高考英语真题阅读理解专题12 文学与艺术 “文学与艺术”是高中新课标24话题之一。该话题主要包括各种文学类型、艺术形式、文化名人以及艺术家等方面。“文学与艺术”这个话题与我们的实际生活密切相关，对于学生了解国内外的文学与艺术形式，还有它们的特点、历史、发展与创新等都有帮助。该话题能够引导学生接受和尊重不同国家和民族的文学及艺术，并亲身感受文学与艺术的魅力。 “文学与艺术”话题是近几年的高考英语必考话题之一，而且常以阅读理解、完形填空、七选五以及书面表达的形式来考查，例如2018年浙江卷阅读理解A篇，2017年浙江阅读理解A篇，2016年全国卷III阅读理解B篇；2015年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解C篇；2015年重庆卷阅读理解E篇；2014年新课标全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解D篇；2012年天津卷书面表达；2011年山东卷完形填空等。 Passage 1（2018年·浙江卷） 体裁 说明文 话题 英国小说家Charles Dickens In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad. In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and 词数 324 难度 ★★☆☆☆ 建议时间 5分钟 publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa. How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one. 21. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century? A. They were difficult to understand. B. They were popular among the rich. C. They were seen as nearly worthless. D. They were written mostly by women. 22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________. A. his reputation in France B. his interest in modern art C. his success in publication D. his importance in literature 23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To remember a great writer. B. To introduce an English novel. C. To encourage studies on culture. D. To promote values of the Victorian age. 【文章大意】本文是一篇人物传记，主要介绍了Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。在他200年诞辰之际，让我们永远记住这位对文学艺术做出重大贡献的小说家。 22.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged.和列举的Charles Dickens小说的影响可知，把他和Mona Lisa相比是为了说明Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要性和Mona Lisa在绘画方面的重要性是一样的，故选D。 23.A 【解析】写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。 Passage 2（2018年·新课标III卷） 体裁 说明文 话题 美国绘画之父Benjamin 词数 332 难度 ★★☆☆☆ 建议时间 5分钟 Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged （蓬乱）. His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. The cat’s lot was about to improve. That year, one of Benjamin’s cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings（版画） by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr. Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape(风景) painting. William Williams, a well-known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said,＂Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.＂While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist. 21. What is the text mainly about? A. Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia. B. Williams’ influence on Benjamin. C. The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist. D. The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington. 22. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest? A. The cat would be closely watched. B. The cat would get some medical care. C. Benjamin would leave his home shortly. D. Benjamin would have real brushes soon. 23. What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent? A. He took him to see painting exhibitions. B. He provided him with painting materials. C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia. D. He taught him how to make engravings. 24. Williams’ two books helped Benjamin to ________. A. master the use of paints B. appreciate landscape paintings C. get to know other painters D. make up his mind to be a painter 【文章大意】本文属于记叙文，主要讲了美国绘画之父Benjamin在决定要成为一名画家之前的经历。 22. D 【解析】句意猜测题。根据第三段＂These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen＂可知Benjamin在剪完猫的毛做刷子之后，就很快有了真正的刷子，故选D。 23. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段＂Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings＂可知Pennington为了帮助Benjamin培养绘画天赋，给他提供了一些绘画材料，故选B。 【名师点睛】 本文后两个小题考查了细节题。在完成细节题时，要特别注意排除干扰项。如23题中的D项＂He taught him how to make engravings＂属于＂偷梁换柱＂类干扰项，根据第三段第五句＂He also sent six engravings by an artist＂可知＂这些版画是Pennington送给Benjamin的＂，并非是Pennington教Benjamin如何画版画，说明D项明显错误。 干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式： 1. 张冠李戴。命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点，或者题干问的是他人的观点，选项中出现的却是作者的观点。 2. 偷梁换柱。干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。 3. 无中生有。干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与设问毫不相干。 4. 以偏概全。考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或推理判断题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆，往往是文章中直接表述的结论；深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。不准确概括是指不能准确地按题目要求概括或提取文中的表层或深层信息。 Passage 3（2016年·新课标III卷） 体裁 说明文 话题 词数 难度 ★★★☆☆ 建议时间 5分钟 美国著名女作家发现创作素材 325 On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table. ＂Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?＂the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. ＂I’m from Mississippi too.＂ Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair. ＂They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.＂ Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚). ＂My friend said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’＂ Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation. ＂I don’t make them up,＂ she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.＂I don’t have to.＂ Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story. 25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe? A. Two strangers joined her. B. Her childhood friends came in. C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner. D. Some people held a party there. 26. The underlined word ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s _____________. A. readers C. friends B. parties D. stories 27. What can we learn about the characters in Welty’s fiction? A. They live in big cities. B. They are mostly women. C. They come from real life. D. They are pleasure seekers. 【文章大意】本文介绍了美国著名女作家Eudora在纽约通过晚餐结交了新朋友，他们成为了她的写作素材。 26. D 代词指代题。画线词所在句＂These are the people that make me write them＂的主语These指的就是像那两位陌生人那样的人，换言之，这些新朋友就成了Welty笔下的写作素材，这些人就是让她写小说的人，故them指的是＂小说＂。 27. C 推理判断题。根据＂I don’t make them up＂和＂Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.＂可知，Welty小说里的人物并非虚构的，他们都来源于现实的生活，故选C。 Passage 4（2015年·重庆卷） 体裁 说明文 话题 文化相对主义 词数 难度 建议时间 5分钟 277 ★★★☆☆ The values of artistic works，according to cultural relativism(相对主义)，are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view，however，fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries. History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls，as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries. Unique works of this kind are different from today’s popular art，even if they began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future. In a 1757 essay，the philosopher David Hume argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的) in human nature，” the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent. He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years. Works of this type，he believed，spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries. Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. For example，evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the longlasting themes and plot devices in fiction. The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before. Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist. 52. According to the passage，what do we know about cultural relativism? A. It introduces different cultural values. B. It explains the history of artistic works. C. It relates artistic values to local conditions. D. It excites the human mind throughout the world. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据文章第一句可知相对主义文化是地方社会和经济状况的反应。故选择C。 53. In Paragraph 2，the artists are mentioned in order to show that . A. great works of art can go beyond national boundaries B. history gives art works special appeal to set them apart C. popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts D. great artists are skilled at combining various cultures 答案 A 解析 推理判断题。根据第二段列举的三个例子可以看出艺术作品是没有国界的。故选择A。 54. According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries because . A. they are results of scientific study B. they establish some general principles of art C. they are created by the world’s greatest artists D. they appeal to unchanging features of human nature 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据题干中的Hume可将答案锁定在第三段。该段主要引用哲学家大卫·休谟的话来说明艺术作品的价值所在。D项的unchanging features与本段最后一句中的unvarying features匹配，其中unchanging是unvarying的同义词。故选D项。 55. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? A. Are Artistic Values Universal? B. Are Popular Arts Permanent? C. Is Human Nature Uniform? D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific? 答案 A 解析 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了艺术作品是永恒受欢迎的，因此其价值具有普遍性。 Passage 1 体裁 说明文 中国书法 话题 词数 难度 建议时间 6分钟 336 ★★☆☆☆ In the second or third century, Chinese calligraphy(书法) was introduced to Korea, and developed rapidly during the seventh century when many calligraphers and calligraphic scripts appeared. These scripts can be found on stone tablets, bronze bells and Buddhist scriptures. In the eighth century, Kim Shaing became Korea’s first famous calligrapher. He learned Chinese calligraphy when he was a child, and still practiced it when he was in his 80s. He had a good command of both the running and official scripts. None of his original works survive, but his characters were included in three kinds of copybooks of tablet inscriptions, the earliest intact calligraphic work found in Korea today, one of which is his tablet running-script handwriting of Poem on Lushan Waterfall, a poem by Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty. In the seventh century, Chinese calligraphy also reached Japan. In 615, a Japanese prince made a copy of Explanation of the Lotus Sutra with a soft writing brush, the earliest extant(现存的)handwriting in Japan today. The characters are smooth and harmonious, and represent a script of the Jin Dynasty. In the eighth century, Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges developed, and Japan sent many officials, students and monks to China, who lived in China for long periods of time. When they went back to their own country, they took with them many calligraphic works, especially works by Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi of the Jin Dynasty, and Ouyang Xun and Yan Zhenqing of the Tang Dynasty. Japanese Mitsuaki studied the style of Wang Xizhi, and became a well-known calligrapher in her own right. In the coming centuries, works by the calligraphers of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties were introduced to Japan. In the late 19th century, Yang Shoujing, who was an envoy(使节)from the Qing Dynasty to Japan and an expert on bronze and stone inscriptions, took a number of copybooks of stone inscriptions of the Northern Wei Dynasty to Japan, which influenced the style of Japanese calligraphy. 1.In which century did Chinese calligraphy begin to advance in Korea? A. The 2th. C. The 7th. B. The 3th. D. The 8th. 2.We learn from Paragraph 2 that Kim Shaing ________. A. was the first Korean calligrapher about 1 200 years ago B. began to learn Chinese calligraphy carefully at the age of 80 C. was perfectly familiar with two forms of Chinese calligraphy D. wrote a very famous poem called Poem on Lushan Waterfall 3.Who took some calligraphic works from China to Japan? A. Wang Xizhi. C. Kim Shaing. B. Yan Zhenqing. D. Yang Shoujing. 4.What would be the best title for the passage? A. Chinese Calligraphy Spreads Abroad B. Chinese Calligraphy Is Rapidly Developed C. Chinese Calligraphy Goes on a Cultural Exchange 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。中国书法名扬天下， 在传入韩国和日本后，也得到了较好地传播和发展。 2.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段进行分析可知，A项错在与该段首句＂In the eighth century, Kim Shaing became Korea’s first famous calligrapher＂计算出的时间不吻合;B项错在与该段第二句的关键信息＂He learned Chinese calligraphy when he was a child, and still practiced...in his 80s＂不吻合;C项与该段第三句＂He had a good command of both the running and official scripts＂吻合，即他精通行书和隶书;D项与该段最后一句不吻合。 3.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句对Yang Shoujing的简介＂an envoy(使节) from the Qing Dynasty to Japan and an expert on bronze and stone inscriptions, took a number of copybooks of stone inscriptions of the Northern Wei Dynasty to Japan＂即可判断，选项D正确。 Passage 2 体裁 说明文 话题 诺贝尔文学奖 词数 难度 建议时间 6分钟 258 ★★☆☆☆ For the last 115 years, the Swedish Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thus determining who will be promoted from the great and the near great to the immortal(不朽人物). But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from within and without. Critics argue that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar politics inside the Academy and Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country’s two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent \"what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes\". The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism(排外主义) in its selection. It says that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy’s inability to have an accurate idea of the trends in the literary world. Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as a difficult goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it. Not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but the prize dramatically increases sales of an author’s books. 1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The responsibility of the Swedish Academy. B. The history of the Swedish Academy. C. Why the Swedish Academy is criticized. D. How the Academy chooses prize winners. 2. What does the Academy think of its location? A. It helps the Academy make fair choices. B. It puts the Academy at a disadvantage. C. It helps the Swedish develop their taste in literature. D. It makes the Academy unaware of literary trends. 3. What does the author say about the Nobel Prize in Literature in the end? A. It will remain important. B. Its selection process may change. C. No financial award can compare with it. D. It will be more difficult to win it. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the Swedish Academy? A. Supportive. C. Doubtful. B. Critical. D. Objective. 【文章大意】瑞典文学院被指责在选择诺贝尔文学奖的获得者时更多地考虑政治因素而不是真正的写作能力，但作者认为，诺贝尔文学奖在未来的地位仍旧无人能撼动。 2.A 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的\"It says that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences\"可知，瑞典文学院认为，正因为它远离众多世界文学之都，所以它受到的外部干扰少。也就是说瑞典文学院认为这种距离能帮助它作出公正的选择。故选A。 3.A 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的内容尤其是\"the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as a difficult goal that writers seek...\"可知,作者认为，诺贝尔文学奖将继续作为人们最为推崇的文学的一个标志而存在，仍然是作家追求的一个难以达到的目标。由此可知，诺贝尔文学奖会和以前一样重要。故选A。 4.D 【解析】考查观点态度。纵观全文可知，作者不仅客观介绍了瑞典文学院受到的批评，还对此背景下诺贝尔文学奖的未来作了客观的分析。由此可知，他对瑞典文学院的态度是客观的。 Passage 3 体裁 话题 词数 难度 建议时间 说明文 《呼啸山庄》和《米德尔马契》 404 ★★☆☆☆ 6分钟 There’s nothing better than reading a good novel for switching off from the pressures of studying, particularly when doing so helps improve your general knowledge, deepen your cultural appreciation and sharpen your own English skills at the same time. The following two masterpieces are my selection of \"must-read\" books for anyone who wants to gain a better understanding of English literature. As most of the great works that well-educated people are often expected to have read — known as the \"canon\" — were primarily written in the 19th century or a little after, these two also focus on that time period. Whether you’re a native English speaker or just learning, add these books to your reading list and make it your mission to read them before the year is out. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë This tale is a set text for GCSE and A-level English study, but away from the demands of the classroom it’s easier to enjoy its drama and intensity. Populated largely by characters whose incapacity to control their own emotions leads to violence and revenge(报仇), it’s a tale that covers two generations and two families. At the heart of the story is the mysterious \"gypsy\Heathcliff, adopted as a shabby child into the Earnshaw family to live at Wuthering Heights. As he grows up, he becomes close to Mr. Earnshaw’s daughter Catherine, falling in love with her, only to be met with crushing(毁坏性的) disappointment when she marries Edgar Linton, a kind and gentle man from neighbouring Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff runs away and disappears without a trace. Three years later, he returns, now a rich, educated man determined to take revenge. Middlemarch by George Eliot Middlemarch, subtitled \"A Study of Provincial Life\is the story of the citizens of a Midlands town in the 1830s. Masterfully weaving together several plotlines, the novel records information about the fortunes of an interesting cast of characters, exploring their motivations, false beliefs and preoccupations(思虑). The remarkable thing about Middlemarch is the detail and realism with which George Eliot describes emotions. Feelings you thought were unique to you are described here in a way that could be describing your own thoughts. It’s one of the reasons why Middlemarch has been described by novelists Martin Amis and Julian Barnes as one of the greatest English novels ever written; read it and you’ll soon find yourself agreeing with them. 1. What does the underlined word \"incapacity\" probably mean? A. Refusal. B. Inability. C. Prejudice. D. Misunderstanding. 2. What may make Middlemarch unusual or surprising to people? A. Its lively description of the country life. B. The skillful mix of its different threads of plot. C. The coexistence of its several irrelevant plotlines. D. The way Eliot reveals its characters’ inner feelings. 3. Why does the author mention Martin Amis and Julian Barnes? A. To state their attitude towards Middlemarch. B. To show their contribution to Middlemarch. C. To prove Middlemarch is a book worth reading. D. To stress the influence Middlemarch has on them. 4. What is the best title for the passage? A. What are the advantages of reading? B. Should students read literary works? C. English novels everyone should read D. Tips on choosing suitable reading materials 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，简单介绍了《呼啸山庄》和《米德尔马契》这两本书的内容及其特点。 2.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的\"The remarkable thing about Middlemarch is the detail and realism with which George Eliot describes emotions\"可知, Middlemarch的非凡之处在于：George Eliot在描述情感时的细致入微和对现实主义手法的运用。故选D。 3.C 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"It’s one of the reasons why Middlemarch has been described by novelists Martin Amis and Julian Barnes as one of the greatest English novels ever written\"可知，Martin Amis和 Julian Barnes认为这本书是最棒的英文小说之一。由此可知，作者提及这两个人是为了说明Middlemarch是一本值得阅读的好书。故选C。 4.C 【解析】考查主旨要义。纵观全文尤其是第二段中的\"The following two masterpieces are my selection of ‘must-read’ books for anyone who wants to gain a better understanding of English literature\"\"add these books to your reading list and make it your mission to read them before the year is out\"可知,本文主要介绍了想更了解英国文学的人必须阅读的文学名著《呼啸山庄》和《米德尔马契》的内容及其特点。故C项作本文标题最佳。本题易误选A项。考生看到文章的第一段内容\"There’s nothing better than reading a good novel... helps improve your general knowledge, deepen your cultural appreciation and sharpen your own English skills at the same time\"就想当然地以为下文亦是对阅读的好处的介绍，但是文章第一段只是为了引出作者想要介绍的话题，并不是文章内容的总结，故可排除A项。 Passage 4 体裁 说明文 话题 说服人的艺术 词数 难度 建议时间 6分钟 277 ★★☆☆☆ Persuasion is to convince someone to agree with you, just like art which also calls for special techniques to accomplish. According to the ancient Greeks, there are three basic tools of persuasion: ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that he is trustworthy, honest and reliable. One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education he has in the field. After all, you’re more likely to listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a fireman. Pathos is a speaker’s way of connecting with an audience's emotions. For example, a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war. These words are intended to fill the audience with fear, thus making them want to vote for him. Similarly, an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats to make the viewers feel pity, so they will be more likely to donate money. Logos is the use of facts, statistics or other evidence to support your argument. An audience will believe you if you have convincing data to back up your claims. Presenting this evidence is much more persuasive than simply saying “believe me”. Although ethos, pathos and logos all have their strengths, they are often most effective when used together. So, the next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial or listen to a friend try to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of persuasion. 1. What is the purpose of persuasion? A. To advise somebody to support you. B. To help someone have special skill C. To convince somebody to realize his aim. D. To talk someone into being honest. 2. What is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience to trust him? A. Pathos. C. Logos. B. Ethos. D. Education. 3. What do a politician and an animal charity have in common? A. Both prevent themselves from being hurt. B. Both save people from terrible wars. C. Both make the audience support them. D. Both persuade people to donate money. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Convince the Audience C. Believe Me B. Three Basic Tools of Persuasion D. Strength of Persuasion 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了源自于古希腊且一直沿用至今的说服他人的艺术，其中包括ethos、pathos、logos三种方式以及用这三种方式说服他人在各个领域应用的可能性。 1.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第一句话“Persuasion is to convince someone to agree with you, just like art which also calls for special techniques to accomplish.”可知，说服是为了建议人们支持你。故选A。 3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“For example, a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war.”和最后一句“Similarly, an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats to make the viewers feel pity, so they will be more likely to donate money.”可知，政治家可能会说他会独自一人从可拍的战争中挽救一个国家为了说服观众为他投票，动物慈善机构向观众展示受伤的猫或者狗的图片是为了让观众感到可怜，更可能捐款。因此可知，政治家和慈善机构的共同之处是他们都想让听众支持他们。故选C。 4.B 【解析】标题判断题。纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了说服人的艺术，包括ethos、pathos、logos三中不同的方式，以及这三种方式在各个领域应用的可能性。因此推断B项“说服的三种基本方式”为最佳标题，概况了文章中心主旨。故选B。
