义: 机制; 机构
专业词义: 机构, 机械装置, 机械系统
Accounting mechanism control capitals in normal operation.
会计机制控制资金的正常运转。
A cam mechanism is used in this device to realize the function of up and down for workpiece.
本装置采用一个凸轮机构来实现工件的升降作用。
combination 结合, 合并, 组合
This electron beam technology is a combination of multi-technique involving electron optic, high
voltage engineering, compute and mechatronics etc. 电子束技术是一项包含电子光学、高压工程、计算机及机电一体化技术等的多技术结合体。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning rigid
普通词义: 坚强的; 坚定的; 专业词义：刚体的，坚硬的
He is always rigid in his views of faithfulness to communism.
他始终坚定对主义的忠诚信念。
We suppose that the rigid body is not deformed by force. 我们假定刚体是不因受力而变形的。
form 形成, 构成, 组成, 成形, 形状, 外形
Forming machining is based upon a same form of parts. 成形加工是基于一个相同形状的零件。 introduce 介绍，提出，引进 He introduce a question for debate 他提出一个问题供讨论。
A new welding technology is introduced in the paper. 本文介绍了一种焊接新技术。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Mechanism 1
The function of a mechanism is to transmit or transform motion from one rigid body to another as part of the action of a machine. There are three types of common mechanical devices that can be used as basic elements of a mechanism.
Gear Systems Gear systems, in which toothed members in contact transmit motion between rotating shafts. Gears normally are used for the transmission of motion with a constant angular velocity ratio, although noncircular gears can
be used for nonuniform transmission of motion.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning
transform 转换，转化，改变
A steam engine transforms heat into power. 蒸汽机将热能转变成动力。
Success and wealth transformed his character. 成功和财富改变了他的性格。 rotate 旋转，转动，循环
The main shaft rotate on coaxial line with two bearings. 主轴绕着与两个轴承同轴的轴线旋转
New employees will rotate through the various departments.
新顾员要轮流去各个部门
constant 常数，恒量，不变的，经常的
The gear rotates at a constant speed. 齿轮以恒速旋转。
An absolute constant is fixed and can not be changed.
绝对常数是固定而不可以改变的。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning velocity 速度, 速率
Linear velocity of a circle is the function of diameter and rotation speed.
圆周的线速度是直径与转速的函数。 ratio 比，比率，比例
The ratio of 7 to 4 is written 7:4 or 7/4. 七比四写作7∶4或7/4。
The ratio of input and output for this reducing system is 50 : 1.
这个减速系统的输入输出比是50比1。 nonuniform 不一致的, 不均匀的
The stress distribution on the rod is nonuniform. 杆上的应力分布是不均匀的。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Mechanism 1
Cam Systems Cam systems, where a uniform motion of an input member is converted into a nonuniform motion of the output member. The output motion may be either shaft rotation, slider translation, or other follower motions created by direct contact between the input cam shape and the follower. The kinematic design of cams involves the analytical or graphical specification of the cam surface shape required to drive the follower with a motion that is a prescribed function of the input motion.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning
convert into 变换为, 转换为,
It is impossible to convert lead into gold. 人们不可能把铅变为金子。
We can convert water into ice by reducing its temperature below the zero.
我们可通过把水的温度降低到零度以下而将水变成冰。
translation 翻译, 译文,平移, 转换
Crank-slider mechanisms convert the rotation motion into translation motion. 曲柄滑块机构将旋转运动转变为平移运动。 He get a Japanese translation of Hamlet 他得到一本“哈姆雷特” 的日文译本。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning
involves 含有，包括，涉及 He was asked to fulfill a task which involves much difficulty
上级要求他去完成一项困难重重的任务。 analytical 分析的，解析的 graphical 图解的，用图表示的
When a curve is difficulty to express by the analytical way we can try to describe it by graphical method. 当一条曲线无法用解析法来表达时，
我们可以尝试用图解法来描述。
prescribe 指定，规定
A operator should control the machine strictly in accordancewith the steps prescribed in the operation instruction.
操作工应严格按照操作说明书中规定的步骤操作机器。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Mechanism 1
Plane and Spatial Linkages They are also useful in creating mechanical motions for a point or rigid body. Linkages can be used for three basic tasks. (1) Rigid body guidance. A rigid body guidance mechanism is used to guide a rigid body through a series of prescribed positions in space.
(2) Path generation. A path generation mechanism will guide a point on a rigid body through a series of points on a specified path in space.
(3) Function generation. A mechanism that creates an output motion that is a specified function of the input motion.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之七 Words Learning
linkages 连接，关联，连杆机构，联动装置
Amplificatory scale enlarge the picture by the principle of four bar linkages. 放大尺是利用了四连杆机构的原理来放大图形的。 tasks 工作，任务，目标
Daily maintenance task should be done for all machines to prolong their running life.
对所有机器都要进行每日保养工作以延长它们的使用寿命。
guidance 指导，导向，引导，领导
The slider moves under the guidance of a groove. 滑块沿导向槽运动。
generation 产生，发生，生成，一代人
the generation of electricity by water is used in the village.
这个村子已经用上了水力发电。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
8机械工程专业英语 第八课
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 （四）不完全否定(近似否定)
基本上否定,但又不是完全否定,比完全否定在语气上、程度上缓和得多的句子，叫不完全否定。常用以下词表示: Little， few， hardly，Scarcely， rarely， seldom， nearly
1. Scarcely, hardly ：几乎不
There are many substances through which currents will scarcely flow at all. 有许多物质电流几乎完全不能通过。
It is hardly a possibility to mention all kinds of applications of electronic computer.
要把电子计算机的应用种类列举齐全，这几乎是不可能的。
2. little: 没有什么，不多的
There is a little fuel left in the tank. 油箱里没剩下什么燃料了。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 3. rarely, seldom：很少
At all events, lightning rarely destroys buildings now.
总之，现在雷电很少破坏建筑物了。
A state of triaxial stress seldom arises in design. 设计中很少出现三轴应力状态。
试比较不完全否定与双重否定： He visits us rarely. 他很少来看望我们。
He doesn’t visit us rarely. 他常常来看望我们。 4. nearly： 几乎
Nearly all electric energy used today is produced by electric generators.
几乎所有今天使用的电能都是由发电机产生的。 The volume of a solid or liquid body is nearly independent of external pressure.
固体或液体的体积几乎与外部压力无关。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 （五）排除否定：
把排除某一点，否定某一点的句子，叫做排除否定句。常用的否定词有：
beside, but, outside, aside, except (for), beyond, without excepting that, rather than, other than,
instead of, if not, unless 1. without：不，无，没有
I am thinking of how we can do the job without the instrument.
我在考虑我们如何能在没有仪表的情况下做这件事。
2. Instead of ：代替，不用
A large number of ships are now burning oil instead of coal.
大量的船只现在烧油而不烧煤。 3. besides : 除…外
Besides stepping voltage up or down, transformers are extensively used as impedance-matching devices.
变压器除升高或降低电压外，
还广泛地用作阻抗匹配的装置。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 4. aside：除……之外
Aside from the possible breakage of equipment, overloading the cutter will cause the tool life to decrease.
过负载除了可能损坏设备以外，也会缩短刀具寿命。
5. other than : 除了……以外
The lathe can be used for many different kinds of work other than that for which it was originally designed. 车床除了原定工作以外，还能够做许多不同的工作。
6. except: 除……外
As was discussed before, copper seldom is used in its pure form except in the electrical industry. 如前所述，除电气工程外， 很少使用纯铜。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 7. as well as：除了
As well as their blue light, mercury-vapour lamps also give out a lot of ultra-violet light. 除了发出蓝色光以外，汞蒸汽灯不发出大量的紫外光线。
8. rather than: 而不是
To prolong tool life we should reduce the cutting speed rather than increase it. 为了延长刀具的耐用度，我们应当降低切削速度，而不是提高切削速度。
9. except that : 除了……之外
Natural gas is a mixture of molecules much like those of gasoline, except that they are lighter. 天然气是分子混合物，它和汽油很相似，但轻一些。(除了轻些外)
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 排除否定注意事项：
1. 如果句子是肯定句,则排除部分表示否定。句子表示“除这一点外”其余都是肯定的。
如果句子是否定句，则排除部分表示肯定。句子表示“除这一点外”其余都是否定的。 The water in the air is not a liquid but a gas. 空气中的水不是液态，而是气态。
(主谓结构是否定的，“排除”部分是肯定的。)
In any element but hydrogen, each atom contains more than one proton.
在除氢以外的任何元素中，每个原子都包含一个以上质子。
(主谓结构是肯定的，“排除”部分是否定的。)
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 2. 不定代词 + 表示“排除”的词，可表示强烈的否定。
I will do anything but that. 我决不做那件事。(意指： 除那件事外，我愿做任何事。)
This is anything but a transformer. 这决不是变压器。
3. 否定词 + 表示“排除”的词，可表达强烈的肯定。
Without water, nothing could live. 没有水，什么也活不了。
（意为：有了水才能活。双重否定=肯定）
Today electricity is playing such an important part in industry that no industrial department can do without it.
今天，电在工业上起的作用是这样大，以致于没有哪个工业部门能不用电。（意为“一切工业部门都要用电。”）
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 （六）双重否定
英语句子中, 两个表示否定意义的词连用，就变成了“否定之否定”。这种否定句叫做双重否定句，但实际上是肯定。双重否定的概念是利用否定词 Not, no, never, nobody, nothing, neither…nor等配合否定词或包含否定意义的词语所构成的句型来表达的。这种句子翻译时，可以按照原来的否定语气直接译出，也可译为肯定形式。 1. no…without, 不…就不…， 不能不
Without water there can be no life on the Earth. 没有水，地球上就不可能有生命。 2. not but that 并非…不…
I can’t come, not but that I should like to come. 我不能来，但并非我不愿来。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 3. no…but… 没有……不……
There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.
在力的作用下，
没有一种材料不或多或少地产生一定的变形。(否定)
在力的作用下，各种材料或多或少都要变形。（肯定译法）
4. no other than 不是……而是…… I guess this no other than a transformer. 我猜这不是别的，正是一台变压器。
5. not…the less 并不…就不， 不…尽管…
I do not want to study English language the less for its difficulty.
我并不因英语难学就不想学。 （虽然英语难学，我仍要学。）
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 6. nothing (else) but 只不过, 除了…不…
Indeed, it is possible that electrons are make of nothing else but negative electricity. 的确，电子只是由负电荷构成的。
7. no…unless… 如果没有……就没有，除非……否则不……
No current will flow at any time unless there is a complete circuit.
任何时候，如果没有闭合回路，就没有电流流动。 8. nothing but 只能，除……外什么也不……
Early computers did nothing but compute : adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. 早期的计算机只能做加减乘除运算。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 9. no……-less 没有……不
No machine can be made completely frictionless. 没有摩擦力作用的机器是造不出来的。 10. nothing un- 没有什么……不 There is nothing unexpected about it. 一切都在意料之中。
（没有什么不在意料之中。
） 11. impossible but 不可能不
It is impossible but that rod will be longer under such big tension force.
杆件在这么大的拉力作用下不可能不被拉长。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2 （七）意义否定
有些英语句子，虽然在结构上或形式上是肯定句，但由于含有表示否定意义的一些词，因而使句子在意义上变成了各种类型的否定句。如介词without, 带有前缀un-或in-的形容词，带有后缀-less的形容词，连词until和but等都可以构成否定意义。
The slight amount of current flowing through the voltmeter may be ignored. 通过伏特计的微量电流是可以忽略不计的。
Another advantage of the absence of moving parts is that a transformer needs very little attention. 变压器没有运动部件的另一好处，在于它几乎不需要照看。
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate 2
The unit horsepower is independent of the cutting speed.
马力这个单位与切削速度无关。
It is necessary to prevent the follower from losing contact with the cam.
必须使随动件与凸轮不脱离接触。
This equation is far from being complicated. 这个方程式一点也不复杂。
We tried in vain to measure the voltage. 我们原想测量电压，但没测成。（in vain 徒然的） The principle of echo-ranging is by no means new. 回声测距原理一点也不新奇。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Mechanism 2
Mechanisms may be categorized in several different ways to emphasize their similarities and differences. One such grouping divides mechanisms into planar, spherical, and spatial categories. All three groups have many things in common; the criterion which distinguishes the groups, however, is to be found in the characteristics of the motions of the links.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Words Learning
emphasize V 强调, 着重, emphasis n.强调, 重点
He emphasize that we should lay heavy stress on law and order.
他强调我们应把主要重点放在法律和秩序上。 You should laid a strong emphasis on the study of foreign languages.
你应把主要重点放在学习外语上。 similarity 类似，相似，类似处
I think they have the similarity of childhood experiences.
我认为他们的童年经历很相似。
Two transducer have a similarity in out appearance but difference in inner structure.
两个变换器有着相似的外形，但内部结构却不同。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Words Learning
divide…into 分成, 分为, 除, 被除尽 Let’s divide this paper into three section. 让我们把这篇文章分为三个部分。 Three will not divide into seven. 三除不尽七。
criterion 标准, 准则, 规范
We must make a acceptance criterion for new products. 我们必须为新产品制定一个验收标准。 distinguishes 区别，辩别，判别
He can not distinguish between right and wrong now. 他现在不能辨别是非。
Can you distinguish between silk and rayon 你能分清丝稠和人造丝吗？
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Mechanism 2
A planar mechanism is one in which all particles
describe plane curves in space and all these curves lie in parallel planes; i.e., the loci of all points are plane curves parallel to a single common plane. This characteristic makes it possible to represent the locus of any chosen point of a planar mechanism in its true size and shape on a single drawing or figure. The plane four-bar linkage, the plate cam and follower, and
the slider-crank mechanism are familiar examples of planar mechanisms. The vast majority of mechanisms in use today are planar.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Words Learning
lie in 位于，处于……状态， Harbin lies in northeast of China. 哈尔滨位于中国的东北部。
parallel to 平行，平行的，平行面，平行线，类似的 There are two hundred kilometers that road run parallel to a railway. 那条公路和铁路平行延伸二百公里。 drawing 图，制图，视图
All detail drawings and a assembling drawing should be given.
应给出全部零件图和一张装配图。 familiar 熟悉(的), 常见的 I'm not familiar with her. 我同她不太熟悉。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Mechanism 2
A spherical mechanism is one in which each link has some point which remains stationary as the linkage moves and in which the stationary points of all links lie at a common location; i.e., the locus of each point is a curve contained in a
spherical surface, and the spherical surfaces defined by several arbitrarily chosen points are all concentric. The motions of all particles can therefore be completely described by their radial
projections, or \"shadows,\" on the surface of a sphere with properly chosen center. Hooke's universal joint is perhaps the most familiar example of a spherical mechanism.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Words Learning
stationary 固定的, 静止的,不变的
All cars remained stationary as the snow was too heavy.
由于雪下得太大了，所有车子都停住不动了。 concentric 同心(轴)的
The input shaft of the gearing should be concentric with the output shaft of motor.
传动装置的输入轴应该与电机输入轴同轴。 projection 发射, 投影, 投影法
Geometric projection was introduced in cartography. 将几何投影法引入制图学。
universal 普遍的, 全体的, 通用的 War causes universal misery. 战争给所有的人带来苦难。
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Mechanism 2
Spatial mechanisms, on the other hand, include no restrictions on the relative motions of the particles. The motion transformation is not necessarily coplanar, nor must it be concentric. A spatial mechanism may have particles with loci of double curvature. Any linkage which contains a screw pair, for example, is a spatial mechanism, since the relative motion within a screw pair is helical.
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之八 Words Learning
restrictions , 约束
The productive capacity is the restriction of output products.
产量受生产能力的制约。
curvature 弯曲，曲率，曲度
Curvature radius of the cam is too small to gain a smooth motion of a follower.
凸轮的曲率半径太小了，从动件不能获得平稳的运动。
screw pair 螺旋副，
screw-jack fulfill the task of lifting a high weight object by the principle of screw pair. 螺旋千斤顶是利用螺旋副的原理来提升重物的。 helical 螺旋状的
A pair of helical bevel gears was used in transducer. 变速器中采用了一对螺旋伞齿轮。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
9机械工程专业英语 第九课
科技英语英文摘要简介
Abstract of English for Science and Technology
摘要与文摘:
摘要与文摘两者在作用和结构方面是有 区别的。英文Abstract,在英汉词典里既作 “摘要”讲,也作“文摘”讲。 摘要
(1) 是一篇完整论文的一部分，但不是正文的部分。
(2) 它高度概括了正文叙述的内容，突出正文的重点, 是正文实质性内容的介绍。（读者通过阅读摘要，初步就能确定此文章对读者的重要性，究竟对读者从事的科研、教学有无参考价值，从而决定有否必要阅读正文。）
(3) 摘要虽然不是正文的一部分，但是它也不能脱离文章而单独印刷发行。 文摘
文摘是一种能脱离正文而单独印行的科技文体，主要以文摘期刊或文摘卡片或光盘形式发行。文摘除向读者介绍有关的最新文献的主要内容外（有时是摘要），还介绍该文献的来源，以及查找全文的渠道。
世界上有很多著名的文摘机构
•科学引文索引 SCI （Science Citation Index） •工程索引 EI （Engineering Index） •科学技术会议索引 ISTP
（Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings）
英文摘要的内容
英文摘要需要提供给读者一种信息，即 该篇文章所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问 题。摘要主要可分为指示型、信息-指示型和 信息型3种。
（一）指示性摘要
指示型摘要（indicative abstract）即介绍型摘要，也称陈述型摘要。它只简要地介绍论 文的论题，或者概括地表述研究的目的，仅使 读者对论文的主要内容有一概括的了解。指示 型摘要一般不介绍方法、结果、结论的具体内 容，不包含任何数据。一般指示型摘要只有几 个简单句子，篇幅短小，30～50个词。
指示性摘要例1
Management and application of process planning resource database in CAPP
CAPP中工艺资源数据库的管理与应用
Abstract：A structure of an integrated CAPP system is presented. The functional model of process planning resource management in CAPP is built up, and the integrated data management of process resource database and its application in CAPP are achieved.
提出一个集成化CAPP系统的总体结构，建立CAPP中工艺资源管理模块的功能模型，实现工艺资源数据库在 CAPP中的集成管理 和应用。
指示性摘要例2
Studies on dynamics of the clutch optimizing engaged –schedule of bus AMT
大客车AMT的离合器最佳接合规律动力学研究 Abstract ：The process of the clutch engagement when starting the automobile is introduced. The influencing factors of clutch engagement are discussed. The regular model of clutch engagement and the five – freedom dynamics model of the tow wheels of the bus are established.
分析了汽车起步时离合器的接合过程，讨论了影响离合器接合的因素，建立了离合器接合规律及大客车两轮5自由度纵向动力学模型.
指示性摘要例2（续）
The restriction equations of the clutch engagement are developed. Finally, the optimized AMT clutch engagement for buses is presented in this paper. 导出了离合器整个接合过程的约束方程。进而给出适用于大客车AMT离合器的最佳接合规律。
指示性摘要例3
The design of the structure and controlling software for tool magazine in the teaching type machining center 教学型加工中心刀库结构及控制软件设计
Abstract: Taking the tool magazine design of V400 vertical machining center as an example, discusses the tool magazine structure characteristics of teaching type Machining center, propose the realization method for software of tool magazine controlling system on the basis of modularized IPC opening numerical controlling system.
以V400立式加工中心刀库设计为例，探讨了教学型加工中心刀库结构的特点，并针对基于IPC的模块化开放式数控系统，提出了刀库 控制系统软件的实现方法。
（二）信息-指示型摘要 信息-指示型摘要（informative-indicatives abstract）是一种混合型摘要，即它是一篇可以同时兼有信息型和指示型的摘要。它可以基本上属于其中一种体裁，
而在某种程度上兼有另一种体裁的特征。篇幅稍长于指示型摘要，50~100词之间。
（二）信息-指示型摘要例1
Engineering Development Studies for Integrated Evacuated CPC Array: Interim Technical Progress Report
Abstract: An improvement in optical efficiency over contemporary external reflector evacuated tube collectors was achieved by integrating the reflectors surface into the outer glass envelope. The design, fabrication and testing results are described for a prototype collector based on this concept. Efficiencies above 40% up to 300℃ are achieved. A comprehensive testing program to measure performance and operational characteristics of a 2m2 panel (45 tubes) is being carried out.
中译文：通过把反射器表面与外玻璃封壳相结合，实现了目前的外部反射器抽空管集热器
光效率的改善。本文描述了基于这一概念的一台集热器样机的设计、制作和测试结果。所 达到的效率高于40%，温度达到300℃。目前正在进行一项2m2集热板(安装45只管子。) 的性能和工作特性的综合测试计划。
（二）信息-指示型摘要例2
A broad-band amplifier output network design
Abstract: An analytic design method for a lossy gain-compensating network is presented and the advantages of Lossy networks are discussed. Examples of two-stage Amplifiers using PETs and bipolar transistors are Presented to show the feasibility of this particular network in low power Amplifier designs. 宽频带放大器输出网络设计
本文介绍了有损增益补偿网络的一分析性设计方法，并讨论了有损网络的优越性。文中举出了采用场效应管和双极晶体管的双级放大器实例。
（二）信息-指示型摘要例2 (续)
These amplifiers obtain gains of 15.4dB±0.5dB with a 2.5dB maximum noise figure in the 4.0-6.0GHz frequency range and 16.5dB±1.2dB with a maximum input VSWR of 1.78:1 over the 1.0-2.0 GHz frequency range, respectively.
这些放大器的增益在频率为4.0-6.0GHz 时为15.4dB±0.5dB, 其最大噪声指数为2.5dB；频率为1.0-2.0 GHz时为16.5dB±1.2dB，其最大输出电压驻波比为1.78:1.
（三）信息型摘要
信息型摘要即报道型摘要，也称资料型摘要。
它用来报道论文的研究目的、方法、结果和结论。实质上，它是整篇论文的高度浓缩。
一般来讲，目前科技期刊中学术类文章的英文摘要属于信息型，也是目前最多的一种，也是我们主要讨论的一种摘要。篇幅较长，100～150词为宜。(不超过250词)
（三）信息型摘要组成 1. 目的：即本文的目的或要解决的问题（What I want to do ?）。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。
2. 方法：即论文的主要工作过程及所采用的技术手段或方法，还包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备及仪器仪表等。对新的技术手段则应清楚的描述其基本原理、应用范围及所达到的精度、误差等。（How I did it ?）
（三）信息型摘要组成
3. 结果：结果应力求简明而富有信息性，可以是所获得的实验数据、实验结果及关系式，也可以是理论性成果，还可以是所关注的相关联系及观察到的主要现象。
（What results did I get ?）
4. 结论：即阐明成果蕴含的意义，特别阐述这种意义是怎样与研究目的相联系。 （What conclusions can I draw ?） （为了避免重复，有些摘要中结果和结论紧密结合在一起写。）
（三）信息型摘要组成
结果和结论代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读者阅读，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此，在写作结果和结论部分时，一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明，使结论部分言之有物，有根有据。
此外，如有可能，在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较，以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处。（What is new and original in this paper?）
（三）信息型摘要例1
Composing Letters With a Simulated Listening Typewriter
Abstract: An aim of the experiments is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. Participants dictated, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited
vocabulary.
中译文：本实验的目的是要确定一台尚不完善的听写打字机能否用来写信。实验者口授信函时，有时一字一字口授，有时是连续的话语口授。他们口授时，听写打字机便做模拟工作；听写打字机有的能识别有限量词语，有的则能识别无限量词语。
（三）信息型摘要例1 （续）
Results show that some versions, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.
结果表明，即使第一次使用听写打字机，有一些样信的效果就和传统耳听、手写的效果一样好。具有较大词汇量的逐词口授将成为可用的听写打字机的依据。
（三）信息型摘要例2
Light Radiation From pulsed Discharges in WaterAbstract: Aim To study the characteristics of plasma radiation from pulsed discharges in water. Methods Pyrometer- oscilloscope system was sued to measure the brightness of the plasma radiation. The spark channel temperature and the distributions of the irradiance as a function of wavelength were obtained through a greybody radiation model.
水中高压脉冲放电的光辐射研究
摘要：目的 研究水中高压脉冲放电的光辐射性质。方法 通过高温计-示波器系统，测量放电的光谱辐射亮度；采用灰体辐射模型，计算放电通道的温度和发射率；结合放电的电特性，分析这一过程中等离子体的光辐射 特性。
（三）信息型摘要例2（续）
Results For a stored capacitor energy of 312.5J, the spark channel temperature of 5×104 K was obtained with a peak current of 50kA. Most of the plasma radiation energy is distributed in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum (10-200nm). Conclusion Radiation of plasma underwater corresponds to its electric characteristics. Ultraviolet radiation is one of the principal form of energy which is released from a pulsed discharge in water.
结果 在电容器储能为312.5 J、最大峰值电流为50kA的条件下，计算得到
的最高温度约为5×104 K。光辐射能量的绝大部分布在远紫外线的范围（10-200nm）。
结论 水中放电的光辐射特性对应于放电的电
特性。紫外光辐射是放电等离子体的主要释能方式之一。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work) 将下列英文摘要翻译成中文：
Composing Letters With a Simulated Listening Typewriter
Abstract: An aim of the experiments is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. Participants dictated, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary. Results show that some versions, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.
10机械工程专业英语 第十课
科技英语英文摘要撰写
Writing an Abstract of English for Science and Technology
英文摘要是用英文来表述文章的重要部分，所以写作要求很高。它同样也有写作的ABC原则要求，即
A：准确（accuracy） B：简练（brevity） C：清晰（clarity）
A：准确
英文摘要要能准确地传递科技信息和阐述学术观点。因此要求：
（1）文字表达要准确，词能达意，不要引起 读者误解。 特别是科技文章不同于文科论文， 它不要求词藻华丽，描写细腻。
（2）选词要准确，英文中同义词不少，例如： symptom和sign两个词在非科技文章都可指疾病的症状，但在医学文章里，symptom是指病人主观感觉的症状，如头晕、胸闷、胃痛、失眠等。Sign是指客观可检查到的症状，如黄疸、浮肿、淋巴腺肿大等，两 词不可混淆。
A：准确（续）
又如，safety与security两词，虽然都可以作安全讲，但其含义是有所不同的。safety是安全、平安的意思，可指自身安全、使用产品的安全等，如安全保险措施(safety precautions)、（汽车）安全带（safety belt）、安全阀（safety valve）、安全岛（safety island）、安全运行（safety operation）等。而security则是安全、保护、保障的意思，如养老金的保障、（防 盗）安全措施、保安措施均用security一词，又如国家的防卫、保安、保安车（如押送金钱的）等。
写作过程中碰到选词有困难时，应充分利用词典的帮助。
B：简练
（1）写短句：英文科技文章写作时，经常使用复合句，有时一个子句套一个子句，整个一句话很长。在摘要中尽量写短句子，如果碰到长句子也尽量拆成几个短句子。例如下面一句话长达49个词：
What is really required therefore is a safe,
reliable and inexpensive device, which can be inserted between the transmission line and the consuming apparatus, to convert the high voltage and low current of the economical
Transmission line into the low voltage and high current required by the consuming apparatus. 因此，在输电线路和用电设备之间，的确需要一种可以将经济的输电线路的高压小电流安全可靠，成本低廉地转换成用电设备所需的低压大电流的装置
B：简练（续）
可将其拆为两句话：
A safe, reliable and inexpensive device is really required between the transmission line and the consuming apparatus. It can convert the high voltage and low current of the economical transmission of the economical transmission line into the low voltage and high current required by the consuming apparatus.
（2）精炼: 许多简单句子只要能压缩，应尽量去掉多余的词
例如: The English Language is about one-half redundant.
（英语中约有一半是多余的。）
可以更精炼为： English is half redundant. 精炼可以提高信息密度，对写英文摘要尤其重要。
C：清晰
（1）逻辑性与条理性强：写作要求逻辑性与条理性强，这同中文写作要求一样。摘要写得要通顺，不要影响读者的注意力，如：不必要的解释，不必要的重复、离题的内容等。 （2）忠实于正文：摘要撰写时，不能夸大研究成果，不能包含任何对正文内容的补充与修正，更不能包含正文中没涉及的内容，否则，不仅会造成读者的判断错误，也会影响作者的信誉。
（3）具体：写作过程中，摘要的叙述应尽可能具体，要避免模糊、笼统的写法。
C：清晰（续）
简单地举两个例子说明：例如在核物理测量核反应截面时，应将结果写出为宜。
The cross-section was (6.25±0.26)×10-24cm2，
不要简单地写为The cross-section was measured.
又例：The continuous process requires 10% less raw material inventory and a 5% reduction in labor，就比
The continuous process will reduce costs, 要具体,要好。
（4）客观：摘要的叙述一定要客观，不应带有个人的主观因素，在摘要中，一般不宜使用perhaps, maybe, likely, possibly, probably等词；不应含有倾向性的评论。
从某种意义上讲，英文摘要的撰写要求较文章正文还要高些。对于中文科技学术文章的英文摘要，其撰写的依据是该文章的中文摘要。实际上，将中文摘要对应着翻译成英文，要求是忠实于愿意，但并非一字一字地对应直译。特别需要指出，在转译过程中，万万不能由于翻译上的困难而删去重要的词句。
实践经验表明，最好是先根据国际标准ISO-214写好符合要求的英文摘要，然后再对应写出中文摘要。这是一种行之有效的方法。
摘要的长度
不同类型摘要的长度（length）不一样，信息性摘要居多，也较长些。因为信息性摘要要包括目的、方法、结果和结论，所以一般信息性摘要要求是100～150个词。著名国际检索机构，如工程索引EI (Engineering Index)就是这样要求的。
考虑到摘要的于正文的特点,而又要求在有限的字数内写出符合要求的摘要,概括出几种缩短摘要的方法如下。
1) 摘要中第一句话不要与题名重复 如，题名为
A calculation model of airborne radioactivity to environment for nuclear heating reactors，则摘要的第一句话不要写为A calculation model of airborne radioactivity to environment for nuclear heating reactors is proposed on basis of the environment impact as assessment.
最好改为 The environment impact assessment is theimportant base of the calculation model. 又如，题名为 A wave function for the H center in LiF 则摘要的第一句话不要写为 A wave function for the H center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits. The…，
而最好改为A linear combination of appropriate molecular orbital is assumed. The…。
2) 取消一些不必要的词句
如，in this paper, It is reported that…，Extensive investigations show that…，The author discusses…，This paper concerned with…，以及类似“本文所谈及的研究工作是对以前的工艺状况的改进”，“本研究工作已经通过专家鉴定”，“本研究成果已达到国际先进水平”等
3) 减少或取消不必要的背景信息 摘要只限表示新消息、新内容，应减少或取消对过去研究情况的描述，减少或取消不必要的背景信息。摘要也不应该包括作者未来的计划，如“有关×××方面的研究有待进一步开展”等。
4) 对物理量单位及通用词适当简化 如用3km代表three kilometers，用5s代替five seconds，用U.S.（美国）代表the United States，用U.K.（英国）代替the United Kingdom等。
5) 尽量避免重复单元采用简化措施 如在摘要中： 不采用 应采用 at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ at 250℃-300℃
at a high temperature of 1250℃ at 1250℃ at a high pressure of 15.4MPa at 15.4MPa specially designed or formulated nothing
摘要的文体
撰写摘要，文体 (styles) 上应遵守上述ABC原则,摘要一般不分段。
1) 英文摘要不同于文章正文，应尽量使用短句子，但也应避免重复单词。如
In this paper, an enhancement, which is named as ABC, is proposed to try to get a more powerful object-oriented method.
应改为简单两句话：
An enhancement method, ABC, is proposed. It is a more powerful object-orients method. 并取消原句中不必要的In this paper。
摘要的文体（续） 2) 在时态上，英文摘要多采用一般现在时和过去时。采用一般现在时来明研究的目的，描述研究的内容，得出结果与结论等。例如： ①Calculated flooding velocities are close to the experimental values with deviation of ±15％. ②Using the method of pulse synchronization, two schemes of pulse subtracted are described. ③The model if applied to the plane Couette’s flow problem.
一般过去时用来描述作者过去某一时刻（时段）的发现，某一研究（观察、调查、实验、治疗等）过程等。例如：
摘要的文体（续）
④Four kinds of liquid-liquid systems were examined.
⑤The cycle stress-strain curve and strain-life curve for the steel 40CrNiMoA were experimentally obtained.
⑥The fatigue tests of notched specimens under random loads were carried out.
⑦The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy.
现在英文摘要中尽量少用现在完成时，更少用过去完成时等。这一点也与英文文章正文有不同之处。
摘要的文体（续）
3) 可用动词的情况应尽量避免应用动词的名次形式。 如应当用
Neutron flux distributions in the core were measured. 而不用
Measurements of neutron flux distributions in the core were made.
摘要的文体（续） 4)正确使用冠词，包括定冠词the和不定冠词a或an
摘要的文体（续）
5)应当用预置短语分开或用连字符断开名词组，避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词。如用
The choloring-containing propylene-based polymer of high melt index，
而不用
The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.
摘要的文体（续）
6)造句时尽量使动词靠近主语。如用
The decol-orization was irreversible after 10 h of UV irradiation while the pigment was dissolved in dioxane. 而不用
The decol-orization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 h of UV irradiation, was on longer irreversible.
摘要的文体（续）
7)尽量应用重要的实事开头，避免短语或从句开头。如
Fuel consumption in a reactor core was determined from data obtained experimentally. 而不用
From data obtained experimentally, fuel consumption in a reactor core was determined.
摘要的文体（续）
8)删繁就简，应当用合适的短语代替子句，用合适的单词代替短语。如用increased代替has been found to increase，用was代替was considered to be，用seemingly代替it would seem that，等等。
摘要的文体（续）
9) 摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出其姓名。
摘要中不允许引用参考文献标号如[X]或见Ref.[X]。例如，在本章2.1.1节摘要例1中，……，最后一句话：
The examples … data from the St. Louis-based Regional Air Pollution Study.又例如另一论文摘要：
A previous result [F. K. Hwang, Tamkang J.Math., 2 (1971), pp.39-44] showed that a minimax group…
摘要的文体（续）
10) 摘要中尽量避免使用以第一人称We，I的形式为主语的句子，这以便于文摘刊物编辑加工和利用。例如，
In this paper, we provide a method calculating the stability of small four-wheel tractors….We discuss the application conditions of this
method. 可改为
A method calculating the stability of small four-wheel tractors is provided…. The application conditions of this method are discussed.
摘要的文体（续）
应当注意，在国家标准GB47-86文摘编写规则中指出，中文摘要中要用第三人称写法。应采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作主语。但这不能套到英文摘要上去，即句子不能直接由第三人称的动词如presents, discusses, provides,…开头，必须写成完整的句子，主语不能省略，且多采用被动式（例子可见上）。这样实际第三人称主语就被省掉了。这一点很重要。
摘要的文体（续）
11) 因为是科技文章的摘要，所以文词要纯朴，不需要很多华丽的修饰语句，不需要文学性的写法，如
“Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal, in condition of choking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machine to operate in.”
摘要的文体（续）
12)摘要中单词的拼写应该统一，或用英国拼写法，或用美国拼写法，但不要混用。如，或应用programme , colour ，或应用program, color，但不应在同一摘要里出现programme, color或program, colour。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
11科技英语英文摘要典型语句-1第十一课
科技英语英文摘要典型语句-1
Model Sentence in Abstract of English for Science and Technology
典型语句是指撰写摘要时经常用的语句。归纳如下:
作者观点和文章内容的常用语句 常用词：
–deal with 论及，涉及 –describe 阐述 –explain 解释 –illustrate 说明
–introduce 引入，介绍 –present 给出 –report 给出
Example
The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with.
论及了此晶体的物理化学性质。
Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described. 简述了性能目标与测量方法。
Example
The chain reaction of uranium nuclei caused by neutrons is explained by the critical experiment.
临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反应。 The applications of this technique to inner metal detection are illustrated.
说明了这种技术对金属内部探测的应用。
Example
•Research and development tools are introduced
immediately. 引入了研究和开发的工具
•The basic concepts and data collected are
presented. 给出了基本概念和收集的数据。
文章研究课题的常用语句
•常用词：
– analyse , 分析
– consider, 认为, 考虑
– develop, 导出 (导出公式, 开发产品,
社会发展)
– discuss, 讨论 – investigate, 研究
– state, 叙述, 阐述 – study. 研究, 学习
Example
•The main experimental problems are also
analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements.
用这种超低频测量也分析了主要的实验问题。 •The phenomena associated with breakdown
phase are considered as initial conditions.
与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件。
Example
•A lumped parameter for concrete-structure interaction is developed.
导出了混凝土结构相互作用的集总参数。 •Some application of the two-phase flow in
reactors are briefly discussed.
简要地讨论了反应堆里两相流的一些应用
Example
•A particular system is investigated numerically. 对一特定系统进行了数值性研究。
•The relationship between mass and energy in
nature is stated briefly.
简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。
Example
a certain boundary condition.
•The continuity of this function is studied under
研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性。
文章涉及范围的语句 常用词：
–Consist of 由…… 组成 –Contain 包含
–Cover 包含，包括，涉及到 –Include 包含，包括
Example
•This article consists of four parts; introduction,
theory, experimental, and conclusion. 本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成。
Example •The configuration, structural design and results
of a parameteric structural optimization analysis are contained.
本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果。
•Testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel
and control rods in the reactor core are contained. 本文包括了反应堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒和控制棒的组件的测试结果。
Example
•So many elements such as Fe, Au, Ag, Al, etc,
are included in this project. 此项目中包括煤的性质、锅炉的运行、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统。
•Asphaltic products and specifications are
covered in the scope of the research. 本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格。
综述与概括某领域研究课题的常用语句 常用词：
–Abstract 撰写摘要 –Outline 概要叙述 –Review 评述
–Summary 简要概述，总结
Example
•All the operating procedures, such as general
procedures (GP), abnormal operating procedures (AOP), emergency operating procedures (EOP),
are abstracted.
所有的运行规程如总规程(GP)、异常运行规程
(AOP)、应急运行规程(EOP)都撰写了摘要。
Example
•The experimental technique for the measurement of theses properties is outlined only.
对这些特性的实验技术仅做了概要叙述。
•The development of the computer aided design (CAD) in mechanical engineering is reviewed. 评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计(CAD)的发展过程。
Example
•The theory based on materials science is
summarized.
简要概述了基于材料科学的理论。
•The design planning to be used is summarized
in detail.
详细的总结了要采用的设计规则。
文章重点的常用语句
常用词：be, concentrate, focus, give, pay
常用句型：
–Attention is concentrated on 重点是
–There is a focus on, 重视，集中 –Attention is paid to, 重视 –The emphasis is on, 重点
Example
•Attention is concentrated on grasping the basic
theory.
重点是在掌握基础理论上。
•Attention is concentrated on extending the lead
time to 24 hours。
重点是把超前时间延长到24个小时。
Example
•There is a focus on energy-saving everywhere
now.
现在到处都重视节能。
•The research is focused on collisions between
neutrons and uranium nuclei. 本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞。
Example
• More attention is paid to the evaluation of the
economic current density in the conductors. 很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估。 •The greatest emphasis is also placed on the
implications of attitudes taken toward nuclear power. 重点还在于对核电所采取的态度。
Example
•Particular attention is given to the start-up
procedure of nuclear reactor operations. 特别重视核反应堆运行的启动规程。 •The greatest emphasis is on the peaceful
utilization of nuclear energy.
极其重视核能的和平利用。
文章目的常用语句
•常用词：
–Aim 目的
–Objective 目标，对象，物体 –Purpose 目的
–Seek 寻求，追求
Example
•The aim of this research is to carry out the critical experiment and obtain important critical parameters on the zero power reactor.
此研究的目的是在零功率反应堆上进行临界实验，并获得重要的临界参数。
•The main objective of this study is to
determine the nuclear properties of graphite as reactor moderators.
本研究的主要目标是确定反应堆减速剂石磨的核特性。
Example
•An answer to this question is sought for many
investigators
许多研究者在寻求这个问题的答案。
•This paper seeks to justify the remedial
measures in terms of the final safety analysis report.
本文追求的目标是从最终安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的正确性。
Example
•The purpose for this study is to show that the method mentioned before is promising.
本研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途。
•The purpose of this research is to obtain the
heavy concrete of much higher stability.
本研究的目的就是要获得具有高稳定性的混凝土。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
写出下列指示型英文摘要： 本文介绍了一种切削过程（cutting process）计算机模拟（computer simulation）的新方法，给出了高速切削过程中应用这种方法的关键数据，简要讨论了这种方法的优缺点，详细总结了这种方法的应用情况。
12科技英语英文摘要典型语句-2 第十二课
科技英语英文摘要典型语句-2
Model Sentence in Abstract of English for Science and Technology
典型语句是指撰写摘要时经常用的语句。归纳如下:
成果获取和开发的常用语句 常用词：常用词：
–Achieve( 达到，实现), Construct( 绘制),
derive( 推导), Design( 设计), Develop( 开发), Establish( 建立), record( 记录), Give( 给出), realize( 实现), Improve( 改进), provide( 提供), Obtain( 得到), produce( 生产), reduce( 缩短), solve( 解决)
Example
•The normal operating pressure value can also
be achieved in the summer. 正常工作压力值在夏季也能达到。 •A dissolution diagram was constructed which
can be used in heat treatment. 绘制了用于热处理的溶解图。
Example
•The special equations are derived based on the
quantum theory.
基于量子理论，推导出了这些特殊的方程式。 •The system is designed to be used for
transferring the heat produced from the reactor core.
此系统要设计城能传输出从反应堆堆芯产生的能量。
Example
•Two methods of the boiler design are developed.
开发了锅炉设计的两种方法。
•A simulation model is established on a full
scope simulator. 在全范围模拟机上建立了一种仿真模型。
Example
•The steam generator design has been greatly improved.
蒸汽发生器设计已得到了很大地改进。
•Good agreement with the corresponding results
from the reactor dynamics is obtained.
得到了与相应反应堆动力学很一致的结果。
Example
•This paper provides an ideal source of
radiation for an optical communication system. 本文为光通信系统提供了一种理想的辐射源。 •Fatigue endurance enhancement is realized by
using a thin layer of nitrile rubber.
记录了小管破裂对反应堆冷却剂系统的压力的影响。
Example
•Switching time of the new type transistor will be reduced three times.
这种新只管晶体管的开关时间将缩短三分之二。
•The problem of steady-state rotation of a
cylindrical dielectric rotor with a metal cor with a weakly conducting liquid in an electric field is solved.
装有金属芯的圆柱形不导电转子在电场的弱传导液体中的稳态旋转问题得到了解决。
观察和指示常用语句
•常用词：
–Demonstrate 示范，证明 –Exhibit 展示，展出 –Find 发现 –Indicate 指出 –Observe 观察 –Point out 指出了 –show 表明
Example
•Effects of improper operation on machine
service life were demonstrated.
例证了不适当的操作对机器寿命的影响。
•All the salts studied ,except NaCl, exhibit good
catalytic activity. 所研究的所有盐类，除了氯化钠外，都有很好的催化作用。
Example
•No evidence for any operation trouble is found.
没发现任何运行故障的迹象。
•Application fields for these types of nuclear
reactions are indicated.
•指出了这几种核反应的使用领域。
Example
•A relationship between the force and speed is
observed.
观察了力与速度之间的关系。
•The importance of the ratio of water to uranium is pointed out in reactor physical design.
•指出了水铀比在反应堆物理设计中的重要
性。
Example
•A great improvement in sensitivity and
reproductivity is showed in the results by using this method. 这些结果表明，使用此方法能使灵敏度和可重复性有很大的改善。
•An application to the study of muscles
mechanics is also indicated.
指出了在肌肉力学研究方面的一种应用。
运算和计量的常用语句
• 常用词：
–calculate, 计算
–determine, 确定，测得 –estimate, 估计，估算 –measure 测量
Example
•The deviation in each method is carefully
estimated. 仔细的估计了每种方法的误差。 •The probability of activation per unit time is
calculated. 计算了单位时间的激活概率。
Example
•The earth-moon distance can be determined to
an accuracy of ± 15cm by using this technique.
用这种技术测得的地球－月亮距离准确度可达±15cm.
•Neutron flux distributions in the reactor core
were measured.
测量了反应堆堆芯里的中子通量分布。
Example
•The model parameters are estimated by using a
recursive extended least square method.
用递归扩展最小二乘法估算了模型参数。
•The physical parameters in the reactor core
were calculated by using the two-group theory.
应用双群理论计算了反应堆堆芯物理参数。
应用与用途的常用语句
•常用词：
–apply, 应用
–use, 使用，用于
Example
•The developed technique was applied to
ambient air and automobile exhaust analysis. 将研究所得的技术应用于环境空气和汽车废气的分析。
•The system was applied to the analysis of a
series of practical coal mine problems.
应用此系统于一系列煤矿实际问题的分析。
Example
•These facilities are used to develop computer
hardware for several projects.
这些设施被用来为若干项目研制计算机硬件。
•This method is used to measure stress
distributions in the material.
这种方法被用来测量材料中应力的分布。
评估与比较的常用语句
•常用词：
–agree with, 与…… 一致，符合 –assess, 评审 –compare, 比较 –evaluate 估算
Example
•The calculated results agree with experimental
results with regard to the effects of machine stiffness on stress amplitude.
就机械刚度对应力幅度的影像而言，计算结果
与实验结果一致
Example
•The calculated motilities agree well with the
experimental analysis.
所计算的机动性与实验分析符合得很好
•The role of heterogeneous reactions and
processes in the troposphere was strictly assessed.
严格地评审了对流层中的异性反应与过程的作用
Example
•These data are compared with those from the published experiments.
将这些数据与已发表的实验结果进行了比较
•Various rate and energy parameters were
evaluated.
估算了各种速率和能量参数
Example
•The used assumptions are evaluated by comparison with measurement results. 通过与实验结果比较，对所用的假设进行了评审。
•Two portable microcomputers are compared by using six basic programs.
•使用了6个基本程序对两种便携式微机进行
了比较。
实验与试验的常用语句
•常用词：
–experiment, –test
Example
•Animals are experimented upon in the
laboratory of the zoo.
在动物园实验室里做动物试验
•The experiments on selective agglomeration
were carried out by using kerosene at 14.8% consumption with respects to solids. 使用煤油进行了选择性的烧结实验，煤油的消耗量为固体燃料的14.8%
Example
•The ascend rocket in the upper half of the Lunar Module was tested hundreds of times. 登月艇上半截的上升火箭，试验过几百次了。
•The accuracy of the five solutions is tested by
comparing them with the exact modal solution. 通过与准确模态解的比较，对这5种解的准确性进行了试验
Example
•The tests were carried out on a unit including the investigated horizontal reactor.
试验是在一台包括这里所讨论的水平反应器的装置上进行的。
•The tests were designed to determine the flow
rate of the reactor coolant pump.
试验是设计用来确定反应堆冷却剂泵的流速
论证与依据的常用语句
•常用词：
–base on, 基于…… ，根据
–be base on, 基于…… ，根据 –take as reference 作参考
Example
•Methods of analysis are based on Maxwell
equations
分析的方法是依据麦克斯韦方程式。
•The remedial measure can be adopted, based
on the probabilistic safety analysis (PSA)
根据概率安全分析，这些补救措施能被采用。
Example
•The interactions between the basic particles are studied, based on the quantum mechanics.
依据量子力学，研究了基本粒子间的相互作用。
•A simplified diagram of the reactor vessel and
internals is taken as reference.
将反应堆容器与内部构件的简化图作为参考。
机械工程专业英语 作业
English in Mechanical Engineering (home work)
Words leaning 词汇学习
1
constitute 构成，组成 （部分组成整体）
be transmitted into / to…through把…通过…传递给…
distribute 分布，分配，供给 be reasonable 合理，合适
operate on 作用在…上 ( work on, place on, act on)
result in 导致,引起,产生 …… (结果) define 给…下定义，规定，界定，解释，
concern 与…有关系，关心，concerning 关于 act on 作用于… action 作用， reaction 反作用
Include 包括，把…包括在内
measure 度量，尺寸，措施，测量，量具
be dependent on 依靠，依赖，取决于 , 与…有关 property 特性，性质，所有权
2
be attracted to 吸引，有吸引力，引起注意
product 乘积, 产品，产物be neglected 忽视，忽略 (ignore , disregard) negligible 微不足道 deform 变形 （deformation）
assume 假定，假设 , 假如（suppose, if）( assumption)
due to 由于，应归于，因为
Because (语气最强，表示直接的原因) since (语气稍弱，表示已知的原因) as (语气更弱，表示明显的原因) be analyzed 分析，解析
remain 保持, 保留, 剩余 ( retain , keep) balance 平衡，衡量
experience 经历,体验,经验 (n. vt) experiment 试验 (n. vi)
be proportional to 成比例
be directly proportional to 成正比 be inversely proportional to 成反比 common 共同的，公共的，公有的
associate 使发生联系，使联合，与…有关 ( 相关词汇deal with, involve ) dissociate 使分离， possess 具有，掌握，支配
1.普通词义：集中，系紧, (扣件,钮扣) 2.专业词义：紧固，栓紧（紧固件,） acceptability 可接受性, 合格, 满意(度) component
1. 普通词义：成分，要素，组成的 2. 专业词义：零件，部件，元件 assembly 1. 普通词义：集会，集合
２. 专业词义：装配，安装，装置 disassembly 拆卸，拆除，分解，解体 modular 组合的，模块化的，组件化的 manufacture 制造，加工，制造业，产品 classification 分类,分级
describe 描写，描述，阐述，沿着……画 removable
1. 普通词义:可移动的,可更换的 2.专业词义:可拆卸的
take into account 重视, 考虑
given application 特定的应用，指定的应用 operating condition 工作条件，工件环境 consequences 结果，后果，影响 realize 认识到，了解，实现，达到 failure
1.普通词义:失败,不成功
2.专业词义:故障,失效,失灵,损坏 nuisance 令人讨厌的事（人），麻烦事，障碍，损害
selection 选择，挑选
4
spring
1. 普通词义:春天, 泉，
2. 专业词义：弹簧,弹性,弹力,发条 elastic deflection 弹性变形 state 陈述, 说明, 状况，国家
nonlinear relationship 非线性的，非直线的 be linear with 与……成线性关系 category 种类，类别，范畴 represents 表现，表示，描写
maintain 维持，坚持，维修，保养 storage 贮藏， 存储器
perform…function 实现…功能, 起…作用
universal 普遍(的), 通用(的), 世界的, 万向的, 万能(的)
specialize 专攻, 专门研究 assuming 假定，设想
1
3
Fasten
be cold-wound 冷卷绕(法)
It is good practice to do sth. 应该做某事，好的习惯做法
consult 请教,商量, 商议
encounter 遭遇, 遇到, 相遇
undertake 着手作,从事,承担, 担任
5
considerations 考虑，意见，需要考虑的事项 strength
1.普通词义：力, 力量, 力气, 实力； 2专业词义：强度 reliability 可靠性
in service 使用中，运行中
relate …with 使…联系, 使…与…发生关系 achieve 完成，达到，取得成功
be subjected to 受支配, 从属于, 可以...的, 经历,遭受
precise 精确的, 准确的 factor 因素, 要素,系数 service life 使用寿命
is justified 证明…是正确的 / 合理的 / 值得的 endanger 使遭到危险, 危及, 危害 in sufficiently large quantities in advance 提前，预先，在…之前
appreciate 鉴赏, 感激,珍惜,评价, 鉴别 consequently 因此，结局的， 跟着发生的
elaborate 完善(的), 精心制作(的), 详细阐述(的), 精细
moderate 中等的, 适度的, 适中的 feasible 可行的，可用的 improve 改善, 提高, 改进
fracture (使)破碎, (使)破裂,断口;断裂 permits 充许，准许，许可 resist 抵抗, 反抗, 抗, 忍得住 desire 期望,希望,愿望,要求 employ 雇用,使用,利用，从事 function 功能, 作用, [数]函数
nondestructive 非破坏性的, 无损的 conduct 指导, 进行, 控制, 传导
7
mechanism
普通词义: 机制; 机构
专业词义: 机构, 机械装置, 机械系统 combination 结合, 合并, 组合 rigid
普通词义: 坚强的; 坚定的; 专业词义：刚体的，坚硬的
form 形成, 构成, 组成, 成形, 形状, 外形 introduce 介绍，提出，引进 transform 转换，转化，改变 rotate 旋转，转动，循环
constant 常数，恒量，不变的，经常的 velocity 速度, 速率 ratio 比，比率，比例
nonuniform 不一致的, 不均匀的 convert into 变换为, 转换为
translation 翻译, 译文,平移, 转换 involves 含有，包括，涉及 analytical 分析的，解析的 graphical 图解的，用图表示的 prescribe 指定，规定
linkages 连接，关联，连杆机构，联动装置 tasks 工作，任务，目标
guidance 指导，导向，引导，领导 generation 产生，发生，生成，一代人
6
publish 出版,公布,发表 expect 期待,预期,盼望 obtain 达到, 得到, 获得 No wonder 不足为奇，难怪 To sum up 概括, 总结
regardless 不管，不顾，不考虑，不注意 superior 优秀的,优等的,好的，强的，上级 absorb 吸收，缓冲，消减 occur 发生，出现 dividing line 分界线
gauge 标准尺, 规格, 量规, 计量
2
6
emphasize V 强调, 着重, emphasis n.强调, 重点
similarity 类似，相似，类似处 divide…into 分成, 分为, 除, 被除尽 criterion 标准, 准则, 规范
distinguishes 区别，辩别，判别 lie in 位于，处于……状态
parallel to 平行，平行的，平行面，平行线，类似的
drawing 图，制图，视图 familiar 熟悉(的), 常见的
stationary 固定的, 静止的,不变的 concentric 同心(轴)的
projection 发射, 投影, 投影法 universal 普遍的, 全体的, 通用的 restrictions , 约束
curvature 弯曲，曲率，曲度 screw pair 螺旋副 helical 螺旋状的
3
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