1、 英语中有两种语态，即主动和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态
表示主语是动作的接受者。
2、 被动语态的构成：助动词be + p.p. ,be有人称、数和时态的变化。
3、 被动语态的用法：1）需要强调动作的接受者时。 2）不知道动作的执行者或没有必要
指明时。 3）要表达“被--------”、“受-------”、“遭---------”、“让---------”等意思时。
4、 八种时态的被动语态的构成：1）am/is/are +p.p.(一般现在时) 2)was/were +p.p(一
般过去时). 3)am/is/are +being +p.p.(现在进行时) 4)was/were +being +p.p.(过去进行时) 5)will +be +p.p. (一般将来时) 6)would+be+p.p.(过去将来时) 7)have/has +been+p.p.(现在完成时) 8)had +been +p.p.(过去完成时) 注意:1）be going to do sth.也用来表示将来时,因此,将来时态的被动语态的构成有两种,还有
一种是: am/is/are going to be + p.p. ,was/were going to be +p.p. 2）进行句型转换时，要找好规律。
5、 含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：can/may/must/should + be +p.p.
6、 短语动词的被动语态,要保证短语动词的完整性,不可丢掉其中的介词。例如： I’m listening to the music. ----------The music is being listened to by me .
7、 感官动词（look、notice、watch、see、listen 、hear、feel 四“看”二“听”一“感”）和使
役动词（let、have、make三“使”）的被动语态，在主动语态中省略的to 必须要补出来。例如：
The teacher made me sit down.--------- I was made to sit down by the teacher. 8、 双宾语动词的被动语态，形式有两种，例如：
Mother bought me a beautiful present.= Mother bought a beautiful present for me.--------I was bought a beautiful present by mother.= A beautiful present was bought for me by mother.
注意：1）若主语为直接宾语，那么间接宾语前必须加to或for。
2）常见的双宾语动词有：give/show/pass/bring/lend/teach（接介词to） buy/make/sing/dance/cook/draw （接介词for）
9、 动词不定式的被动语态的构成是：to be +p.p.一般在have/has/had to do sth. 和be
going to do sth. need to do sth.三种结构中出现.例如:
You had to look after your mother.--------Your mother had to be looked after by you. We are going to plant some trees.------- Some trees are going to be planted by us. You need to repair your bike.---------- Your bike needs to be repaired by you.
10、主动语态中，若是现在分词作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，形式不变。常出现于find/see/hear sb.doing sth.等结构.例如:
We heard a girl crying in the next room.------A girl was heard crying in the next room by us. 11、有些不及物动词没有被动语态，如happen、begin、start、end等动词。例如： The film started at 7 o’clock. 不可说成The film was started at 7 o’clock. 12、若主语是特殊疑问词who，变为被动语态时，必须加介词by。例如：
Who will help you ？------ Who will you be helped by ？= By whom will you be helped ？
13、主动语态变为被动语态的方法： 1）接受者用做主语。（宾格变为主格） 2）谓语动词由主动形式变为被动形式。
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3）执行者变为介词by的宾语，放在过去分词之后。（主格变为宾格） 注意：a、动作执行者不必强调时，by短语可以省略。
b、主动和被动语态互变时，各种句型、时态等要保持一致。 自主训练：(一) 用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空 。 1.I hear that bridge __________（make）of wood．
2.English ______ the most widely _________ (speak）language in the world． 3. More money should ______ on the work. (spend)
4.Where ______ the wolf first ________（see）by the farmer？ 5.All the work must _________（finish）before Wednesday． 6.If your homework （finish），you can go out to play. 7. The war ______ out in 1935. (break)
8. The woman ______ to enter the bank with a man just now. (see) 9. You can’t use the office. It ______ now. (repair)
10.Tea _________（grow）in the southeast of China． (二)、选择填空。
1. The bird flew higher and higher till it could no longer ____. A. see us B. is seen C. was seen D. be seen 2. Everyone at the party ____ a present.
A. gives B. was giving C. was to give D. was given 3. A terrible accident ____ near our school yesterday.
A. was happening B. was happened C. had happened D. happened 4. Who is the book ____?
A. writing B. written C. written with D. written by 5. My family had some photos ____ last Sunday. A. took B. taking C. to take D. taken 6. Ask him how much ____.
A. was spent on the meal B. did the meal cost
C. was the meal needed D. did he pay for the meal 7. Many more houses ____ for teachers since last year.
A. are building B. built C. have built D. have been built
8. A neighbor helped to keep our dog. It _______ while we were on holiday. A. was taken care B. took care of
C. is taken care of D. was taken care of 9. ---- Must old people _____ to politely? ---- Yes, you ____.
A. speak, must B. spoken, need C. be spoken, must D. be spoke, need 10. ____ the Party ____ on July 1, 1921?
A. Did, found B. Was, found C. Did, be founded D. Was, founded 11. We _____ not to go that way because the road _______. A. told, is being built B. had told, is building
C. was told, is built D. were told, was being built
12. There was something wrong with his bike and he had to stop ______. A. have it repaired B. to have it repaired C. having it repaired D. having it to repair
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13.The young trees ____ every day, or they’ll die.
A. must water B. can be watered C. must be watered D, should be watering 14. The bridge over the river ____ last year.
A. finished B. is finished C. has finished D. was finished 15. She is the new student ____ Lucy King. A. calling B. called C. calls D is called
16. He ____ to sing in the next room a moment ago.
A. heard B. was hearing C. had heard D. was heard 17. About 500 cars ______ in the factory next year.
A. were produced B. will produce C. have been produced D. will be produced 18. Green trees and colourful flowers could everywhere in Guangzhou. So the people also call Guangzhou “Flower City”.
A. see B. be looked C. are seen D. be seen 19. Was the picture _______the teacher yesterday ? A. shown B. show C. shown to D. show to
20. The boy was made ____ streets without pay in the old days. A. to clean B. clean C. cleaned D. be cleaned
二、前缀、后缀构词法
加前缀、后缀是英语中常用的扩充词汇方式，也是学习英语必须掌握的构词法。比如，我们通过care就能掌握careful，careless，carefully，carelessly。初中常见的前、后缀有： 1、re表示“再、又”，如：rewrite，reuse，recycle，renew，return，retell，reduce 2、im（n）表示“无、不”，如：impossible，impolite，incorrect
3、dis表示“无、不”，如：dishonest，disagree，disappear，dislike
4、un表示“无、不”，如：unlike，unusual，untrue，unhealthy，uncomfortable 5、anti表示“反对、防止”，如：anti-pollution，anti-war 6、-able表示“可能、适合于”，构成形容词，如：comfortable，enjoyable，reusable，eatable，renewable
7、-ful表示“充满------的、具有-----性质的”，构成形容词，如：helpful，hopeful，useful，careful，beautiful，
8、-less与ful相反，表示“少的、不足的”，构成形容词，如：helpless，hopeless，useless，careless
9、-ness，-tion，-sion,-ment,表示“性质、状态”等，多数情况下构成名词，如：kindness，illness，darkness，happiness，communication，attraction，location，invention，discussion，revision，decision，development，improvement，advertisement，agreement，movement 10、-ly多数情况下构成副词，但是有时也构成形容词，如：politely，usually，easily，happily，noisily，truly，bravely，terribly，possibly，friendly，lonely，lovely，weekly, monthly 11、-er，-or，-ist一般指人，构成名词，如：worker，driver，inventor，doctor，scientist，tourist，journalist,artist
12、-y，多数情况下构成指“天气”的形容词，如：sunny，windy，cloudy，icy,rainy,snowy
三、定语从句
1、定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，对先行词起限定作用。
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2、定语从句的引导词有两类：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who，whom，whose等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
3、定语从句的分类：根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词之后，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，译为汉语时,译为定语.非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，译为汉语时,译为并列句,如省去，意思仍完整。 4、关系代词的用法：
1） that 用于指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.（that作主语） The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.（that作宾语）
2）which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.（作主语） The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. （作宾语）
3)who， whom, 用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.（作主语） Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ （作宾语） This is the thief who stole my bike．(作主语)
He is the boy who you wanted to find．（作宾语） 4）whose用于指人或物，在从句中作定语。例如：
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．（作定语） Please pass me the book whose cover is green.(作定语)
注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在后面时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在引导词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如： This is the house in which we lived last year.
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. （2）先行词指物，引导词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. This is the highest building that I have seen.
b.先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything，nothing, none， the one, little, few等不定代词或被它们修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ He answered few questions that the teacher asked.
c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.
Daming was the last pupil that got to school yesterday.
d. 先行词里同时含有人和物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
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Who is the girl that is crying？
Which is the book that you want to borrow.
f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. g.当引导定语从句的关系代词作表语时，只用that. China is no longer the country that it was.
（5）引导词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如： What’s that which is under the desk？
b.介词后，一般用which，而不用that.例如： This is the room in which he lives.
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.(若先行词是人,只能用who)例如： Tom came back， which made us happy.
Yesterday I bought two books, which were written by Luxun. The girls, who are dancing in the hall are from a college.
注意：that，which，who在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要与先行词保持一致。 5、关系副词的用法。
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如： This was the time when he arrived.
October here is a month when the weather is cool.
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如： This is the place where he works. I know a place where we can swim.
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，在句中作原因状语。例如： Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. Do you know the reason why he didn’t hand in his homework? 注意:a、that可以用来代替when, where, why,也可以直接省去。
b、有时可以与关系代词引导的定语从句进行替换。例如：
This is the village where I was born. = This is the village that I was born in.
6、定语从句的时态问题。定语从句的时态不受主句限制，该用什么时态就用什么时态。 自主训练：单选。
1. The place _______ interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2. Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3. This is the hotel _______ last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4. Do you know the year ______ the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5. That is the day ______ I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6. The factory ______ we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
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7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory ______ we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8. This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9. Can you lend me the book ______ the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10. The pen ______ he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______ sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12. The engineer ______ my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______ family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose 14. I'm interested in ______ you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15. He talked a lot about things and persons ______ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what
16. Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______ Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
17. I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 18. The reason ______ he didn't come was ______ he was ill. A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what 19. The number of the people who ______ cars ______ increasing. A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are 20. Is ______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 四、used
结构
1、be used for doing sth.“被用来干某事”，例如： Knives can be used for cutting things.
2、used to do sth.“过去常常干某事”，例如： He used to be late for school.
3、be used as------“被用做-----”，例如:
English is used as the second language in our country. 4、be used by sb.“被某人使用”，例如： This new machine is used by farmers.
5、be used to do sth.“被用来做某事”，例如：
Wood is used to make paper.= Wood is used for making paper.
6、be/get used to doing sth.“习惯于干某事”(to为介词,有时后接名词)，例如：
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The old man is used to getting up and going to bed early. I’m used to this kind of job.
五、put短语
1、put on （take off）穿上、戴上 2、put away收拾好 3、put together放到一起 4、put------in把------放到------的里面 5、put off推迟、拖延 6、put out扑灭 7、put------in the right order把-------排列长正确的顺序 8、put up（take down）举起、张贴、挂起
六、keep的用法
1、keep + adj.例如：keep healthy/clean/tidy/quiet
2、keep + O + adj.例如：keep the door closed，keep the library quiet 3、keep sb. doing sth.例如：I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long. 4、keep sb. from doing sth.= stop sb. from doing sth.例如: Nothing can keep us from going for a picnic today. 5、keep doing sth.例如:The boy kept studying all day.
6、keep + O +介词短语 例如：Good sleep can keep you in good health. 注意:以上keep都是“保持”的意思，另外它还有“借”和“饲养”的意思。例如： How long can I keep the new book？ My mother keeps chickens at home.
七、定冠词的the用法
定冠词the有指示代词this, that, these, those的意思，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。具体用法如下：
1、特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.
2、上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. I've been to the house. 3、指世上独一无二的事物：the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth，the world，the universe 4、与单数名词连用表示一类事物：The horse is a useful animal. 5、与形容词连用，表示一类人，做主语时谓语动词用复数：the rich/young/old/poor/blind/deaf/sick。 6、用在序数词之前(如果加a, an表示“又一，再一”)：I live on the second floor. Jim wanted to try a second time.
7、形容词最高级之前（副词最高级前可以省略）：the highest building
8、用于only， very， same, all, whole, many of, some of所修饰的名词之前：on the same day, the whole day, many of the stars
9、相当于形容词性物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm. The thief hit me in the face.
10、用在某些专有名词前：the People's Republic of China，the Summer Palace 11、用在表示乐器的名词之前：She plays the piano very well.
12、用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人或夫妇二人”，做主语时谓语动词用复数： the Greens = the Green family 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 13、用于八个方位名词之前：in the southeast of China
14、用在固定短语中：in the morning /afternoon/evening), the day after tomorrow，by the way 15、用在逢十的复数名词之前：in the 1980s
16、表示“两者之中较-----一个”时：She is the older of the two. 17、用于带有限制性定语的名词前：The girl in the red hat is Lucy. 18、用于句型“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”，表示“越------，越------”，“愈------，愈-----”：The harder
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you study， the more you will know.
19、用于在表示发明物的单数名词之前：The compass was invented in China.
注意：1、名词单数前加the，名词单数前加a，an，或直接用名词复数，都可以表示一类事物。
A horse is a useful animal. = Horses are useful animals. 2、有些名词前加the与不加the ，意义不同。in front of ——in the front of， in class——in the class，in hospital——in the hospital，at table——at the table， in prison——in the prison，go to bed——go to the bed
注意：零冠词的情况有：
1、节假日、星期、月份、季节之前。 2、称呼语前。Happy birthday，Dad.
3、表示头衔、职务的名词之前。Teacher Li，Doctor Wang，General Huang 4、一日三餐之前。Breakfast，lunch，supper，dinner 5、球类、棋类名词之前。
6、名词前有指示代词、物主代词和不定代词时。 7、复数名词表示一类事物时。
8、固定短语之中。go to school，at home，face to face，by train 9、专有名词表示一般意义。China is in Asia.
自主训练：单选。
( ) 1. A little boy wrote____ \"U\" and___ \"n\" on the wall. A. a; an B. an; a C. an; an D. a; a
( ) 2. _____ old lady in brown is____ university professor. A. An; a B. An; / C. The; an D. The; a
( ) 3. There are sixty minutes in____ hour. A. an B. the C. a D. /
( ) 4. We have never seen ____ interesting film. A. such B. such an C. so D. such a ( ) 5. Mrs Smith is ____ friend of __
A. the; mine B. a; me C. the; my D. a; mine ( ) 6. He is___ boy.
A. a seven-years-old B. an eight-year-old C. the seven-year-old D. an eight-year-older ( ) 7. Which bigger ___ elephant or ___ horse? A. a; the B. an; a C. the; an D. an; the
( ) 8.My mother had___ fever, so I had to look after her. A a B. the C, / D. this
( ) 9. Here is basket. ___ basket is mine. A. a; The B. the; An. C. a; A D. the; A
( ) 10. -What was ___ yesterday? -November 24. A.date B. the date C. day D. the day
( ) 11. Shall we go to see our teacher? She is ill . . A. in a hospital B. in the hospital C. in hospital D. in hospitals ( ) 12. I'm busy____.
A. at the moment B. at that moment C. in a moment D. just a moment ( ) 13. Mr White lives on ___floor.
A. the fifteen B. fifteen C. the fifteenth D. fifteenth
( ) 14.Mary is ____ only girl who has been to American.
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A. a B. the fc. an D. /
( )15. Paris is ___ capital of France. A. a B. / C. one D. the
( )16. ____ Browns arrived there yesterday evening. A. / B. A C. The D. An
( ) 17.I He likes playing___ piano, he doesn't like playing____ football. A. the; the B. the; / C. /; the D. /; / ( ) 18. We should look after___ old. A. these B. those C. the D. an
( ) 19. The children all had a good time on____ Children's Day. A. the , B. their C. a D. /
( ) 20. ___ learning (Learning) English is very interesting to me. A. / B. The C. A D. An
八、英语主谓一致详解
主语不同，谓语动词的形式就会不同，谓语动词的人称和数随着主语的人称和数的变化而变化，这就是我们所说的主谓一致。主谓一致大致可以分为以下几种情况：
1、主语是he, she, it, either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anything, anyone, something, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等代词时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：Somebody is asking for you. Everyone is here. There is something wrong with my bike. 2、主语是I(除be 动词用am外) , you, we, they代词时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：I like to stay here with you. They are all soldiers. We play football after school.
3、主语是：who, what, which, all, more, most, some, any, none, the rest, 时，谓语动词的形式须依具体情况而定。如：Who’s the girl over there? Who are the boys playing games there? What are those? Which is yours? Which are children’s?
4、一般说来，不可数名词及可数名词的单数做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： Water is necessary for living things. The dog is a useful animal.
5、表示总称意义的名词people ，youth做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如： English people are fond of talking about weather.
6、主语是：family, class, team, group, police 等名词时，如果是作为整体的，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。如： Our class is made up of fifty students. Our class are working very hard. His team is very strong. His team are talking with the coach.
7、主语是：时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语，即使是复数，谓语动词也只能 用第三人称单数形式。如：Three years passes quickly. Two meters is not long enough. 8、主语是：news, politics, physics, plastics, mathematics等名词虽然以—s结尾，但谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：Physics is very interesting and useful. Plastics is widely used in our daily life.
9、主语若是书名，剧名、报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：The Arabian Nights is very interesting. The New York Times is popular in America.
10、在算式里，主语是数词时，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如： Three and five is eight. 三加五等于八。
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11、主语是：clothes, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The trousers are not expensive. Your socks are over there. 12、主语是：a lot of, lots of, plenty of，百分比of +名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照中心名词的数而确定。如：A lot of people have taken part in the activity. Lots of water is lost. 13、主语是：a kind of, a pair of, + 名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照kind, pair, 的数而确定。如：This pair of trousers was made by Mr Li.
14、主语是：the number of + 名词的复数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。但主语是：a number of + 名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如： The number of students in our class is seventy-eight. A number of students of our school come from the countryside. 15、主语是：the population时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： What is the population of your town?
主语是：分数/百分数 + population时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如： About eighty percent of the population in our country are farmers. 16、两个或两个以上的名词连在一起做主语 (一) and, both...and 连接名词或代词做主语
1、谓语一般用复数形式。如：Li Lei and Liu Mei are both interested in English.
2、and 连接的两个成对的名词，如fork and knife, bread and butter等，虽有and 连接，但仍表示单一的概念，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如：
Where is your fork and knife? Is the bread and butter enough for you two?
3、and 连接的两个名词若是指同一个人, 即： and前的名词前有冠词,而and后面的名词前没有冠词。谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如： I’m told that the monitor and League secretary is ill today.
4、and所连接的两个名词前分别有: every, each, no, many a等修饰时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：Every boy and every girl enjoys themselves in the school. Many a teacher and many a student has spoken at the meeting.
(二) 主语是：连接词or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or…, not…but…, not only…but also…，等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词的形式须跟与之最接近的名词或代词决定。如：Neither he nor you have been to the Great Wall.
(三) one and a half + 名词复数做主语，即名词超过一，但不满二时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：One and a half oranges is enough for the baby.
(四) many a + 名词单数；more than one + 名词单数；a + 名词单数 + or two等做句子的主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：
Many a student is interested in English grammar. A worker or two is going to be sent to work abroad.
17、The + rich/poor/old/young/blind/deaf/sick等形容词，指一类人做主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：The poor were usually looked down upon by the rich.
18、主语是动名词或动词不定式等非谓语动词时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如： Collecting stamps is my hobby。
To keep on doing morning exercises is good. = It is good to keep on doing morning exercises.
19、主语是从句时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，如：
Why he was absent yesterday is being questioned. What he said is true. 20、在强调句型“It + be + 被强调的部分 + that / who …”中，be总是用单数形式；that / who后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。如：
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It was Lin Tao who called you just now. It is you that are going to be invited to the party.
21、that，which，who在定语从句中作主语，谓语动词的形式必须跟先行词的单、复数形式保持一致。如：The children that are playing games over there are from Hunan.
在“one of + 名词复数 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用复数形式，但当 one前面有the very, the only或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，如：Li Lei is one of the students who are good at English. Alice is the only one of the girls that is from America.
22、there be结构中和倒装句中谓语动词的形式就近决定。如： There is a teacher and seventy students in the classroom. Here is a letter and two pieces of advice for you.
23、在某些虚拟语气的句子中，无论主语是谁，be动词总是为were的形式。如： If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky freely.
If he were here, I would talk to him face to face.
24、不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词，谓语动词用复数。如: Three pieces of paper are needed by me.
25、主语后跟with，together with，like，but，except，as well as等短语时，谓语动词要根据前面的主语去确定。如：No one but you knows the news.
26、the + 姓的复数，或者 the + 姓 + family，表示“某某一家或夫妇二人”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：The Greens are on holiday. 自主训练：单选。
1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English. A.am B.is C.are D.be 2. The rich ____ not always happy.
A.are B.is C.has D.have
3. It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow. A. is B. am C. are D. be 4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.
A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study 5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters., A.are;are B.am;am C.am;are D.is;is 7. Every boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.
A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like 8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.（农民） A.was B.is C. would be D.are
9. The population of China ____ larger than that of any other country in the world. A.is B.are C.has D.have 10. The great writer and professor____.
A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese 11. More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside. A. is B. are C. is from D. are from
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12. A large number of students in our class____ girls.
A. are B. was C. is D. be 13.This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
A.have B.has C. have been D.has been 14.Many a man ____ come to help us.
A.have B.has C.is D.are 15.This pair of trousers ____ too long for him.
A.is B.be C.are D.were 16 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seemes 17. The whole class ____ the teacher carefully.
A.are listening to B. is listening to C.are listening D. is listening 18. Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country. A. is B. are C. was D. has 19. Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit. A. are B. is C. were D. was 20. His family ____ a big one. Now the family ____ watching TV. A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are
九、make 用法
1、做，制造 后接双宾语。（do做某件事，make制作东西） Father is making a model plane for his son . 2、打电话。
Please make a telephone call to me . 3、收拾、整理。 make one’s bed 4、挣、获得。
I’ll make lots of money when I grow up . Jim has made great progress in his study . 5、结交。 make friends with each other 6、造。 make a sentence with
7、沏，泡。We can make tea with the new teaport . 8、按计划约定干某事。
A：Shall we meet at ten o’clock？ B：Let’s make it a little earlier . 9、等于。
Two plus two makes four .
10、构成、组成。be made of；be made from，be made up of（由-----组成） 11、犯错误
I’m afraid making mistakes in the exam .
12、走；行。 make one’s way to… 朝…走去 13、做为使役动词，意思是“使”。 ①、make sb. do sth.=sb be made to do sth. ②、make+宾语+adj.；make me happy
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③、make+宾语+n. make him our monitor ④、make+宾语+P.P.
make oneself understood 被明白 make the work done ⑤、make+宾语+介词短语 Mum made me at home yesterday. 14、确信，务必。 make sure 后接 to do 、of、that宾语从句 ①、Please make sure everything is ready. ②、Make sure of the place and the time before you leave . 15、包。 Have you ever made dumplings？ 16、腾，让。Please make room for the old man.
17、做演讲、做决定。make a speech, make a decision = make up ones’s mind 18、做努力。make an effort to do sth.
19、对------产生重大影响。make a real difference to-------
十、mind的用法
1、mind用作名词，译为“思想，想法”，构成短语： （1）make up one’s mind to do sth. 下定决心干某事 （2）change one’s mind 改变主意 （3）in one’s mind 在某人头脑中 （4）come into one’s mind 想起
（5）set one’s mind to do sth 一心想做某事
2、mind用作动词，译为“介意，反对”，其后接动名词。
Would you mind my opening the window？(简单句)= Would you mind if I open the window？(复合句) 回答时若介意用sorry，you’d better not .若不介意用No，please./Not at all ./Of course not ./Certainly not.
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