(NEW)中南大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解

2010年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2011年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2012年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2013年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2010年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Test of English for MTI CandidatesPart I Diction(15%)

Directions: Choose the ONE word or phrase which would best keep themeaning of the underlined part in each of the following. You should writeyour choices on the Answer Sheet.1．Is vanity one of the seven deadly sins?A. foolishnessB. sanityC. prideD. selfishness【答案】C

【解析】句意：虚荣心是七宗罪之一吗？vanity虚荣心。pride骄傲；自尊心。二者意思相近，可相互替换。foolishness愚蠢。sanity明智，头脑清楚。selfishness自私。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

2．The child was uncomfortable under the scrutiny of his grandfather.A. examinationB. weightC. gazeD. attention【答案】A

【解析】句意：那个小孩在感到不舒服。题目中划线词scrutiny意为“监视”。examination考试；检查，在这里引申为“监察”的意思。weight压力。gaze盯。attention关心，注意。

3．Professor Bright likes to ramble during her lectures.A. mumbleB. ruminateC. wonderD. wander【答案】D

【解析】句意：布莱特教授喜欢在她的课堂上走来走去。ramble漫步。wander徘徊；游荡。二者意思相近，可相互替换。mumble咕哝，含糊地说。ruminate沉思。wonder想知道；怀疑。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

4．The teacher is very exacting about his students’ penmanship.A. lenientB. demandingC. carefulD. meticulous【答案】B

【解析】句意：这位老师对他的学生在书法上的要求十分严格。

exacting严苛的。demanding苛刻的，要求高的。二者意思相近，可相互替换。lenient仁慈的。careful细心的；仔细的。meticulous一丝不苟的。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

5．There are rumors of an economic menace from the dairy cooperatives.

A. problemB. ultimatumC. disasterD. threat【答案】D

【解析】句意：有谣言称奶制品合作社正面临着一场经济上的威胁。menace威胁。threat威胁,恐吓。二者意思相近，可相互替换。problem问题；难题。ultimatum最后通牒；最后结论。disaster灾难，不幸。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

6．The driver was baffled when his turn signal wouldn’t work.A. confusedB. surprisedC. angeredD. dismayed【答案】A

【解析】句意：这位司机发现自己的方向灯坏了，困惑不已。baffled困惑的。confused困惑的,疑惑的。二者意思相近，可相互替换。surprised感到惊讶的，出人意料的。angered生气的，愤怒的。dismayed惊愕的；恐慌的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

7．The farther gave his son a horse, which was considered extravagant bythe rest of the family.A. exorbitantB. crazy

C. unwiseD. generous【答案】A

【解析】句意：这位父亲送了儿子一匹马，对于家里其他人来说这可是十分奢侈的礼物。extravagant奢侈的。exorbitant（价格）过高的；（要求）过分的。二者意思相近，可相互替换。crazy疯狂的。unwise不明智的；轻率的。generous慷慨的；大方的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。8．After the boy was hit on the head, he had no recollection of anything thathad happened before.A. memoirB. memberC. memoryD. memento【答案】C

【解析】句意：这个男孩自从头部受到撞击之后，完全不记得之前发生的事情。recollection记忆。memory作名词，意为“记忆”，have nomemory of意为“完全不记得……”。二者意思相近，可相互替换。

memoir回忆录；自传。member成员，组员。memento纪念品。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

9．The little girls were commended for their wonderful dance presentation.A. recommendedB. respectedC. pleasedD. praised

【答案】D

【解析】句意：这些小女孩因为她们出色的舞蹈演出受到了表扬。commend赞赏。praise称赞，表扬。二者意思相近，可相互替换。

recommend推荐；介绍。respect尊重，尊敬。please作动词，意为“使高兴”。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

l0. It would be a blessing for the human race if the mosquito could beeradicated.A. wiped upB. wiped awayC. wiped offD. wiped out【答案】D

【解析】句意：如果蚊虫能被消灭掉，这对人类来讲将是个福音。

eradicate消灭。wipe out消灭，彻底摧毁。二者意思相近，可相互替换。wipe up擦干净。wipe away擦去。wipe off擦掉；还清（债务等）。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

11．The clamorous group of children enjoyed the park all afternoon.A. nosyB. noxiousC. noisyD. noisome【答案】C

【解析】句意：这群吵闹的儿童整个下午都在公园里开心地玩耍。clamorous嘈杂的。noisy嘈杂的，喧闹的。二者意思相近，可相互替

换。nosy好管闲事的；爱追问的。noxious有毒的，有害的。noisome恶臭的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

12．The flood waters began to abate as soon as the rain ceased.A. diminishB. dimC. deemD. dilute【答案】A

【解析】句意：雨一停，洪水就减退了。abate减少。diminish、dim、dilute都有“程度减轻”的意思，但描述的对象不一样。diminish使减少，使变少，常指规模或影响力的减少。与abate意思相近，可相互替换。dim作动词，意为“使暗淡”，通常描述光线的减弱。dilute作动词，意为“稀释”，通常指化学成分浓度的下降。deem认为，相信。因此，本题的正确答案是A。

13．New York City’s Brooklyn area holds 2.2 million diverse anddisputatious people.A. disputableB. argumentativeC. arbitraryD. ardent【答案】B

【解析】句意：纽约布鲁克林地区居住着220万形形色色、好争辩的人。disputatious好争辩的。argumentative好辩的，争辩的。二者意思相近，可相互替换。disputable有争议的。arbitrary武断的；的。ardent热情的；激烈的。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

14．Few visitors care that the neighborhood is dominated by high rises andskyscrapers.A. overlookedB. overthrownC. overpassedD. overshadowed【答案】A

【解析】句意：几乎没有参观者在意高楼大厦俯瞰着这片街区。

dominated为dominate的过去分词，意为“俯瞰，俯视”，一般用于描述高的建筑物或山峰。overlooked为overlook的过去分词，意为“俯瞰”。二者意思相近，可相互替换。overthrown为overthrow的过去分词，意为“推翻，（政权）”。overpassed为overpass的过去分词，意为“超越；忽略”。overshadowed为overshadow的过去分词，意为“遮阴，使阴暗”。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

15．With the new leadership there came sweeping change.A. uprootingB. wide-reachingC. reachingD. specific【答案】B

【解析】句意：新的领导人上任后，这个地方发生了广泛的变化。sweeping广泛的。wide-reaching涉及面广的；影响深远的。二者意思相近，可相互替换。uprooting是动词uproot的现在分词，不是形容词。reaching是动词reach的现在分词，不是形容词。specific具体的；特别的。因此，本题的正确答案是B。

Part II Structure and Rhetoric (10%)

Directions: Choose the One answer that best completes each of the followingsentences.

16．The sudden bankruptcy of these financial giants threw the investors_____ and caused them to_____.A. in a panic, stampedeB. in a panic, panic

C. in confusion, hold their stocksD. in despair, withdraw gradually【答案】D

【解析】句意：这些金融巨头的突然破产让投资者们陷入绝望，许多投资人纷纷撤股。in despair陷入绝望。in a panic 陷入恐慌。in confusion陷入困惑。四个选项的第一项均符合题意。withdraw撤回，抽身。

stampede（人群或兽群的）狂奔。panic作动词，意为“恐慌”。hold one’sstocks持有股票。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

17．During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, _____ out of emergencyheadquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.A. operatesB. is operatingC. has operatedD. operating【答案】D

【解析】句意：1927年大洪水期间，密西西比紧急指挥部的红十字会为无家可归的人搭建临时避难所。本句的谓语为“set up”，动词“operate”为

非谓语，因此采用现在分词operating。因此，本题的正确答案为D。18．The quantum-theory states _____, such as light, is given off andabsorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons.A. energy thatB. that it is energyc it is energyD. that energy【答案】D

【解析】句意：量子论阐明能量，如光是由无数个细小单位的光子和量子发出和吸收的。本句中state后接以that引导的宾语从句，构成动宾结构，且that不可以省略。宾语从句中缺少主语，主语一般为名词，故用名词energy。因此，本题的正确答案是D。19．The best known of all the Arctic birds, _____.A. birdwatchers favor ptarmigans

B. being ptarmigans’ and birdwatchers’ favoritesC. favored by both ptarmigans and birdwatchersD. ptarmigans are a favorite of birdwatchers【答案】D

【解析】句意：雷鸟是所有北极圈鸟类中最为出名的，也是观鸟者的最爱。本句中前半句的名词词组为主语补足语，后半句须为一个完整的句子，只有A、D项符合要求。且前后主语一致，因此主语为鸟类ptarmigans。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

20．Geysers are round near rivers and lakes, where water drains through thesoil _____.

A. surface below the deepB. deep below the surfaceC. the deep below surfaceD. the deep surface below【答案】B

【解析】句意：间歇泉在河流和湖泊周围，那儿的水穿过地表深层下的土壤排出。形容词词组做soil的后置定语。因此，本题的正确答案为B。21．“Yesterday he had a blue heart and coat.” That is an example of _____.A. punB. metonymyC. zeugmaD. syllepsis【答案】C

【解析】句意：“昨天他心情差，穿了件蓝色的外套。”在原句中。blue分别搭配了heart and coat，且含义不一样。Zeugma轭式搭配法是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。pun双关语。metonymy转喻。syllepsis 一语双叙法。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

22．“By day’s end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches, and Ihad lost nine pounds my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to liftanything heavier than the evening paper.”That is an example of _____.A. pun \"B. syllepsis

C. anticlimaxD. allusion【答案】C

【解析】句意：“今天一天，我钻了4216个洞，深至18英尺，但是我瘦了9磅，我的听觉和双手的知觉减退了，连举起比餐巾纸重的东西的力气都没有了。”anticlimax突降法。pun双关法。syllepsis一语双叙法。allusion典故。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

23．“Britannia rules the waves, Mussolini waives the rules.” That is anexample of _____.A. paregmenonB. regressionC. paradoxD. zeugma【答案】B

【解析】句意：“不列颠女神统驭四海，墨索里尼无法无天。”regression回环，回文。paregmenon同源词并列。paradox自相矛盾。zeugma轭式修饰法。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

24．“Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn’tmake perfect.” That is an example of_____.A. oxymoronB. transferred epithetC. malapropismD. parody

【答案】D

【解析】句意：很明显，在婚姻里，熟不一定能生巧。“practicingbeforehand doesn’t make perfect”是模仿英语中的名言“practice makesperfect.”。parody仿拟。oxymoron矛盾修饰法。transferred epithet移就。malapropism可笑的用词错误（尤指用发音相似而意义全非的词）。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

25．\"The one in the brown suit gaped at her. Blue suit grinned, might evenhave winked. The big nose in grey suit still stared—and he had small angryeyes and did not even smile.\" That is an example of_____.A. hyperboleB. transferred epithetC. metonymyD. oxymoron【答案】C

【解析】原文中“Blue suit grinned, might even have winked.” “suit”不可能grin或wink，这里“suit”指的是“suit”里头的人。因此，运用的修辞手法是转喻。metonymy转喻。hyperbole夸张。transferred epithet移就，转移修饰。oxymoron矛盾修饰法。因此，本题的正确答案为C。Part III Reading Comprehension (15%)

Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed bysome questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four

choices marked A, B, C and D. You should write your choices on the AnswerSheet.Passage 1

For years, millions of Americans and people from around the world havecrowded into the well-known major parks. They have read the travelliterature or heard firsthand reports about these wonders, and naturally

they’ve had to see for themselves.

At times, visiting some of our parks has become more like rubbing elbows ata jam-packed Major League baseball game than sensing the solitude of thewilderness. We have tried to see the most and the best in the least amount oftime. We have jumped into cars and campers and rushed off to cover a dozenparks in a week or two—madly snapping photographs as we go.26．According to the passage, many Americans visit the major parksbecause _____

A. they like the well-known major parks.

B. they want to gain the same knowledge as others.

C. they want to show the pictures of those parks to their friends.D. they don’t care for the historic parks.27．We can infer from the passage that _____A. people should not visit several parks superficially.

B. people should not spend more time thinking about the park itself.C. people should visit the famous parks in America.D. people should drive around the parks.【答案与解析】

26．A文章第一段最后一句提到“they have read the travel literature orheard firsthand reports about these wonders, and naturally they’ve had to seefor themselves.”由此可推测，吸引游客的主要原因是他们对名气大的公园的喜爱。故选A。

27．A文章第二段提到公园里时常挤满了参观者，参观者总是抱着花最少的时间参观最多的公园的心态，由此可推测作者是在建议参观者在参观公园时不应流于表面。故选A。

Passage 2

Full-time faculty and staff on the University payroll, when applying for anannual permit ,may authorize payment of their parking fees by payroll

deduction. The first deduction will include the regular monthly deduction of$15.00 plus a one-time deduction to cover all parking charges accruing priorto the first deduction period.28．These instructions apply to

A. anyone who is applying for a parking permit.B. all people who want to park at the University.C. people who work full-time at the University.D. people who are applying to work at the University.

29．You may have your parking fees deducted from your pay if youA. are applying for an annual permit.B. have paid all prior parking charges.C. apply before the first deduction period.D. park at the University regularly.【答案与解析】

28．C文章开头介绍了整篇短文的对象“full-time faculty and staff”。故选c。

29．A文章第一句提到“Full-time faculty and staff on the University payroll,when applying for an annual permit ,may authorize payment of their parkingfees by payroll deduction.”条件是“applying for an annual permit”。故选A。Passage 3

The science of linguistics has helped to reconstruct the long road the

ancestors of modern day Indians traveled in North America. At the time ofthe discovery of the New World, the explorers found a babel of tongues. InNorth and South America more languages were spoken—about 2,200 of them—than all of Europe and Asia at that time. Despite what some early explorersand European scholars believed, there never was such a language as

“American Indian”—meaning, presumably, one common language with onlylocal dialects. Rather than one common language that linked tile Indians ofNorth America, about 550 distinct languages were spoken, and nearly everylanguage comprised numerous dialects. A second misconception was that alanguage had to be written to rank as a full-fledged language. In North

America, a truly written language developed only in Mexico, yet most Indiangroups were able to communicate a rich unwritten tradition of poetry,oratory, and drama.

30．When explorers discovered North America, ____.A. there was one common language spoken throughout the land.B. they discovered a placed called Babel.

C. written language was an important means of communication.D. there were many languages spoken, most with many dialects.31．An incorrect belief of some early scholars was that ____.A. 550 distinct languages were spoken in North America.B. the American Indian language had many dialects.

C. more languages were spoken in North America than in Europe.D. to be a real language, a language had to be written.

32．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Only Mexican Indians communicated through poetry, drama, and oration.

B. Most Indian languages were rich in poetry, oratory arid drama.C. Only written Indian languages were rich in poetry, oratory, and drama.D. North American Indians did not develop a truly written language.【答案与解析】

30．D文章中第二句提到“At the time of the discovery of the New World,the explorers found a babel of tongues.”紧接着第三句提到在北美和南美发现的语言更多，大约有2200种语言。由此可知，新刚被发现时，当地有许多种的语言。故选D。

31．D文章中间部分提到“A second misconception was that a language hadto be written to rank as a full-fledged language.”早期学者的一个错误观念是语言必须有其书写形式才称得上是成熟的语言。对应选项D。选项A、B、C反映的都是真实存在的事实，并非学者的错误观念。故选D。32．B定位至文章中最后一句：“In North America, a truly writtenlanguage developed only in Mexico, yet most Indian groups were able tocommunicate a rich unwritten tradition of poetry, oratory, and drama.”A项错在主题范围缩小至Mexican Indians，应为most Indians，故B正确。C错在written language，应为unwritten language。D错在全盘否定，MexicanIndians发展了书面语。故选B。Passage 4

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by abureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog inthe machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factoriesand piped music, and by psychologists and “human – relations” experts; yetall this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he isbored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have becomeeconomic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines andbureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might findthemselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to

acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without everhaving confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as

emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are noless empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure insome respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or tofall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well asfor the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the momenton they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing isa big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability,capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good asor better than one’s fellow—competitor creates constant anxiety and stress,the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of

production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise “capitalism? Certainlynot. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has alreadyoutgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form a bureaucraticallymanaged industrialism in which maximal production and consumption areends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and fulldevelopment of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are theaims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve onlyas means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

33．By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery “the author intends to deliver theidea that man is ____.

A. a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function isnegligible

B. working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD .a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly

34．The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.A. they are likely to lose their hobs

B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life

C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD. they are deprived of their individuality and independence

35．From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs tothose _____.

A. who are at the bottom of the societyB .who are higher up in their social statusC. who prove better than their fellow-competitorsD. who could dip far away from this competitive world

36．To solve the present social problems the author puts forward asuggestion that we should ______.

A. resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB. offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC. enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD. take the fundamental realities for granted【答案与解析】

33．D定位至文章的第一段第一句，作者紧接着补充“yet all this oilingdoes not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored withit”，随后又把人比喻为“economic puppets”（经济傀儡），根据这些关键词可知把人比喻成机器中的齿轮是暗示人受社会的牵引，失去了主动性。故选D。

34．B文章第二段第一句解释了员工焦虑的两大原因，一是失业的担忧，二是没有在工作中获得满足感和挖掘出乐趣。选项A对应第一个原因，选项B对应第二个原因。原文采用的是“not only…but also…”结构，强调的是后半部分。故选第二个原因B。

35．D文章第三段开头提到“Those higher up on the social ladder are no lessanxious.”，由此可知处于社会底层和高层的人都十分焦虑，故排除A、B。第三段最后一句提到不断的竞争是不快乐的根源，故排除C。故选D。

36．C文章最后一段倒数第二句提到“I suggest transforming our socialsystem form… into a humanist industrialism in which man and full

development of his potentialities”,由此可知作者的建议是社会制度应朝着开发人的工作潜能方面发展。故选C。Passage 5

The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, pure, unprejudiced,

objectively selected facts. But in these days the complex news it must providemore; it must supply explanation, the meaning of the facts. This is the mostimportant assignment facing American journalism―to make clear to thereader the problems of the day, to make international news understandable ascommunity news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing（withthe possible exception of society news）as “local” news, because any eventin the international area has local reaction in the financial market, politicalcircles, indeed, of our very way of life.

There is in journalism a widespread view that when you consider giving anexplanation, you are entering dangerous water, the swirling tides of opinion.This is nonsense.

The opponents of explanation insist that the writer and the editor shall

confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions. What arethe facts? And are the bare facts enough?

As for the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes

about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space beingnecessarily restricted, he selects the ten that he considers most important.

This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of theseten facts shall constitute the beginning of the article. (this is an importantdecision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph)This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor decides whether thearticle shall be presented on page one, where it has a large influence, or onpage twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.

Thus in the show of a so-called “factual” of “objective” story, at least threejudgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike thoseinvolved in explanation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon theirresearch resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism”,arrive at a conclusion as to the importance of the news.

The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its explanation, areboth objective rather than subjective processes―as objective, that is, as anyhuman being can be. (Note in passing; even though complete objectivity cannever be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the light in the

murky news channels) If an editor is intern on giving a prejudiced view of thenews, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by explanation. Hecan do it by the selection of those facts that support his particular viewpoint.Or he can do it by the play he gives a story promoting it to page one orputting it on page thirty.

60．The best title for this passage is _____.A. Function of the Night EditorB. Explaining the News

C. Subjective versus objective ProcessesD. Choosing Facts

61．The author implies that_____.

A. in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgmentB. the writer should limit himself to the facts

C. reporters give a prejudiced view of the factsD. editors control what the reporters write

62．The beginning sentence should present the most important factbecause_____.

A. it will influence the reader to continue

B. most readers don’t advance beyond the first paragraphC. it is the best way to write according to the schools of journalismD .it details the general attitude of the writer

63．Readers are justified in thinking that the most important aspect of thenews reported in the newspaper is that it should be_____.A .explained in detailB. edited properlyC .objectively reportedD. impartial【答案与解析】

60．B文章开头以新闻越发复杂的现状开始，随后就是否为新闻事实进行解释引出两方对立的观点。然后描述了新闻中甄选事实依据的三大标准，分析呈现事实和解释事实的主客观性。由此可知，本文主要还是围绕“解释新闻”这一点展开讨论的。故选B。

61．B文章第五段开头提到“Thus in the show of a so-called “factual” of“objective” story, at least three judgments are involved.”，对应选项A。B文章未提及作者的态度。C属于断章取义，定位至最后一段可知这仅是作者的一个假设。D属于夸大说辞，最后一段提到editors有除开解释之外的其他方式表达观点，但没有提到控制reporters。故选A。

62．B文章第四段中间部分提到“this is an important decision becausemany readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph”，由此可知原因是多数读者只读第一段，故选B。

63．A文章主要是讲述解释新闻，A项最符合题意。B项排版问题文章未做重点讲，C、D项意思相同，故选A。Part IV Translation (30%)

Directions: Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.Section A (From English into Chinese; 15%)

1．In the early stage of our life, our parents are the ones who show us withunconditional love and care, they teach us about what is right and wrong,good and bad. But we always tend to take this for granted. It is only aftermarriage and having kids that a person understands and becomes sensitive toothers feelings. Kids make a person responsible and mature and help us tounderstand life better.【参考译文】

在我们的人生早期，我们的父母给予我们无条件的关心和照顾，他们教会我们什么是对与错，什么是好与坏。然而，我们总认为这是理所当然的。只有当我们结婚并有了孩子之后，一个人才会懂得并关注别人的感受。孩子让人变得有责任感，变得成熟，并帮助我们更好地理解生活。2．Materialistic happiness is short-lived, but happiness achieved by bringinga smile on others face gives a certain level of fulfillment. Peace of mind is themain link to happiness. No mind is happy without peace. We realize the trueworth of happiness when we are in sorrow. Sorrow is basically due to deathof a loved one, failure and despair. But these things are temporary and passaway.【参考译文】

物质上的快乐往往是短暂的，然而给别人带来欢乐而带来的快乐，那种满足是无与伦比的。内心的平静与快乐密切相关。没有宁静，内心无法

幸福。悲伤的时候，我们往往能够体会到快乐的真谛。悲伤基本上是由于爱人的离去，失败和绝望而产生的。但这样的事情总是短暂的，终究会过去的。

3．Failure is the path to success. It helps us to touch the sky, teaches us tosurvive and shows us a specific way. Success brings in money, fame, prideand self-respect. Here it becomes very important to keep our head on ourshoulder. The only way to show our gratitude to God for bestowing successon us is by being humble, modest, courteous and respectful to the lessfortunate ones.【参考译文】

失败是成功的必经之路。它让我们触及蓝天，教会我们如何生存，为我们指引一条特别的路。成功给予我们金钱，名誉，骄傲，自尊。此刻，保持头脑清醒尤为重要。感谢上帝给予我们成功的唯一方法是对那些不幸的人保持谦卑、礼貌和尊敬的态度。

4．Hope is what keeps life going. Parents always hope their children will dowell. Hope makes us dream. Hope builds in patience. Life teaches us not todespair even in the darkest hour, because after every night there is a day.Nothing remains the same. We have only one choice keep moving on in lifeand be hopeful.【参考译文】

希望是人生活动力之源。父母总是希望孩子做得好。希望使我们拥有梦想，希望使我们变得有耐心。生命教育我们即使在最黑暗的时刻也不要绝望，因为黑暗过后终将是黎明。我们惟有充满希望继续前行。5．Life teaches us not to regret over yesterday, for it has passed and isbeyond our control. Tomorrow is unknown, for it could either be bright ordull. So the only alternative is work hard today, so that we will enjoy a bettertomorrow.【参考译文】

生命教导我们不要后悔昨天。因为昨天已经过去并且我们无法控制。明

天是未知的，因为它有可能是光明的，也有可能是黑暗的。所以唯一的选择就是今天好好工作，这样我们才可以享受更好的明天。Section B(From Chinese into English; 15%)

从我居室的窗口望出去，可以看到一株高高的芙蓉树。在那烟树参差的春日里花红点点，煞是迷人。它牵动我的灵感，撩拨我的文思，久而久之，我竟视这位隔窗而立的“邻居”为知己了。

可是，有一个早晨，我推窗而望，蓦然发现昨夜的一场风雨已将它剥蚀得面目全非。立时，一种“繁花落尽”的悲凉掠过了我的心头！我不由感慨系之：在人生道路上磕磕绊绊，几经周折，几度沧桑，又一次次地失落了许多至爱的朋友，生命不正如同这随风而逝的繁花么？！这件事过了些时日，也就渐渐地淡忘了。一次，我下乡归来，感觉到室内空气有些沉闷，就不经意地打开了窗户，顿觉眼前一亮：一树火红的三角梅映入眼帘，它在夕阳的背景下定格。意外的惊喜使我几乎不能自制，我诧异，当初在落英的背后，为什么竟没有发现这萌动着的不屈的生命呢？

是的，芙蓉的最后一叶花瓣凋落了，人们对它的嘉许也遗忘在往昔的记忆里，可是三角梅却成长了，那火焰般灿烂耀眼的红色向人们昭示着生命的更迭与延续。谁能说，失去与获得不是一曲交响乐呢？【参考译文】

From my bedroom window could I see a tall hibiscus tree. In spring, plentyof flowers were so charming in the mist. It affected my inspiration and tricksmy thoughts in writing. As time went on, I should treat this “neighbor”standing by my window as my intimate friends.

But one morning, I opened the window only to find it beyond recognition,denudated by the wind and rain last night. Immediately the sadness of “glorygone” crossed my mind! I can’t help sighing that life, full of setbacks, rises,falls, frequent losses of be loved friends is so bumpy that it is exactly thesame as the prosperity gone with the win D.

After several days, I gradually forget it. Once, when I turned back from the

county, feeling the air heavy in the room, I opened the window casually. Allof a sudden, it was such a specular scenery in front of me：a fiery-red

bougainvillea came into my sight, and it frizzed in the background of sunset.Such a pleasant surprise made me out of control, I wondered why I had hadno idea of such unyielding life sprouting over the fallen petals.

As the last withered petal dropped, people’s praise of it was left in the oldmemories. However, bougainvillea grows and its flaming and dazzling redshowed to people the alternation and continuity of life. Can’t it be said thatlife is actually a symphony of loss and gain？Part V Cloze Test (10%)

Directions: Provide only ONE word for each space in the following passage.You should write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

The Net is no longer a novelty, an interesting way to pass the time. Its adventhas brought about a revolution in people’s way of doing business. By goingonline, companies can communicate instantly and directly with potentialcustomers.

Today the Internet is transforming promotion. Whether your Website’s goalis to (1)____ products, provide a service, or to increase brand awareness,success comes down (2)_____ one thing—site promotion.

(3)_____ traditional media such as newspaper, radio or television, sitepromotion is based upon a direct and (4)_____ response from its audiencerather than a delayed one.

To generate traffic to your site you need to identify areas (5)_____ yourtarget market is concentrated on the Internet, then use online promotionaltechniques to (6)_____ that audience. The most popular direct responsemethods are banner ads.

As an Internet user, you’ve (7)_____ come across a banner ad at one time or(8)_____. They are everywhere and seem to pop up at nearly every site thatyou (9)_____ and have long been recognized by Internet marketers asessential tools for promotion. A good banner design could (10)_____

hundreds of viewers to your site.【答案与解析】

(1). promote惯用搭配题。根据上下文可推测，空白处内容应为销售或推销产品，后文多处提到促销，因此选择promote products。(2). to固定搭配题。come down to归结为……

(3). Unlike逻辑关系题。前面讲的是traditional media，后面讲的是website，明显构成对比。

(4). quick 逻辑关系题。后文是rather than a delayed one, 因此空格处应填delayed的反义词。

(5). for 逻辑关系题。此处应为因果联系，故用连词for。

(6). attract 惯用搭配题。上文讲的是促销手段，与audience搭配，应为attract audience。

(7). always 逻辑关系题。下文提到“They are everywhere and seem to popup at nearly every site”，说明banners非常常见，用户经常能看到banners。

(8). another 固定搭配题。at one time or another 在一个或另一个时期(9). enter 惯用搭配题。此处为site的定语从句，空格处与site组成动宾结构的固定搭配，enter the site。

(10). attract 惯用搭配题。与第6题相似，吸引观看者，attract viewers。Part VI Writing (20%)

Directions: You are supposed to write a composition of at least 150 words onthe following topic. Your composition must be written on the Answer Sheet.【参考范文】Promises

Promises are commonly seen in our daily life, for instance, one promises tohand in his assignments or to pay back his debts before the deadline. It is thepromise that keeps many things run smoothly. However, the premise is thatthese promises should be kept.

In Journey To the West ,a great Chinese masterpiece, there is a popular storyabout promise. When Tang Priest and his three apprentices finished theirpilgrimage, on the way back to Tang they met an extremely wide river.Fortunately, a river god they knew bore them to cross the river. When theriver god asking Tang Priest whether he had reported his words to the

Buddaha, Tang realized he had forgotten this promise. The river god was soangry that he threw them into the river, making their Buddist scripturesalmost wet even nearly broken. This story tells us keeping promises willbuild interpersonal trust, otherwise it may cause some punishments.Promises are easy to vow but not easy to keep. Promises keeping has alwaysbeen regarded as a crucial criterion when judging a person. Keeping in mindthat once a promise is made, we should make efforts to realize it.

【解析】本文围绕promises(承诺)展开讨论。文章第一段以举例的形式对promises进行简要的介绍，随后作者由promises过渡到keep

promises（信守承诺）。在第二段里，作者列举了《西游记》中河伯驮唐僧师徒过河的故事讲述信守承诺的重要性。最后一段，作者再次点明观点，强调信守承诺的重要性。

2011年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and grammar (30')Multiple choice.

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark youranswers on the answer sheet.

1．One of the essentials of freedom is free _____ to accurate information.A. entranceB. approachC. accessD. admission【答案】C

【解析】句意：自由的一个要素就是有获取完整信息的权利。accessto（信息，工具等）使用权。entrance to（地点）进入许可。approach to路径；方式。admission to进入……的许可。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

2．The government has _____ wage ceilings.A. forcedB. imposedC. impressedD. compelled【答案】B

【解析】句意：已经向最高工资征税了。impose强加；征税。force强迫；促使。impress强征；加深印象。compel强迫。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

3．The two men were placed under _____ arrest.A. tightB. severeC. strictD. close【答案】D

【解析】句意：这两个男人被秘密逮捕。close arrest秘密逮捕，一般用于法律说法中。tight紧的，密封的。severe严重的。strict严格的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

4．We’d better do our Christmas Shopping; time is _____.A. running upB. running off .C. running outD. running over【答案】B

【解析】句意：我们最好赶快去为圣诞购物，没时间了。run out耗尽，run out of time没时间了。run up积欠（债务）。run off私奔；复印。runover匆匆看。因此，本题的正确答案为C。5．China and U.S. made _____ trade agreement.A. unilateral

B. sophisticateC. unanimousD. reciprocal【答案】B

【解析】句意：中美双方签订了互惠互利的贸易协定。reciprocal互惠的。unilateral单边的。sophisticate精于世故的。unanimous一致同意的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

6．Careful _____ disclosed several clues.A. rebukeB. attestC. scrutinyD. recount【答案】C

【解析】句意：仔细的观察揭示了数个线索。scrutiny仔细研究，仔细观察。rebuke职责，非难。attest为动词，意为“证明”，没有名词形式。recount讲述。因此，本题的正确答案为C。7．The police _____ the rioters to jail.A. caught offB. cast awayC. carted awayD. carried through【答案】C

【解析】句意：把这些暴民抓进了监狱。cart away抓走，强行带走。at choff睡着。cast away丢掉；浪费。carry through贯彻，坚持下去。

8．He _____ at length on the cause of his success.A. explainedB. deltC. expoundedD. delivered【答案】C

【解析】句意：他详细地阐释了他成功的原因。expound或expound on都意为“阐释，解释”。explain解释，及物动词，故后面不需要加介词on。delt双端线路测试。deliver传送；发表。因此，本题的正确答案为C。9．The emperor suffered a _____ defeat.A. crushingB. crashingC. down-troddenD. blasting【答案】A

【解析】句意：这位皇帝经历了一场毁灭性的挫败。crushing压倒的，决定性的。crushing defeat 惯用搭配毁灭性的挫败。crashing彻底的。down-trodden被蹂躏的。blasting破坏性的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

10．The drug was never _____ to sufficiently severe tests.

A. submittedB. subjectedC. undergoneD. exposed【答案】B

【解析】句意：这个药物从来没能承受住足够严格的测验。be subjectedto承受，经受。be submitted to服从，屈从。undergone是undergo的被动形式，意为“经历”。be exposed to暴露于。因此，本题的正确答案为B。11．There is a growing problem of drug _____ in our cities.A. additionB. addictionC. adjustmentD. adoption【答案】B

【解析】句意：城市里药物滥用的现象在增加。drug addiction为惯用搭配，药物滥用。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

12．The author has signed a publishing deal for an _____ of $5000.A. adventureB. advantageC. advanceD. anticipation

【答案】C

【解析】句意：这位作家签订了一份出版协议，预付款为5000美元。advance作名词，意为“发展，前进；预付款”。adventure冒险。advantage优势。anticipation参与。因此，本题的正确答案为C。13．When a storm reduces in violence, we can say that the storm isbeginning to _____.A. submergeB. subsideC. sufferD. submit【答案】B

【解析】句意：当风暴的力度减小，我们可以说风暴开始平息。subside平息，减弱。submerge淹没。suffer遭受。submit提交，服从。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

14．Before a job interview, I often got _____ in my stomach; I was sonervous that I could not utter a word.A. insectsB. butterfliesC. beesD. frogs【答案】B

【解析】句意：在工作面试之前，我经常感觉七上八下的，紧张到一句话也说不出。本题考查固定搭配，get butterflies in my stomach七上八下。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

15．The novel contains some marvelously revealing _____ of factory life.A. glancesB. shotsC. glimpsesD. insights【答案】D

【解析】句意：这篇小说包含了一些对工厂生活惊人的洞察和见解。选项中四个词均与含有“看”的意思，但侧重点不同。insight见解，洞察力。glance一瞥，快速地看。shot镜头。glimpse一瞥，没看清。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

16．How soon will it be _____ robots become so intelligent that they will beable to do jobs which at the moment only human beings can do?A. before .B. thatC. whenD. since【答案】B

【解析】句意：多久后机器人会聪明到能做那些现在只有人类能做的工作？本句考查的是形式主语以及真实主语的用法。it是形式主语，需要that引导出真是主语。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

17．As a senior professor she should have known better _____ to getinvolved in such a scandal.A. and not

B. but notC. thanD .than not【答案】B

【解析】句意：作为一名资深的教授，她早就应该明白不应该被牵扯到这样的丑闻中。

18．Only in growth, reform and change, paradoxically enough, _____ to befound.

A. true security isB. is true securityC .true security canD. can true security【答案】B

【解析】句意：只有在发展、改革和改变的矛盾中才会发现真正的安全。本题中only放置于句首，且后面紧跟的是状语，因此主句需要倒装。其次，根据主句中“to be found”推测谓语用be to形式表将来时。can后要加谓语动词原形，不符合。因此，本题的正确答案为B。19．The old writer could not sleep at night, his wrongs and sorrows _____him no peace.A. gaveB. have givenC. being givenD. giving

【答案】D

【解析】句意：这位老作家因为失误和痛苦令他难以平静，晚上无法入睡。首先，此题考查的是非谓语。前半句已经是一个完整的句子，包含谓语，因此后半句只能用非谓语，即动词的ing形式。根据句意可推测，应使用主动语气。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

20．The decision _____, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.A. been madeB. has been madeC. having been madeD. having been making【答案】C

【解析】句意：已经做好决定了，那就是马上要做的事就是怎样实施。同样考查非谓语，后半句为一个完整的句子，包含谓语动词，空格处需填非谓语动词。因此，本题的答案为C。II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1. Multiple choice (20’)

Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple-choicequestions. Read the passage and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage A.

The Clinton administration on Tuesday unveiled regulations for the fast-growing-organic food industry, bowing to public demand to ban

biotechnology and irradiation procedures on foods labeled and sold as“organic”.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 650-page proposal aims to provide anationwide standard for food and clothing marketed as “organic” a label that

currently falls under a hodgepodge of state, regional and private certifierstandards, giving rise to confusion about its meaning.

A nationwide organic standard, which administration officials hope willbecome final by the end of the year, would not only clarify the meaning oforganic for U.S. consumers but also for foreign nations who are increasinglyshying away from conventional U.S. growing practices.

“The organic label is about giving consumers a choice,” Agriculture

Secretary Dan Glickman said. “It’s about giving consumers and farmers adefinition of organic that takes the guesswork out of the process. Consumersknow what they’re buying and farmers know what’s expected of them.”Glickman said the proposal is the strictest organic standard in the world andmay force other countries to tighten their regulations.

The proposal bans food from crops that are genetically altered to fight offweeds and pests, withstand droughts and floods and provide extra nutrients.The move may help sell U.S. organic products in Europe and in Japan, whereconsumers have objected to biotechnology, claiming that the common U.S.practice can harm the environment and human health.

Also banned from the organic pool under the USDA proposal is food

irradiated by disease-killing elect/on beams and fertilized by sewage sludgerecycled by municipal waste plants. Meat produced from animals that receiveantibiotics could also not be labeled organic.

Once the proposal is finalized,, consumers will be able to look for a USDAshield, similar to the “USDA Prime” identification for beef or the gradelabels on egg cartons:

Products with at least 95 percent Organic products will be labeled “USDAcertified organic.” Food and clothing with between 50 percent and 94 percentorganic inputs will be able to claim that they were “made with organicingredients:”

Any products made with some, but less than half, of organic materials, canonly-.make organic Claims on the side label.

The U.S. organic industry sold more than $6 billion of products, from food toclothing, in 1999. It is estimated that organic sales will increase by another 20percent this year.

There are currently 12,000 organic farmers in the United States and thatnumber is rising by 12 percent each year while other sectors of farming areseeing a decline in producers.

But the industry said it needed standards to maintain the surge in organicsales. Without guidelines, Consumers will increasingly question whether anorganic label really means anything and whether it is worth paying more fororganic products, members of the organic industry said.

“Unlike some industries, the organic industry truly wants such standards inplace to give consumers the assurance they desire for certified organicproducts,” Organic Trade Association Executive Director Katherine DiMatteo said.

The announcement came more than two years after the U.S. AgricultureDepartment unveiled its initial organic proposal and a decade after the U.S.Congress ordered the agency to develop nationwide organic rules.

The proposal was released on the Internet on Tuesday afternoon and will bepublished in the Federal Register next Monday. The proposal will then be upfor a 90-day comment period. The USDA will review responses from thepublic, and is expected to make the regulations final by the end of the year.The USDA’s first attempt in December 1997 prompted an outcry fromorganic farmers, consumers and grocery stores that specialize in organic

food. The Agriculture Department. received a record 275,603 comments fromenvironmentalists, farmers, celebrities, consumers and the entire VermontLegislature.

The vast majority of the responses opposed putting the “organic” label onfoods grown using biotechnology, irradiation and sewage sludge.“The USDA has really responded to the outrage,” said Hiu Newcomb, anorganic farmer in Virginia.

Organic farmers were also angry that the USDA at first proposed pay for the$1 million annual cost for the organic program. Such fees could be too

expensive for organic farmers, many of whom harvest small plots 0f land andsell in the surrounding county.

In its new .proposal, the USDA said taxpayers will pay for the bulk of thecosts, at least for the first couple of years.

Organic standards “should enhance the status of the pioneers of this and notin any way penalize them,” said Michael Sligh, director of agriculture policyat the Rural Advancement Foundation International. Sligh and others saidthey plan to closely read the proposal.

1．Before the new proposal is made, people were not sure of the meaning of_____.A. “organic”B. “inorganic’’C. “biotech”D. irradiation

2．All the following will be banned from the category of “organic” foodsEXCEPT _____.

A. genetically engineered foodsB. irradiated foodsC. fertilized foods

D. foods contaminated by antibiotics3．What can be inferred from this article?

A. Organic foods are more expensive than other foods

B. Products made with 40 percent of organic materials are banned fromlabeling “organic” in any way.

C. The announcement of the new regulation came eight years after thegovernment decided to develop nationwide organic rules.（a decade）D. The USDA’s first proposal was attacked by environmentalists but favoredby food producers.

4．The word “outrage” (in “The USDA has really responded to the outrage”)means _____.A. rudenessB. indignationC. indifferenceD. sensitivity【答案与解析】

1．A 文章第二段提到“as “organic” a label that currently falls under a

hodgepodge of state…, giving rise to confusion about its meaning”，随后在第三段提到“would not only clarify the meaning of organic for U.S.

consumers but also for foreign nations”，由此可推测，提议出来之前，人们不了解“organic”的含义。故选A。

2．A 文章第六段、第七段提到4中不属于有机食品的食品类别，它们分别是：genetically altered foods, irradiated foods, fertilized foods andfoods contaminated by antibiotics。B、C、D选项全部包括。A 错在不是genetically engineered foods而是genetically altered foods。故选A。3．B 文章第九段提到有机成分高达95%以上的食品是美国农业部认证的有机食品，有机成分在50%到94%之间的属于含有有机成分的食品。因此，40%含量的不属于有机食品，故选B。

4．B 此处的outrage是指文章中倒数第五段的内容，即“The vast majorityof the responses opposed putting the “organic” label on foods grown using

biotechnology, irradiation and sewage sludge.”人们对一些有机食品反对的声音，由此可推测，outrage的含义应该接近“不满，愤怒”。故选B。Passage B

On the banks of the Thames it is a tremendous chapter of accidents—theLondon-lover has to confess to the existence of miles upon miles of thedreariest, stodgiest commonness.

Thousands of acres are covered by low black houses, of the cheapestconstruction, without ornament, without grace, without character or evenidentity. In fact there are many, even in the best quarters, in all the region ofMayfair and Belgravia, of so paltry and inconvenient and above all of sodiminutive a type, that you wonder what peculiarly limited domestic needthey were constructed to meet. The great misfortune of London, to the eye (itis true that this remark applies much less to the City), is the want of elevation.There is no architectural impression without a certain degree of height, andthe London street-vista has none of that sort of pride.

All the same, if there be not the intention, there is at least the accident, ofstyle, which, if one looks at it in a friendly way, appears to proceed fromthree sources. One of these is simply the general greatness, and the manner inwhich that makes a difference for the better in any particular spot, so thatthough you may often perceive yourself to be in a shabby corner it neveroccurs to you that this is the end of it. Another is the atmosphere, with itsmagnificent mystifications, which flatters and superfuses, makes everythingbrown, rich, dim, vague, magnifies distances and minimises details, confirmsthe inference of vastness by suggesting that, as the great city makes

everything, it makes its own system of weather and its own optical laws. Thelast is the congregation of the parks, which constitute an ornament notelsewhere to be matched and give the place a superiority that none of itsuglinesses overcome. They spread themselves with such a luxury of space inthe centre of the town that they form a part of the impression of any walk, ofalmost any view, and, with an audacity altogether their own, make a pastorallandscape under the smoky sky. There is no mood of the rich London climatethat is not becoming to them—I have seen them look delightfully romantic,like parks in novels, in the wettest winter—and there is scarcely a mood ofthe appreciative resident to which they have not something to say. The high

things of London, which here and there peep over them, only make the spacesvaster by reminding you that you are after all not in Kent or Yorkshire; andthese things, whatever they be, rows of ‘eligible’ dwellings, towers ofchurches, domes of institutions, take such an effective gray-blue tint that aclever watercolorist would seem to have put them in for pictorial reasons.The view from the bridge over the Serpentine has an extraordinary nobleness,and it has often seemed to me that the Londoner twitted with his low standardmay point to it with every confidence. In all the town-scenery of Europe therecan be few things so fine; the only reproach it is open to is that it begs thequestion by seeming - in spite of its being the pride of five millions of people—not to belong to a town at all. The towers of Notre Dame, as they rise, inParis, from the island that divides the Seine, present themselves no moreimpressively than those of Westminster as you see them looking doubly farbeyond the shining stretch of Hyde Park water. Equally admirable is thelarge, river-like manner in which the Serpentine opens away between its

wooded shores. Just after you have crossed the bridge you enjoy on your left,through the gate of Kensington Gardens, an altogether enchanting vista—afootpath over the grass, which loses itself beneath the scattered oaks and elmsexactly as if the place were a “chase”. There could be nothing less 95 likeLondon in general than this particular morsel, and yet it takes London, of allcities, to give you such an impression of the country.

5．‘It’ in line 1 of the first paragraph refers to a feeling of _____.A. forebodingB. fearC. depressionD. relief

6．The author of this passage makes his point mainly by the use of _____.A. metaphor and simileB. repetition and exclamation

C. accumulation of detailsD. irony and satire

7．The extensive use of the pronoun ‘you’ in this passage indicates that theauthor _____.

A. is speaking to one particular personB. is describing the experience of someone else

C. believes that his feelings will be shared by many othersD. wishes to add variety to his style

8．The word ‘atmosphere’ (line 55) refers to _____.A. the mood of the placeB. the London airC. artistic impressionD. the author’s mood

9．By the use of the word ‘congregation’ (line 61) the author suggests thatthe parks are _____.A. numerousB. religiousC. too crowdedD. unlimited in extent

10．The author mentions Notre Dame in order to _____.

A. provide an example of a monument finer than anything that London has to

offer

B. highlight the impressive nature of a certain London building and its settingC. give an example of a sight more suited to a town or cityD. make the image more realistic to the reader【答案与解析】

5．C 文章第一段第一句提到“On the banks of the Thames it is a

tremendous chapter of accidents—the London-lover has to confess to theexistence of miles upon miles of the dreariest, stodgiest

commonness.”，“it”指的是破折号后的内容，由后面的关键

词“dreariest”、“stodgiest”可推测“it”表达的是一种忧愁，沮丧的心情。故选C。

6．C 文章基本上是由细节描写组成的，故选C。A暗喻与明喻，B重复和感叹，D讽刺都没有明显体现。故选C。

7．C 文章中多次使用第二人称you，如“that you wonder what peculiarlylimited domestic need they were constructed to meet”，“just after you havecrossed the bridge you enjoy on your left”，从这些例子可以看出，作者运用第二人称you是认为他的讲述会让许多读者感同身受，并不是向某一个讲述或讲述另一个人的经历。故选C。

8．A 文章第三段提到“Another is the atmosphere, with its magnificentmystifications…”，由此可知，这里的atmosphere指的是its magnificentmystifications，一种神秘感，可推测atmosphere应该指的是当地的一种氛围。故选A。

9．D 文章第三段在“congregation”后提到“They spread themselves withsuch a luxury of space in the centre of the town”，“The high things ofLondon, which here and there peep over them, only make the spaces

vaster”，由此可推测作者用“congregation”是在暗示公园占地大。公园的数量多、宗教气氛重、拥挤这些都没有提到，故选D。10．B 文章最后一段提到“The towers of Notre Dame… no more

impressively than those of Westminster as you see them looking doubly farbeyond the shining stretch of Hyde Park water.”，由此可推测，作者是借著名的巴黎圣母院的塔楼与威斯敏斯特的塔楼作对比，凸显伦敦地区建筑和地理位置的优势。故选B。Section 2 Answering questions (20’)

Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN

COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Useonly information from the passage you have just read and write your answerson the answer sheet.Questions 1-3

Where do we go when we dream? According to a leading expert on the

subject, the human brain is the real “dream-weaver”, adding shape and colorto the stuff of daily life to create those magical, sometimes scary “homemovies” in our heads.

“They’re the stories ourselves, picture-stories,” said Dr. G William Domhoffof the University of California, Santa Cruz. “I think dreaming is a form ofthinking that’s going on during sleep,” he explained, but it’s a pictorial ofthinking” Domhoff presented his findings at the annual meeting of theAmerican Psychological Society, held here earlier this month.

Psychology giants Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung dominated dream theory formost of the previous century, holding that dreams represented an expressionof unconscious fears and desires suppressed in waking life. But decades ofresearch by experts like Domhoff and others-including the creation of “dreambanks” containing tens of thousands of individual-dream-records-have shedconsiderable doubt on those theories.

“For a long time, when I was first involved in dream research we tested thosetheories—in the 1960s. And we finally gave up on them,” Domhoff toldReuters Health. “The parts of the brain that we use the most in waking aren’tused at all in dreaming”, he noted.

Instead, research is now focusing on a “neurocognitive” theory of dreams,

which holds that various parts of the brain work in concert to turning

emotionally-charged thought processes into dreams. This process begins inthe limbic region, deep in the brain. This region is the seat of what Domhoffcalls the “emotional memory.”

“In the emotional brain, it’s very hard to process these memories, to get adistance on them,” he said. This may help explain why close to 80% of

dreams recorded in the researchers’ dream banks focus on fears and anxieties,often repeating familiar scenarios such as falling, crossing collapsing bridges,or standing naked in front of friends.

Emotional memories stirring the limbic system require other neural partnersbefore they can be turned into dreams, however. These include theinferiorparietal lobes (associated with spatial construction), and the occipito-temporal area, associated with the visual imagination. Together, these brainareas give shape and color to our sleep-time thoughts, creating dreams.The key role of the visual special areas of the brain in dream creation may bedemonstrated by the fact that most children under the age of 8 or 9 do nothave frequent, vivid dreams, according to the results of numerous studies. “Ithink that there has to be a certain level of cognitive maturation” involved inthe dreaming process, according to Domhoff. In other words, dreaming—lingor Storytelling-may rely on areas of the brain that need time to develop andgrow.

The California research stressed that neurochemical activity within the brainappears to play a .key role as well, helping to explain-why sleep, does notnecessarilyalways include dreaming. Most dream experts now believe thatdreams are simply a continuance of normal, waive-time thought processes.Experiments in “lucid dreaming”—those surreal snippets we sometimes getas we drift off seem to indicate that we do not even need to achieve deepREM sleep to commence dreaming. “

“So the idea is that dreaming occurs where there’s a certain minimum level ofarousal of the brain, when there’s no stimuli forcing itself on us from outside,and we’ve in some way let go of self-control,” Domhoff said. “It may noteven need sleep. It could be that just that switch into drifting-into-sleep isenough.”

Dreams are an often elegant means of highlighting problems faced in thepresent the past, he explained.’ Domhoff gave the example of a woman whoperiodically saw her ex-husband reappear in a rather frightening dream. “Thatwhole experienceof her marriage and her divorce lives onin her as this

terrible memory that periodically returns in this theme,” he said. The memorywas not “repressed”, he noted, since the woman also retained a clear, vividmemory of her marriage in her waking life. Still, “dreams often deal withthese unfinished kinds of business,” he said, so that: “sometimes we can veryhappily remarried or involved with a new partner, and yet we’ll have dreamsof the past partner in the upsetting situation.”

“Ifyou took that dream to a (Freudian) clinician, they would say, “Ah ha!You have a hang-up about the past that you must work on,” the Californiaresearcher added. “But there’s another way to think about it,”Domhoff said,“that this is (simply) a record of a past negativity.”1．What is “dream-weaver” according to the passage?

2．Describe in your own words Dr. G William Domhoff’s new ideas aboutdreams.

3．What is the major issue raised in this article?【答案与解析】

1．“Dream-weaver” means that our brain acts like a weaver who adds shapeand color to our daily experiences and finally turns those experiences intomagical pictures in our dreams.

（文章第一段提到“the human brain is the real “dream-weaver”, addingshape and color to …”，adding后的内容实际是对dream-weaver的解释，对adding后的内容进行总结即可。）

2．Dreaming is a pictorial form of thinking, but not an unconscious

expression of emotions in waking life because the parts of the brain that weuse the most in waking aren’t used in dreaming at all. However, dreams dohighlight the problems we face at present or in the past. Dreaming occurswhere there’s a certain minimum level of arousal of the brain so even when

we do not sleep, we may dream.

（文章第二段提到做梦也是思考的一种方式，不过是图片式思考。第三段与第四段则反驳了弗洛伊德对梦的定义，指出梦不是对白天压抑的情绪的释放，因为人清醒时与做梦时运用大脑不同的部位。倒数第三段提出梦的产生与大脑受到的刺激相关。随后在倒数第二段作者指出梦里会反映人曾经或现在遇到的问题。）

3．The major issue is that what is dream and how should we view dreaming.（作者在全篇主要是介绍了Dr. G William Domhoff对梦的新发现，包括梦的起因，梦与白天清醒时的状况的关系，梦与大脑的关系以及如何看待梦。由此可知，文章主要的问题依旧是与梦的解析有关。）Questions 4-5

The brain is like a muscle: Use it or lose it. That’s the growing conclusion ofresearch that shows fogged memory and slowed wit are not inevitableconsequences of getting old, and there are steps people can take to protecttheir brains.

Mental exercise seems crucial. Benefits start when parents read to tots anddepend heavily on education, but scientists say it’s never too late to startjogging the gray matter.

People have to get physical, too. Bad memory is linked to heart, disease,diabetes and a high-fat diet, all risks people can counter by living healthierlives.

In fact, provocative new research suggests these brain-protective steps,mental and physical, may be strong enough even to help influence who getsAlzheimer’s disease. “There are some things that, if you know you have afamily history (of Alzheimer’s) and you’re just 20 to 30 years old, you canstart doing to increase your protective factors,” said Dr. Amir Sods of CaseWestern Reserve University Medical School in Cleveland.

Most important: “Read, read, read,” Sods said. Do crossword puzzles. Pullout the chessboard or Scrabble. Learn a foreign language or a new hobby.”

“Anything that stimulates the brain to think,” he said.

And cut back on TV, Soas resists. “When you watch television, your braingoes into neutral,” he said. So much so that Case Western plans to studywhether people who contract Alzheimer’s watched more TV throughout lifethan healthy seniors”

The stereotype of the forgetful grandma has its roots in now-outdated dogma.Just a few years ago, scientists believed the brain was wired forever beforeage 5, and that over the ensuing decades a person irrevocably lost neuronsand crucial brain circuitry until eventually mental decline became noticeableNot quite-Scientists now know the brain continually rewires and adapts itself,even in old age; large brain-cell growth continues into the teen years; andeven the elderly can grow at least some new neurons.

So cognitive decline doesn’t have to be inevitable. Indeed, mental tests givenfor 10 years to almost 6,000 older people fond 70% maintained brain poweras they aged, lead researcher Mary Haan of the University of MichiganAlzheimer told an international Alzheimer’s meeting this month.What keeps brains healthy? Clues come from Alzheime’s research. CaseWestern scientists studied 550 people and found those less mentally andphysically active in middle age were three times more likely to get

Alzheime’s as they grayed. Particularly protective: increasing intellectualactivity during adulthood.

Numerous studies show people with less education have higher risks ofAlzheime’s than the better-educated. Haan found less than a ninth-gradeeducation a key threshold; other studies suggest a difference even betweenholders of bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

It’s not just formal education. Reading habits between ages 6 and 18 appearcrucial predictors of cognitive function decades later, said Dr. David Bennettof Chicago’s Rush University. The flacon: Challenge the brain early to buildup more “cognitive reserve” to counter brain-damaging disease later. Bennettis preparing to test that by counting neurons in autopsied brains.

And remember that brain-muscle analogy? Brain show mentally “exercising,”which London cabbies do while navigating without a map or pianists dowhen practicing, makes sports important for those intellectual challenges togrow while less-used regions shrink.

But physical health is important, too. A healthy brain needs lots of oxygenpumped through healthy arteries. Haan studied people who have a genecalled ApoE4, which significantly increases the risk of Alzheimer’s. Brainfunction of gene carriers declined four times faster with age if they also hadhardened arteries or diabetes. High-fat diets increased the risk seven times,Case Western researchers found.

That means exercising and eating right—the very things that prevent heartdisease and diabetes—helps the brain, too. And Haan said it spotlights thenext research frontier: Testing whether cholesterol and blood pressuretreatments might prevent dementia.

4．What is the mental exercise in this article? How can it be achieved?5．What does the author mean by saying “When you watch television, yourbrain goes intoneutral.”?【答案与解析】

4．Mental exercise means keeping the brain working or thinking. It can beachieved by receiving education, reading books, learning a new language ornew hobby, memorizing things, watching less TV, and so on.

（文章中提到的mental exercise和physical exercise与大脑密切相关，由此可推测mental exercise是指脑力运动。脑力运动有多种方式，如第二段与第五段提到的阅读，第五段提到的学习一门新语言或新爱好，第六段提到的少看电视，倒数第六、七段提到的接受高等教育，倒数第三段提到的记忆事物等等。）

5．It means when we are watching TV, we stop thinking, or in other words,we stop doing mental exercises.

（文章第六段提到这句话，作者建议要进行脑力运动，应少看电视，由

此可推测人们在看电视时大脑是处于不思考的状态。）III Writing (30’)

Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic.The Relationship between Translation Theory and Practice

Translation is to use the target language to express the meaning of theoriginal language. This is a common communicational way between twodifferent languages. And it is because of the combination of translationtheory and translation practice that the translation work could carry on, thusgenerally people always relate translation theory with practice. From mypoint of view, there are largely two kinds of relationship between them.First of all, translation theory to practice is like water to fish. That is to say,they are interdependent. Without the guidance of systematic translationtheory, the practice would turn to be poor in efficiency and quality. On thecontrary, without the practice, one may never know whether the theory isright or wrong. Besides, it is through the practice that the value of the righttheory is demonstrated. On the one hand, for instance, at the very beginningof the May 4th Movement, translators universally chose literal translation,such as translating “democracy” and “science” as “德先生”and “赛先生”.Judging by the current translation theory, such translation may soundridiculous. On the other hand, it is due to the continuing practice that

translation theory has been perfected. Because of our long-term practice, welater translated “democracy” and “science” into “民主” and “科学”.Secondly, translation theory and practice is in the process of circulation.

Translation practice occurred earlier than translation theory on account of thattheory was first concluded from men’s translation practice. After the firsttheory was set, translators could not wait to check it in practice. Later throughthe practice, translators made some corrections in the original theory andadded more new theories. And such process is repeated indefinitely. Take theessay translation as an example. Under the guidance of “faithfulness andsmoothness”, concluded from Yan Fu’s “faithfulness, expressiveness andelegance”, Zhang Peiji translated a volume of excellent Chinese essays intoEnglish. Nowadays there are many scholars studying Zhang Peiji’s

translation works, aiming to conclude some translation theories which can bespecifically applied in the field of essay translation.

In conclusion, translation theory and translation practice is in the relationshipof interdependence and circulation. Translators should always bear in mindthat practicing under the guidance of related theories and concluding sometheories while practicing. Actually, every translator has his own translatingstyle because of their distinguished understanding of the text. As long as thetranslation corresponds to the general criterion of “faithfulness and

smoothness”, translators should be encouraged to conclude a set of his owntranslation theory in practicing.

【解析】本文探讨翻译理论和翻译实践的关系。文章第一段以介绍翻译的方式引出翻译的理论与实践的关系，随后作者提出两者主要存在两种关系。第二段介绍第一种关系，即相互依存的关系。翻译的实践离不开理论的指导，理论需在实践中进行检验。第三段介绍第二种关系，即二者处于一种无限循环的关系中。翻译实践里总结出理论，再以理论指导实践，再用实践的效果反馈给理论，对理论进行更新，然后新的理论再次指导实践，如此循环反复。最后一段总结上述的两种关系，并指出应鼓励翻译者在大理论的框架下建立一套个人的翻译理论。

2012年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choice

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark youranswers on the answer sheet.

1．In developing counties people are _____ into overcrowded cities in greatnumbers.A. breakingB. fillingC. pouringD. hurrying【答案】C

【解析】句意：在发展中国家，人们大批地向过度拥挤的城市涌入。pour into川流不息地涌入。break into闯入，破门而入。fill into填充。hurry into匆忙进入。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

2．Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks trafficregulations.A. having been finedB. to be finedC. to have been finedD. being fined

【答案】D

【解析】句意：马克经常一触犯了交通规则就想逃避被罚款。escapedoing sth. 逃避做某事；escape to do sth. 逃脱要去做某事。根据句意，应该是逃避被罚款。此外，根据句中“often”可推测是一般现在时，不需要用完成时态。因此，本题的正确答案为D。3．This hotel_____ $60 for a single room with bath.A. claimsB. demandsC. pricesD. charges【答案】D

【解析】句意：这家旅馆一间配带卫浴间的单人房收费60元。charge索价；充电。claim要求；声称。demand要求。price给……定价。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

4．Liquids are like solids _____ they have a definite volume.A. in thatB. with thatC. for thatD. at that【答案】A

【解析】句意：液体与固体相似，因为它们的体积都是明确的。in that因为。with that于是，然后就。at that而且。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

5．The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amountof money could_____.A. stand up toB. make up forC. come up withD. put up with【答案】B

【解析】句意：这些珍宝的破坏是人类的一大损失，这是金钱无法弥补的。make up for补偿，弥补。stand up to经得起。come up with提出，想出。put up with忍受，容忍。因此，本题的正确答案为B。6．The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat.A. withinB. underC. towardsD. upon【答案】B

【解析】句意：正如我们所知，文明的生存正受到威胁。本题考查的是固定搭配，under threat受到威胁。因此，本题的正确答案为B。7．In recent years, much more emphasis has been put _____ developingstudents’ productive skills.A. ontoB. in

C. overD. on【答案】D

【解析】句意：近几年，人们更加重视培养学生的创造性技能。本题考查固定搭配，put emphasis on/upon重视，把重点放在……因此，本题的正确答案为D。

8．A season ticket _____ the holder to make as many journeys as he wisheswithin the stated periodof time.A. entitlesB. grantsC. presentsD. promises【答案】B

【解析】句意：一张季票可以让持票者在规定的时间内任意旅行，次数不限。grant允许；授予。entitle使……有权利。present作动词，意为“呈现”。promise允诺。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

9．Petrol is refined from the _____ oil we take out of the ground.A. crudeB. freshC. rudeD. original【答案】A

【解析】句意：汽油是从地下采掘的原油中提炼而来的。本题考查惯用词语搭配，选项中四个单词均有“原始的”的含义，但原油的固定搭配为crude oil。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

10．This article _____ more attention to the problem of cultural interferencesin foreign languageteaching and learning.A. cares forB. applies forC. allows forD. calls for【答案】D

【解析】句意：这篇文章呼吁人们更多地关注外语教学中的文化干扰问题。call for呼吁；需求。care for关心。apply for申请，请求。allow for考虑到。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

11．The crossed mandibles enable the birds to exert a powerful biting forceat the bill tips, which iscritical for maneuvering them between the scales andspreading the scales apart. Next, thecrossbill snakes its long tongue into the_____ and draws out the seed.A. openingB. flowerC. mouthD. tree【答案】D

【解析】句意：交喙鸟将自己长长的舌头迂回地伸进树里，然后取出了种子。交喙鸟生活在松林地带，因此可推测，题目中交喙鸟将舌头伸进的地方应该是树。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

12．Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the birds cracks openand _____ the woodyseed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.A. eatsB. breaksC. finds outD. discards【答案】D

【解析】句意：用喙和舌头共同发力，交喙鸟们使种子破裂开来，然后扔掉木质的种子外壳，吞下营养丰富的核。discard丢弃。eat吃。break打破，折断。find out找出。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

13．As a rule, large billed crossbills are better at seeming seeds from largecones while small billed crossbills are more _____ at removing the seedsfrom small, thin scaled cones.A. hungryB. deftC. tiredD. pleasant【答案】B

【解析】句意：通常，大交喙鸟更擅长从大体积球果中找到种子，小交喙鸟更熟练于从瘦小型的球果中弄出种子。根据句意可推测，前半部分是大交喙鸟擅长的工作，while连接的后半部分则讲的是小交喙鸟擅长工作。be deft at擅长。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

14．This bird has a large, _____ bill, yet most of Newfoundland’s conifershave small cones, the same kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wingsrely on.

A. robustB. colorfulC. unusualD. sharp【答案】D

【解析】句意：这种鸟的喙又大又尖，但多数纽芬兰岛上的针叶树只有小球果。yet但是，表转折，因此，空格处的单词应与small词义相对。D符合题意，而且A、B、C都不适合修饰bill（喙）。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

15．It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies ofthe Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers andtherefore _____ the support of all thirteen colonies.A. influencedB. heraldedC. rejectedD. ignored【答案】B

【解析】句意：是她，一名巴尔的摩的画家，出版了第一份《宣言》的官方印件，印件上印有《宣言》起草人的签名，这也因此预示着将获得十三州的支持。herald预示。influence影响。reject拒绝。ignore忽略。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

16．The growing custom of regularly _____ from afar the representatives ofall kinds of groups, notonly for political conventions, but also for

commercial, professional, learned, and avocationalones...in turn supportedthe multiplying hotels.

A. announcingB. motivatingC. assemblingD. contracting【答案】C

【解析】句意：定期召集各行的代表越发成为一种惯例，代表们聚集在一起不仅是为了政治会议，也有商业、职业、学术上的会议，反之，这也促进了酒店的繁殖。assemble集合（一般是为了某个特定的目的，如会议）。announce宣布。motivate刺激，激发……的积极性。contract收缩；感染。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

17．In the past, as today, men, women, and children _____ themselves withbeads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth untildeath, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife.A. protectedB. adornedC. purchased

D. enjoyed 【答案】B

【解析】句意：在过去，今天也是如此，男人、女人、小孩在身上佩戴念珠。bead珠子，念珠。adorn作及物动词，意为“装饰”，adorn oneselfwith beads佩戴念珠。protect保护。purchase追求。enjoy享受。这三个词都与题中词组搭配不当。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

18．Besides their wear ability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articlesof _____, bead spossess the desirable characteristics of every collectible: theyare durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in theiroriginal cultural context as well as in today’s market.A. ritual

B. importanceC. attireD. history【答案】C

【解析】句意：除开在穿着上的用途，类似于珠宝或是与衣物融为一体，念珠拥有每一件收藏品的优良特征：他们持久耐用、易于携带、种类多样，拥有原始文化的价值以及如今的市场价值。attire衣物，article文章；物品。articles of attite相当于articles of clothing，意为“衣物”。ritual仪式；惯例。importance重要性。history历史。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

19．Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their

history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use areall points of information one hopes to_____.A. communicateB. transportC. improveD. unravel【答案】D

【解析】句意：念珠是一串串等待被揭开的秘密：它们的历史、制作、文化背景、经济角色、装饰用途都是人们期待揭晓的内容。unravel揭开；解开。communicate沟通。transport运输。improve提高。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

20．Even the most _____ beads may have traveled great distances and beenexposed to many human experiences.A. carved

B. beautifulC. ordinaryD. heavy【答案】C

【解析】句意：即使是最普通的念珠，也有可能经历过长途跋涉，见证过许多人的经历。ordinary普通的，平凡的。整个语句是转折句，句子后半段描绘了念珠精彩的经历，由此可知前半部分是描写念珠的平凡。carved雕刻的。beautiful美丽的。heavy沉重的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)

Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple-choicequestions .Read the passage and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage A

Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William

Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostilebranches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (Stratford), whichpresents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare MemorialTheatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off thetourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’sCottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to theirrevenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors ,them with their long hair andbeards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you

consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor(with abeard)and did his share of noise-making.

The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come bybus-and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—

don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find atheatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sightseeingalong with their play going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bringin much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night(some of themfour or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseerscan take in everything and get out of town by nightfall..

The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contributedirectly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford criespoor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a newwing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which youmay be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the LearLounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be veryexpensive.

Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal ShakespeareCompany needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records forthree years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied allyear long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costshave rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away theyoung people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come

entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though theycome from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans andsandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstonesoutside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held forthe sleepers and sold to them when the box of rice opens at 10:30 am.1．From the first two paragraph, we learn that ______.

A. the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenueB. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stageC. the two branches of the RSC are not on good termsD. the townsfolk earn little from tourism

2．It can be inferred from Para 3 that ______.

A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separatelyB. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseersC. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoersD. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater

3．By saying\" Stratford cries poor traditionally\"(Line 2, Paragraph 4), theauthor implies that ______.

A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projectsB. Stratford has long been in financial difficultiesC. the town is not really short of moneyD. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

4．According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because______.

A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spendingB. the company is financially ill-managed

C. the behavior. of the actors is not socially acceptableD. the theatre attendance is on the rise

5．From the text we can conclude that the author ______.A. is supportive of both sidesB. favors the townsfolk’s viewC. takes a detached attitude

D. is sympathetic【答案与解析】

1．C 文章第一段开头提到“Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has onlyone industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separateand increasingly hostile branches.”，由关键词“separate”和“hostile”可知两个分支的关系并不好。第一段提到RSC在Avon提供优秀的莎士比亚戏剧表演，第二段又提到Stratford居民并不认为RSC的戏剧表演会为当地带来收入。由此可知，两个分支相处并不友好。故选C。

2．B 定位至文章第三段。第三段提到playgoers会带来更多的收入，因为看戏他们会在当地停留几个晚上。因此选项B正确。第三段第二句提到游客可以同时游览Castle和Palace，故A错误。有关于shopping的内容第三段未提及，故C错误。第三段中间提到“However, the playgoers domanage a little sightseeing along with their playgoing.”故D错误。故选B。3．C 文章第四段第三句开头是“nevertheless”，表示转

折。“nevertheless”的后文描述的是当地酒店业的蓬勃发展。由此可推测，Stratford居民只是哭穷，但实际并不穷。故选C。

4．D 文章第五段括号中补充到“The theatre has broken attendance recordsfor three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupiedall year long and this year they’ll do better.由此可知，townsfolk认为戏剧上座率在增加，RSC不需要补助。故选D。

5．C 通读全文可知作者并没有明显地支持某一方，只是客观地描述双方的情况，更谈不上同情。故选C。Passage B

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world,but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent？ It turns outthat the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparentlya universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostileway, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a

universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwinbelieved that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have

survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach ofenemies (or friends) in the absence of language.

Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize theemotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul

Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust,fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world toindicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried rangedfrom European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells inthe New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost nocontact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Forealso displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would

respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotionalresponses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results ina study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report thatmultiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participantsgenerally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and whichemotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflectemotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patternsof electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship betweenemotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.

According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (\"feedback\") aresent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expressioncan influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the otherhand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens ouremotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, andfrowning to anger？

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerningthe facial- feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile,for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When

they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion？ Onelink is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in anorganism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in

signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal thenleads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes inbrain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances thattransmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influencesthe internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-calledDuchenne smile, which is characterized by \"crow’s feet\" wrinkles around theeyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eyemoves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression \"keep a stiffupper lip\" as are commendation for handling stress. It might be that a \"stiff\"lip suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fearor tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is moreintense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heightenemotional response.

6．The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to______.A. curiousB. unhappyC. thoughtfulD. uncertain

7．The author mentions \"Baring the teeth in a hostile way\" in orderto______.

A. differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression fromother meanings of it

B. support Darwin’s theory of evolution

C. provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widelyunderstood

D. contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facialexpressions

8．The word \"concur\" in the passage is closest in meaning to______.A. estimateB. agreeC. expectD. understand

9．According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Forepeople of New Guinea?

A. They did not want to be shown photographs.B. They were famous for their story-telling skills.C. They knew very little about Western culture.D. They did not encourage the expression of emotions.

10．According to the passage, what dis Darwin believe would happen tohuman emotions that were not expressed?A. They would become less intense.B. They would last longer than usual.C. They would cause problems later.D. They would become more negative.【答案与解析】

6．B 文章一开头提到“Joy and sadness are experienced by people in allcultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happyor despondent？”由此可推测，“happy or despondent”与“joy andsadness”对应，因此despondent意思为unhappy，故选B。

7．C 文章第一段第二句提到“It turns out that the expression of manyemotions may be universal.”紧接着，作者列举了smiling和baring the teethin a hostile way两个例子。由此可知，作者提到“baring the teeth in ahostile way”是为了例证有些表情是大家普遍能理解的。故选C。8．B 文章第二段开头提到“Most investigators concur that certain facialexpressions suggest the same emotions in a people.”随后的实验也证明了这一观点，由此可推测多数研究者同意这一观点。故选B。

9．C 文章第二段提到“All groups including the Fore, who had almost nocontact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.”由此可知，Fore people of New Guinea对西方基本不了解。A、B、D都是没有依据的说辞，故选C。

10．A 定位至文章第三段倒数第二句话：Consider Darwin’s words: “Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the otherhand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens ouremotions.”题目中“human emotions that were not expressed”对应的是repression（压抑，压制），结果是“all outward signs softens ouremotions”，由此可推测，情绪会变得没那么强烈。故选A。Section 2 Answering questions (20’)

Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN

COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Useonly information from the passage you have just read and write your answerson the answer sheet.Questions 1-3

Americans are sleeping less to cram in more work and play, a self-defeatingcycle that leave shalf the work force complaining that drowsiness interfereswith their job, researchers said Tuesday.

The National Sleep Foundation said adults of all ages get less than the

recommended eight hours of sleep a night, putting themselves at risk of autoaccidents and over the longer-term ,greater risk of diseases such as highblood pressure and diabetes.

The foundation released its “Sleep in America” poll that found a third ofadults slept only 6.5 hours a night during the work week. People got moresleep on weekends but still not eight hours.

The poll of 1,1 adults found 45 percent of respondents will sleep less inorder to get more work done.

Surfing the Internet and watching television are also seen as prime

contributors to the lack of sleep. Those activities were blamed by 43 percentfor staying up late, with other causes including partner snoring, noise, painand small children.

“Sleep is viewed as expendable,” said James Walsh, a vice president of thefoundation and executive director of St. Luke’s Hospital SleepMedicine/Research Center, in Chesterfield, Missouri.

“The people who stay up to work, they work more, but it’s probably the samepeople who complain they can’t concentrate the next day, Walsh said at apress conference.

Fifty-one percent said sleepiness on the job interferes with the amount ofwork they get done and nearly one in five adults reported making occasionalor frequent work errors due to drowsiness.

National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Jim Hall said sleep problemspermeated society. He said operator fatigue had been on the agency’s prioritylist of safety improvements for over a decade.

“Human fatigue is one of the most endemic safety issues in our society,” saidHall, who recounted the death of a friend’s son when he fell asleep at thewheel of his pickup truck.

Half of the poll’s respondents admitted to driving while drowsy. Among 18

to 29-year-olds, 24 percent reported falling asleep at the wheel at some pointduring the past year. Naps on the job can restore short-term alertnessaccording to research. One third of those surveyed said they would nap atwork if it was allowed.

Union Pacific Corp. is letting train crews sleep briefly when idled. Sixteenpercent of those surveyed said their employers currently endorsed on-the-jobnaps.

Melissa Cullen, a Maryland woman who suffered major injuries and lost herfather when a fatigued shift worker’s car hit their vehicle head-on just beforeChristmas, said attitudes to drowsy driving had to change.

“Can anyone tell me why driving while tired is less irresponsible than drivingwhile drunk?” Cullen asked.

1．Paraphrase the sentence “Their employers currently endorsed on-the-jobnaps.”

2．Explain in your own words the saying “Human fatigue is one of the mostendemic safety issues in our society.”

3．What is the major issue(s) raised in this article?【答案与解析】

1．At present, their employers allow them to take a brief sleep at theworking hours.

（文章的倒数第四段和倒数第五段提到研究表明工作期间小睡有助于促进精神的恢复，并且列举了公司允许小睡的数据比例。）

2．Nowadays, many people sleep less than required so that they often feelfatigued at the work. This may cause safety issues especially when it happensin driving. Drivers who sleep while driving may cause traffic accidents,which finally lead to the injury or death of drivers themselves, passengersorother drivers on the road.

（定位至文章倒数第六段开头，紧接着作者列举一位朋友的儿子死于睡

倒在方向盘上的案例，接着在倒数第二段作者又列举了一个事例：一位女士的父亲因为另外一位司机在驾驶时睡着而引发的车祸中不幸去世。）

3．Fatigue has become an universal problem, which causes heavy damages.It needs more attention.

（全篇都是在以列数据的方式体现当代人睡眠的严重不足，而且还列举了众多因睡眠不足带来的问题和威胁。）Questions 4-5

By the time a child is six or seven she has all the essential avoidances wellenough by heart to be trusted with the care of a younger child. And she alsodevelops a number of simple techniques. She learns to weave firm squareballs from palm leaves, to make pinwheels of palm leaves or frangipaniblossoms, to climb a coconut tree by walking up the trunk on flexible littlefeet, to break open a coconut with one firm well-directed blow of a knife aslong as she is tall, to play a number of group games and sing the songs whichgo with them, to tidy the house by picking up the litter on the stony floor, tobring water from the sea, to spread out the copra to dry and to help gather itin when rain threatens, to go to a neighboring house and bring back a lightedfaggot for the chief’s pipe or the cook-house fire .But in the case of the littlegirls all these tasks are merely supplementary to the main business of baby-tending. Very small boys also have some care of the younger children, but ateight or nine years of age they are usually relieved of it. Whatever roughedges have not been smoothed off by this responsibility for younger childrenare worn off by their contact with older boys. For little boys are admitted tointeresting and important activities only so long as their behavior is

circumspect and helpful. Where small girls are brusquely pushed aside, smallboys will be patiently tolerated and they become adept at making themselvesuseful. The four or five little boys who all wish to assist at the important,business of helping a grown youth lasso reef eels, organize themselves into ahighly efficient working team; one boy holds the bait, another holds an extralasso, others poke eagerly about in holes in the reef looking for prey, whilestill another tucks the captured eels into his lavalava. The small girls,

burdened with heavy babies or the care of little staggerers who are too smallto adventure on the reef, discouraged by the hostility of the small boys and

the scorn of the older ones, have little opportunity for learning the more

adventurous forms of work and play. So while the little boys first undergo thechastening effects of baby-tending and then have many opportunities to learneffective cooperation under the supervision of older boys, the girls’ educationis less comprehensive. They have a high standard of individual responsibility,but the community provides them with no lessons in cooperation with oneanother. This is particularly apparent in the activities of young people: theboys organize quickly; the girls waste hours in bickering, innocent of anytechnique for quick and efficient cooperation.

4．What is the primary purpose of the passage with reference to the societyunder discussion? How can it be achieved?

5．What does the author refer by “high standard of individualresponsibility”?【答案与解析】

4．To explain some differences in the upbringing of girls and boys. Theauthor describes some aspects of the upbringing of girls in a particularsociety and contrasts that with the way boys were brought up.

（题目问的是文章的写作目的以及是怎样达到这个目的的。通读全文可知文章主要描写了男孩和女孩不同的成长方式，并通过对比说明了男孩和女孩的不同性格特点和成长轨迹。）

5．The author means that girls are extraordinarily responsible because theytend to take care of younger kids while at a quite young age, but spend littletime to develop their own ability.

（文章结尾处提到女孩们相比男孩更有责任感，因为她们在很小的年纪就开始担当照顾更小的孩子的重任，她们很少有时间去发展个人的能力，多数时间花在照顾他人身上，这因此让女孩有了责任感高的特点。）III. Writing (30’)

Writing a composition of about 400 words on the following topic.

Translation as a Bridge

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language textby means of an equivalent target-language text. In general, it can be dividedinto written translation and interpretation. Most people hold the view thattranslation serves as a bridge connecting us with foreign countries.

Nowadays, translation has already been applied in many areas. Our globalvillage is faced with many a threat, from environmental pollution toterrorism. Without translation, international conferences cannot go on orheads of states have difficulty in exchanging thoughts. As China grows to bethe second largest country, it has to behave more open to the outside world.With the aid of translation, China can realize more commercial cooperationwith foreign countries. Cultural communication is indispensable. Our enjoyin Hollywood movies in Chinese theaters owes to the subtitle translation.Besides, translation grants us to appreciate outstanding foreign masterpieces,while at the same time it helps bring our domestic culture to foreign readers.For instance, if it were not for Howard Gold blatt’s excellent translation, MoYan would not have won the Nobel Prize. In other words, without translationthe world would be composed with a number of closed and unconnectedcountries, not a united family.

However, what presented above contributes to the qualified translation. Thatis to say, good translation is like a bridge, but bad translation may turn to be abarrier. Basically, the criterion is whether the translation is faithful andsmooth. In my opinion, there are chiefly three ways to guarantee the qualityof translation. First of all, translation theories have to be perfected. Thecurrent general translation theory is called “faithfulness and smoothness”,evolved from Yan Fu’s “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”. Buttranslation theory in specific literary branches are not perfected. I deem thatdifferent literary branches require different translation theories. Secondly, theeducation of translation should be paid more attention. Colleges ought to beencouraged to open more translation courses for students. Thirdly, translatorsshould be given more practicing opportunities. It is through the practice thattranslators can check those translation theories they have learned.

To sum up, translation plays an extremely important role in communication,just like a bridge. Translators should keep in mind how important his work

means and thus endeavor to make their translation works accurate andacceptable. As the world turns to be more united than before, translation isdefinitely indispensable and will grow to be more demanding in the future.【解析】本文围绕“Translation as a Bridge”展开讨论。作者在第一段解释了翻译的含义以及分类，并引出翻译充当沟通的桥梁这一观点。随后在第二段作者从政治、经济、文化三大方面以举例的方式充分证明翻译充当沟通的桥梁这一观点。第三段，作者明确表明只有合格、优秀的翻译才能真正促进交流，否则反而会阻碍交流。并且进一步提出自己的想法，认为从翻译理论的完善，高校对翻译课程的重视以及译者自身的翻译实践三个方面可以来促进翻译水平的提升。最后一段作者再次总结翻译促进交流的观点，并预测在全球化的世界，未来翻译会扮演更重要的角色。

2013年中南大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choice

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark youranswers on the answer sheet.

1．The _____ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardlybear it.A. conventionB. confinementC. principleD. discipline【答案】D

【解析】句意：军校里的纪律十分严格，许多学生都难以承受。discipline纪律；训练。convention惯例；习俗。confinement；监禁。principle原理，原则。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

2．The test results are beyond _____; they have been repeated in labs allover the world.A. negotiationB. conflictC. bargainD. dispute

【答案】D

【解析】句意：测试的结果不容置疑，这些测试在全世界的实验室里不知重复了多少遍。dispute争论；质疑。beyond dispute 无疑地，没有争论余地。negotiation谈判。conflict矛盾冲突。bargain交易。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

3．I was so _____ in today’s history lesson, I didn’t understand a thing.A. amazedB. neglectedC. confusedD. amused【答案】C

【解析】句意：今天的历史课上我很困惑，我完全没有理解。confused困惑的。amazed惊奇的，吃惊的。neglected被忽视的。amused愉快的；被逗乐的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

4．. It. _____ you to at least 50% off the regular price of either frames orlenses when you buy both.A. presentsB. entitlesC. creditsD. tips【答案】B

【解析】句意：如果你把摄影架和镜头一起买下的话，相比单买来讲，你能便宜至少一半的价。entitle使……有权利。present，作动词，意为“呈现，展现”。credit作动词，意为“相信；归功于……”。tip作动词，

意为“给小费；倾斜”。因此，本题的正确答案是B。

5．Deserts and high mountains have always been a _____ to the movementof people from place to place.A. barrierB. fenceC. preventionD. jam【答案】A

【解析】句意：对于往来各地的人来讲，沙漠与高山一直都是一大阻碍。这四个词为一组近义词，均有“障碍”的意思。barrier一般指阻碍通道的障碍物。fence指栅栏，篱笆，一般是将事物隔开。prevention也有妨碍的意思，但最主要的含义是预防。jam尤指拥挤、堵塞的状况。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

6．In order to make things convenient for the people, the department isplanning to set up some _____shops in the residential area.A. flowingB. driftingC. mobileD. unstable【答案】C

【解析】句意：为了让市民生活更方便，有关部门计划在住宅区设立一些流动商店。选项中四个词均有流动之意，但对象不同。mobile可移动的；非固定的。flowing一般形容水流或电流的流动。drifting一般是指物体在液体上的漂流。unstable不稳定的，不牢固的，主要是稳定性的表现，而非固定性的表现。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

7．Mr. Smith says: “The media are very good at sensing a mood and then_____ it.\"A. overtakingB. enlargingC. wideningD. exaggerating【答案】D

【解析】句意：史密斯先生说，“媒体非常善于察觉一种氛围然后再加以夸大。”选项中三个词均有“扩大”的含义，但应用的领域不同。exaggerate夸大，夸张，一般指效果的夸大。enlarge一般指规模的扩大。widen具体意义是物理上的拉宽，抽象意义是指差距的扩大。overtake赶上。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

8．This is not an economical way to get more water; _____, it is veryexpensive.A. on the other handB. on the contraryC. in shortD. or else【答案】C

【解析】句意：这可不是一个获取更多水资源的节俭办法，总而言之，这样做花钱。in short总而言之。on the other hand另一方面。on thecontrary 相反地。or else否则。题中空格前后属于顺承的逻辑，因此，本题的正确答案为C。

9．It was the first time that such a _____ had to be taken at a British nuclearpower station.

A. presentationB. precautionC. preparationD. prediction【答案】B

【解析】句意：一家英国核电站采取这样的防范措施，这可是第一次。precaution防范，固定搭配 take precaution采取防范行动。presentation展示、preparation准备。prediction预言，预报。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

10．_____ that he wasn’t happy with the arrangements, I tried to book adifferent hotel.A. PerceivingB. PenetratingC. PuzzlingD. Preserving【答案】A

【解析】句意:察觉到他对这样的安排不太满意，我又去订了另一家酒店。perceive察觉；认知。penetrate渗透，穿透。puzzle困惑。preserve保存；维持。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

11．I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were _____.A. hung upB. hung backC. cut down

D. cutoff【答案】D

【解析】句意：我正和安通话，突然我们的电话中断了。cut off（电话）中断；切掉。hang up挂掉电话，一般不用于被动语态。hang back犹豫，退缩不前。cut down削减；砍倒。因此，本题的正确答案为D。12．She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend _____ here sothat she could learn more about the city:A. sometimesB. sometimeC. sometimeD. sometimes【答案】B

【解析】句意：她在想她能不能再在这儿多呆一段时间，这样她就能更好地了解这个城市。some time一段时间。sometimes有时候，偶尔。sometime某个时候。some times好几次。因此，本题的正确答案为B。13．Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be_____ with everyone who comes to the store.A. acceptedB. admittedC. admiredD. acquainted【答案】D

【解析】句意：布林女士来到镇上仅一年的时间，不过她好像认识每个

来店里的人。固定搭配 be acquainted with与……熟识。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

14．He does not _____ as a teacher of English as his pronunciation isterrible.A. equalB. matchC. qualifyD. fit【答案】C

【解析】句意：他因为口语差无法胜任英语老师这一职位。固定搭配qualify as取得（从事某职业的）资格。equal to胜任。match与fit作为及物动词，后面直接加与职业相关的名词。因此，本题的正确答案为C。15．Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been_____ the goalof a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.A. pursuingB. chasingC. reachingD. winning【答案】A

【解析】句意：全世界许多科学团队一直在追求找到利用太阳光以及分解水分子的经济实用方法这一目标。A与B都有追赶的含义，但chase一般是指具体意义上的追赶，如猫追老鼠。而pursue一般是指抽象意义上的追赶，如追赶某一目标。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

16．The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _____ the speakers

stopped forefreshments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random【答案】B

【解析】句意：讨论进行了许久，令人疲乏，以至于演讲者们时不时要停下来调整一下状态。at intervals不时地。at large整个的；详尽的，atease安逸。at random胡乱地。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

17．When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure _____ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. preferenceD. alternative【答案】D

【解析】句意：旅行时，你通常被建议带上支票，这是一个安全的现金替代品。substitute和alternative都解释为“替代品”，但substitute与介词for搭配，alternative与介词to搭配。因此，本题的正确答案为D。18．I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a _____character.A. graciousB. suspicious

C. uniqueD. particular【答案】B

【解析】句意：我从来不信任他，我认为他是一个可疑的人。suspicious可疑的。gracious高尚的。unique独特的，独一无二的。particular特别的；挑剔的。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

19．Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substancesnear it, and this _____produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction【答案】A

【解析】句意：水在由固体向液体转变时，吸收周围物质的热量，这一吸收过程会对周围环境产生人工冷气。absorption吸收。transition过渡，转变。consumption消费。interaction相互作用。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

20．I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely _____ my ideasto prove your point.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting

【答案】C

【解析】句意：我从没有说过那样的话。你是故意扭曲我的意思来支撑你的观点。distort扭曲。revise修改，修订。contradict反驳。distract转移，分心。因此，本题的正确答案为C。II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)

Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple-choicequestions.Read the passage and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage A

On New Year’s Day, 50,000 inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch.This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions. Itwas an extraordinary humanitarian gesture: the money that would have beenspent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated3.5 million Kenyans who, because of a severe drought, are threatened withstarvation. The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of eastAfrica and the Horn. If you are reading this in the west, however, you maynot be aware of it-the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you doknow about the drought, you may not be aware that it is devastating onegroup of people disproportionately: the pastoralists. There are 20 millionnomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region, and they are fast becomingsome of the poorest people in the continent. Their plight encapsulatesAfrica’s perennial problem with drought and famine.

How so? It comes down to the reluctance of governments, aid agencies andforeign lenders to support the herders’ traditional way of life. Instead theyhave tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists,even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are welladapted to their harsh environments, and that moving livestock according tothe seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable thanagriculture in sub-Saharan dry lands.

Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive, in terms

of protein and cash per hectare, than Australian, American and other Africanranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contributionto their countries’ national economies. In Kenya, for example, the turnover ofthe pastoralist sector is worth $800 million per year. In countries such asBurkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia, hides from pastoralists’ herds make upover 10 per cent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists stillstarve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only atrickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves; the lion’s share is

pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of theirstock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buyfood, and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour.Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.

Funding bodies such as the World Bank and-USAID tried to address some ofthe problems in the 1960s, investing millions of dollars in commercial beefand dairy production. It didn’t work. Firstly, no one bothered to consult thepastoralists about what they wanted. Secondly, rearing livestock took

precedence over human progress. The policies and strategies of internationaldevelopment agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonialpredecessors. They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism isprimitive and inefficient, which led to numerous failed schemes aimed atconverting herders to modern ranching models; and that Africa’s dry landscan support commercial ranching. They cannot. Most of Africa’s herders livein areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited tocommercial ranching.

What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over thepast few years, funders and policy-makers have been starting to get themessage. One example is intervention by governments to ensure thatpastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times ofdrought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestockand cereals to keep themselves and their families alive （the problem in

African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it）.Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyangovernment and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths.This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments

still favour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientificresearch demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding.

Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend onincreasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand forlivestock products: there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumersworldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure thatpastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in localpolicies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who playcritical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper

attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreignfood aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict,

environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world’s intereststo help out.

1．Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage?A. Forcing Africa’s nomadic herders to become ranchers will save them fromdrought.

B. The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the Africanpeople.

C. The rich world should give more support to the African people toovercome drought.

D. Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developingAfrica’s pastoralism.

2．The word “encapsulates” in the sentence “Their plight encapsulates

Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.” Para .1 can be replacedby _____.A. concludes.B. involves.C. represents.

D. aggravates.

3．What is the author’s attitude toward African drought and traditionallifestyle of pastoralism?A. Neutral and indifferent.B. Sympathetic and understanding.C. Critical and vehement.D. Subjective and fatalistic.

4．When the author writes “the policies and strategies of internationaldevelopment agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonialpredecessors.” Para .4, he implies all the following EXCEPT that the aidagencies did not _____.

A. have an objective view of the situation in AfricaB. understand the unpredictable weather systems thereC. feel themselves superior in decision makingD. care about the development of the local people

5．The author’s main purpose in writing this article is _____.A. to evaluate the living conditions of Kenya pastoralists

B. to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in AfricaC. to illustrate the difference between commercial ranching and pastoralismD. to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agencies【答案与解析】

1．A 文章第二段最后一句提到“Instead they have tended to try to turn

them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists, even though…far moreviable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands.”第三段开头提到

“Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive.”可知，作者的观点是牧业相比农业在非洲更具优势。由此可知，强迫牧民变为农场农民不会将牧民从旱灾中解救出来。故选A。

2．C 这句话的意思为牧民的困境让非洲常年存在的问题集中表现为旱灾和饥荒。故选C、

3．B 文章的第二、三段列举了游牧方式的优势，例如它的高产性。作者在第三段声张牧民收入最终大部分归于贸易者，在第四段声张一些国际支援暴露了殖民性质。第五段开头提到“What the pastoralists need issupport for their traditional lifestyle.”由此可知，作者对传统的游牧方式是理解的。最后一段作者呼吁非洲以及发达国家对非洲旱灾伸出援助之手，可知作者对此次旱灾是深表同情的。故选B。

4．C 定位至文章第四段。题目中用双重否定“except”、“not”,因此，找出答案中表述正确的一项即可。这些国际多多少少体现了殖民时的影子，由此可知，作者对这些的看法是负面的。故选C。

5．B 整篇文章由非洲的旱灾新闻引起，实则是在讨论非洲传统的游牧方式。作者通过与农场发展模式的对比，列举了游牧方式在非洲的优势，同时呼吁非洲以及发达国家要帮助非洲牧民回归传统的游牧方式。故选B。Passage B

Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambitionneed spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or aheadstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little onesstumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master theiramazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle orjunior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good

number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joiningthe ranks of underachievers.

It’s not quite that simple. “Kids can be given the opportunities to becomepassionate about a subject or activity, but they can’t be forced, ” says

Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan,who led a landmark, 25-year study examining what motivated first gradestudents in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educatorsand psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in studentswho don’t seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence,

encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding theareas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers canreignite that innate desire to achieve.

Figuring out why the fire went out is the first step. Assuming that a kiddoesn’t suffer from an emotional or learning disability, or isn’t involved insome family crisis at home, many educators attribute a sudden lack of

motivation to a fear of failure or peer pressure that conveys the message thatdoing well academically somehow isn’t cool. “Kids get so caught up in themoment-to-moment issue of will they look smart or dumb, and it blocks themfrom thinking about the long term,” says Carol Dweck, a psychology

professor at Stanford. “You have to teach them that they are in charge of theirintellectual growth and that their intelligence is malleable. ”

Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testingand separation of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame forthe disappearance of drive in some kids. “These programs shut down the

motivation of all kids who aren’t considered gifted and talented. They destroytheir confidence,” says Jeff Howard, a social psychologist. Howard and othereducators say it’s important to expose kids to a world beyond homework andtests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricularactivities. “The problem of the issue is that many students experienceeducation as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions,” says MichaelNakkual, a Harvard education professor. The key to getting kids to aim

higher at school is to disabuse them of the notion that class work is irrelevant,to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill theirdreams beyond it. They need to understand that you have to learn to walkbefore you can run.

6．Which of the following best expresses the idea of the first paragraph?A. Children are born with a kind of healthy ambition.

B. How a baby learns to walk and talk.

C. Ambition can be taught like other subjects at school,D. Some teenage children lose their drive to succeed.

7．According to some educators and psychologists all of the followingwould be helpful tocultivate students’ ambition to succeed EXCEPT _____.A. Stimulating them to build up self-confidenceB. cultivating the attitude of risk takingC. enlarging the areas for children to succeed.D. making them understand their family crisis

8．What is the message that peer pressure conveys to children?A. Asudden lack of motivation is attributed to the student’ s failure.B. Book knowledge is not as important as practical experience.C. Looking smart is more important for young people at school.

D. To achieve academic excellence should not be treated as the top priority.9．The word \"malleable\" in the clause \"that their intelligence is malleable,\"(para.3) most probably means capable of being _____.A. altered and developedB. blocked and impairedC. sharpened and advancedD. replaced and transplanted

10．The expression \"to disabuse them of the notion\" (para.4) can be

paraphrased as _____.A. to free them of the ideaB. to help .them understand the ideaC. to imbue them with the notionD. to inform them of the concept【答案与解析】

6．D 文章第一段开头证明孩子出生时是拥有天生的抱负的，如坚持不懈地学习走路。后半部分提到孩子到青少年时期却渐渐失去了进取心。接下来的文段全是围绕青少年这一时期展开讨论。由此可知，第一段的主要观点是孩子在青少年时期表现为进取心不足。故选D。

7．D 文章第二段最后一句提到“They say that by instilling confidence,encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding theareas……”,由此可知作者提到了三种培养抱负的方法，A、B、C选项均为正确答案，故选D。

8．C 文章第三段提到“peer pressure that conveys the message that doingwell academically somehow isn’t cool.”，随后提到“Kids get so caught up inthe moment-to-moment issue of will they look smart or dumb”，由此可知，青少年并不认为学习成绩好是一件值得骄傲的事情，他们更关注自己是否看起来很聪明。故选C。

9．A 文章第三段最后一句提到“You have to teach them that they are incharge of their intellectual growth and that their intelligence is malleable.”，根据前文的语气可以推测，教授的观点是学生的智力是可塑的。故选A。

10．A 文章最后一段倒数第二句表明作者的观点，他认为学习有利于梦想的实现，肯定学习的重要性。由此可知，作者认为学生们应该摆脱作业无关紧要这样的想法。故选A。Section 2 Answering questions (20’)

Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer IN

COMPLETE SENTENCESthe questions which follow each passage. Useonly information from the passage youhave just read and write your answerson the answer sheet.Questions 1-3

In the 5,000 years since Ancient Egyptians experimented with scented plants,aromatherapy has been credited with a plethora of powers. Today it is amultimillion-pound industry, recognized as effective by three quarters of theadult population and hailed as a cure for problems from nicotine addiction tobaldness.

But aromatherapy could be little more than an illusion, psychologists argue.Neil Martin, from Middlesex University, a specialist in the psychology ofolfaction, has a less polite word for it: \"bunkum\". Dr. Martin enlisted 60volunteers and subjected them all to experimentally induced pain by gettingthem to plunge their forearms into ice-cold water for 15 minutes. A third ofparticipants were exposed to a pleasant lemon odour, a third to the odour ofmachine oil and the rest were in an odourless room. They were asked to ratethe amount of pain they felt on a scale of 0 (painless) to 11 (unbearable)every five minutes.

At the first time of asking, those exposed to an odour reported significantlyhigher pain levels, with a score of 8 for both groups, than the control group,which had an average of 6. After 15 minutes the pain level of the no-odourgroup had fallen to 5. Among the lemon-odour group it had fallen to 6, whilefor the machine oil group it remained at 8.

Dr. Martin said his findings showed not merely that aromatherapy had noeffect but that it could be positively harmful. \"Aromatherapy appears to becounter-productive. Most claims by aroma therapists have no basis in

science,\" he said. \"The effect it has on real hard illnesses are non-existent. Itis a waste of time and money. Exposure to both odours increased the pain. Itcould be that the odours had a stimulant effect and drew attention to the painbecause it made the experience of being in the room with the bucket of watermore noticeable.\"

He accepted, however, that aromatherapy may have a powerful placeboeffect. \"People going to aromatherapy have a mental problem or a physicaldisorder that they want to have treated and the belief that they want to getbetter can overcome the inefficacy of the treatment,\" he said. He added thatprevious research into aromatherapy had been largely inconclusive.Dr. Martin’s research, presented at the British Psychological Society annualconference in Cardiff, comes after the release of a study last week claimingthat spinal manipulation, another popular form of complementary medicine,did not work and could make matters worse.

Both papers are highly contentious. The British public now spends more than￡24 million a year on over-the-counter aromatherapy products such asessential oils, and 75 per cent of the population believe that the treatmentworks.

Carole Preen, the secretary of the Aromatherapy Consortium, disputed Dr.Martin’s findings. \"This research didn’t involve aromatherapy because theysimply used a certain smell to try and gain an effect. Aromatherapy is not acure and no one would ever make that claim, but there is a wealth of

scientific research published in journals to show that it can be beneficial. Itcan lift mood, alleviate pain and helps very many people,\" she said.WHAT’S IN A SMELL

The British public spends more than 24 million a year on over-the-counteraromatherapy products such as essential oils.

75 per cent of the population believes that the treatment works.

Aromatherapy had been hailed as a cure for problems ranging from nicotineaddiction to baldness.

The Prince of Wales is a fan. Peterborough prison last year hired two holistictherapists for its inmates.

There are 7,000 therapists registered with the Aromatherapy OrganizationsCouncil.

Hammersmith Hospital, in West London, offers aromatherapy massages forNHS cancer patients.1．What is aromatherapy?

2．What is Dr. Martin’s view over aromatherapy? Give a brief introductionof his experiment.

3．What is Carole Preen’s opinion of Dr. Martin’s research?【答案与解析】

1．Aromatherapy is a type of therapy which involves massaging the bodywith special fragrant oils.

（文章第一段开头介绍aromatherapy时就提到它的发源地埃及是一个充满芳香植物的国家，文章第二段马丁博士的实验也是采用柠檬气味与石油气味作为对照组，由此可知aromatherapy是一种与香料有关的治疗方法。）

2．Dr Martin believes that aromatherapy has no effect but that it can be

positively harmful, and he thinks it is merely an illusion. Dr. Martin found 60participants, making all of them suffer some induced pain. Then he dividedthose volunteers into three groups, one group exposed to lemon odour, oneexposed to oil odour, and the other exposed to odourless air. Finally by

comparing the data of their pain scale, he concluded which group felt the painreduced most.

（文章第二段和第三段的首句都直接表明了马丁博士的观点，即他不认可aromatherapy能真正起到治疗的效果。文章第二段和第三段介绍的是马丁博士的实验过程，根据这两段进行简要总结即可。）

3．Carole Preen is suspicious of Dr. Martin’s findings. He thinks that Dr.Martin’s experiment is not accurate, because Dr. Martin simply use a certainsmell to try but not the plant fragrance.

（文章第八段提到“Carole Preen……disputed Dr. Martin’s findings.”,由此可知Carole Preen并不信服马丁博士的实验结果。随后他进一步说明原

因，因为他认为马丁博士实验里采用的气味仅仅是有味道的气味，但与香料治疗法的香料味无关。）Questions 4-5

As they do every week, the 90 members of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternityat Oregon State University file into their dining halt for a very different kindof frat party. The rows of scrubbed and pressed young men sit down to eatunder the watchful eye of the brother who is acting as manners chair. Noswearing is permitted. Napkins on laps are required. Small bites are urgedinstead of gulps. Scofflaws must do penalty push-ups or pay a fine into thepiggy bank in the middle of each table.

Call it the new fratiquette, but these weekly civility sessions are just a smallpart of a growing reform movement led by SigEp, the country’s largest

fraternity. As colleges continue to crack down on binge drinking, hazing andgeneral hooliganism, some fraternities are redefining the Greek experience inorder to save it.

Oregon States is among the 256 SigEp chapters nationwide that have adoptedthe Balanced Man Program, an intensive four-year fraternity experiencecreated 13 years ago by concerned SigEp leaders to shift the center of life inthe houses from beer-soaked blowouts to activities that promote healthyliving and self-respect. To eliminate hazing, the program does away with thepledge system-all recruits are equal members from Day One. Alcohol isallowed, but booze-free activities are encouraged.

The SigEps of Oregon State were a long way from such genteel pursuits justfive years ago. At a school that offers a degree in fermentation sciences, theSigEps of old stood out for their love of inebriation. “When 1 got here in2001, it was awful,” says Mike Powers, 20, a senior. “Drugs were coming in,grades were falling. There were nothing but monster parties.” The chapter hitbottom that fall when a single party resulted in a whopping $195,000 in finesfor 26 separate counts of providing alcohol to minors. The house needed afresh start, which led to a purge of partyers in which a third of the brothersleft the chapter. “We needed to get rid of the cancers of the frat,” saysPowers.

Today the chapter, reorganized under the Balanced Man Program, has

rebounded. Membership is almost back to prepurge levels, and last summerthe chapter won a national SigEp award that placed it in the top 15% inacademics and community service of all chapters in the country.

But the frat makeovers have their detractors. In the rush to save fraternity life,some say, SigEp and the Balanced Man Program may be ruining it. “Some ofmy best experiences in college were stupid things I did with my friends,usually involving alcohol,” says Kevin Stange, whose SigEp chapter at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology was frequently in trouble with thenational organization when he was a student in the late 1990s and whicheventually closed for several years. “We never went too far, though,” saysStange. “And the real reason people join frats is to have fun. Balanced Mandoesn’t address that.” Online chat rooms like greekchat.com are ablaze withdebate about the changes. As one SigEp who clearly missed the etiquettelessons wrote, “The [Balanced Man Program] has effectively cut the balls[off] our fraternity.”

The number of new SigEp recruits has increased 11% since 1999. Insurancepremiums, which have a habit of rising when frat boys burn down theirhouses or fall off their balconies, have gone down the past members hasreached the 3.0 mark, which is two years. The average GPA for SigEps thehighest of all fraternities.

Following SigEps lea& other national fraternities have rolled out similarprograms, from Sigma Alpha Epsilons True Gentleman to Beta Theta PisMen of Principle. According to some members, there’s an unexpected bonusfrom all these reforms: women seem to like them. “They can go to 21 otherfraternities to get drunk,” says Oregon State SigEp member Cameron Saffer.“Here you find respectful young men.” (651 words)

4．Give a brief introduction of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity.

5．What does the author mean by saying that “the frat makeovers have theirdetractors” (Para. 6)?【答案与解析】

4．Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity is a new kind of fraternity. It aims to

redefine traditional Greek fraternity by making some changes. It gets rid ofunhealthy activities like heavy alcohol, instead it promotes healthy living andself-respect, and requires members to obey certain rules.

（文章第一段提到Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity成员日常的生活，可知成员们需要遵守一定的规定。第二段最后一句提到Sigma Phi Epsilon

fraternity目的是通过一些改变来挽留传统的希腊式联谊会。第三段和第四段描述了Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity改变的方向是让联谊会变得更健康。）

5．Some college students don’t like such makeovers in frat. They holds theopinion that fraternity is a place where they can have fun and activities likedrinking alcohol are good memories to them. But the new fraternities fail tosatisfy their need for fun.

（定位至文章第六段。问题中句子的意思是“联谊会这样的大转变也招来了诋毁的声音”，随即第六段中就列举了大学生对新联谊会的不满，认为新联谊会无法为他们带来以往的乐趣。）III. Writing (30’)

Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic.My View of Idiomatic English

Idiomatic English refers to English used by English-speaking natives. MostEnglish learners endeavor to make their spoken English sounds idiomatic andtheir written English looks idiomatic. The main reasons why they pay suchattention to mastering idiomatic English are as follows. First, they believethat idiomatic English is the core of this language. Second, idiomatic

expressions contribute to their communication with English speakers. Frommy point of view, I strongly agree that the study of idiomatic English playsan important role in learning the English language.

As to how to master idiomatic English, I suggest the following few learningmethods. First of all, English learners should lay a good foundation at thebeginning . In other words, learners are supposed to persist in accumulating

English vocabularies and to have a good command of English grammar.Secondly, learners can resort to the internet to collect English learningmaterials. For instance, American movies and TV plays are extremelypopular around the world. Learners can learn those idiomatic expressions,especially those universal in daily life, by studying those actors’ lines.

Browsing foreign websites like news websites can also be a good approach.Thirdly, reading some original English works will help promote one’s

language fast. It would be better if learners can keep taking notes or excerptsfrom those masterpieces. Finally ,also the most important point, languageenvironment is pretty crucial. There is a widely accepted notion that a learnercan command a new language faster if he lives in an environment full ofnative speakers. Take myself as an example, I ,a girl from the south China,was able to speak mandarin fluently in only half a year after I went to thenorth where people speak mandarin much more standard than the south. ThusEnglish learners should endeavor to create an English-speaking environmentfor themselves. Learners can grasp the opportunity of communicating withtheir foreign teachers or practicing English with their friends in daily life.And studying in a English-speaking country is the best choice if one canafford to.

To sum up, learners ought to imitate idiomatic English expressions during thelearning process. The final goal of learning a new language is to apply it intopractice, or else, language, the tool of communication, will lose its value. Thestudy of idiomatic English helps us understand this language better and graspit faster. No matter which new language we are learning, the study of itsidiomatic expression will be helpful.

【解析】本文围绕idiomatic English（地道英语）展开讨论，发表一些观点。文章第一段作者首先简要解释了地道英语的含义，随后说明人们对地道英语学习的重视，并且发表观点，即作者认为地道英语的学习是非常必要的。第二段针对如何掌握地道英语，作者提出了四个方面的学习方法建议，即打好词汇、语法的基础；欣赏和学习英语电影中的台词，浏览新闻；阅读英文原著；创造英语交流的环境。最后一段，作者再次总结地道英语学习的重要性，并将其延伸至其他第二语言的学习。